Pub Date : 2024-09-07DOI: 10.1177/03091333241280626
Gaogao Fei, Xiekang Wang, Ling Lan
Solid material sources, such as sediment, large wood, and vehicles, intensify flash flood hazards. This paper provides a detailed review of processes involving the recruitment, entrainment, transport, and blockage dynamics of various solid material sources. Results indicate that sediment supplied by processes like landslides and debris flows can obstruct river channels, leading to a sudden increase in flash flood levels. The failure of a barrier dam results in an expansion of downstream inundation areas. Large wood and floating vehicles transported by flash floods and debris flows may directly impact and destroy built structures or form blockages at built structures. Blockages lead to a backwater rise, and the sudden amplification of flow during the failure of these blockages causes more severe disasters. Based on these analyses, the paper proposes future research directions primarily focusing on the changes in sediment burial processes caused by the sheltering effects of building groups. Furthermore, the study aims to investigate the flow amplification effects of large wood and vehicle blockage.
{"title":"A review of flash flood hazards influenced by various solid material sources in mountain environment","authors":"Gaogao Fei, Xiekang Wang, Ling Lan","doi":"10.1177/03091333241280626","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03091333241280626","url":null,"abstract":"Solid material sources, such as sediment, large wood, and vehicles, intensify flash flood hazards. This paper provides a detailed review of processes involving the recruitment, entrainment, transport, and blockage dynamics of various solid material sources. Results indicate that sediment supplied by processes like landslides and debris flows can obstruct river channels, leading to a sudden increase in flash flood levels. The failure of a barrier dam results in an expansion of downstream inundation areas. Large wood and floating vehicles transported by flash floods and debris flows may directly impact and destroy built structures or form blockages at built structures. Blockages lead to a backwater rise, and the sudden amplification of flow during the failure of these blockages causes more severe disasters. Based on these analyses, the paper proposes future research directions primarily focusing on the changes in sediment burial processes caused by the sheltering effects of building groups. Furthermore, the study aims to investigate the flow amplification effects of large wood and vehicle blockage.","PeriodicalId":49659,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Physical Geography-Earth and Environment","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142175552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-04DOI: 10.1177/03091333241276205
Tasneem Haq Meem, Bruce L Rhoads, Leo Fouts, Arthur Schmidt, Gregory Byard
Stormwater management in urban environments typically involves regulation of release rates of stored water from control structures to mitigate enhanced peak flows that can cause damaging flooding. The extent to which this mitigation influences stream geomorphic stability remains largely unexplored. Moreover, few, if any, studies have examined how instability is related to hydraulic effects of in-channel structures within urban stream systems. This paper assesses the potential for channel instability under existing conditions in two urban streams in Cook County, Illinois using a stream-power modeling approach. It also evaluates the impact of watershed-specific release rates intended to mitigate flooding from future development on instability potential. The analysis utilizes hydrologic and hydraulic modeling to estimate stream power per unit area for 2-year and 50-year storm events for both the existing base condition and for four release-rate scenarios. Stream power exceeding the critical power required to mobilize channel bed material is integrated over time to determine excess work. Results show that the spatial distribution of excess work for the base condition varies by more than nine orders of magnitude within individual reaches, confirming high potential for instability. Release-rate scenarios both increase and decrease the magnitude of excess work relative to the base conditions within specific reaches of the two streams but do not alter substantially the high variability in excess work. The results demonstrate that instability potential in these urban fluvial systems is governed primarily by spatial variability in hydraulic properties associated with fragmentation of the streams by multiple in-channel structures.
{"title":"An excess-work approach to assessing channel instability potential within urban streams of Chicago, Illinois: Relative importance of spatial variability in hydraulic conditions and stormwater mitigation","authors":"Tasneem Haq Meem, Bruce L Rhoads, Leo Fouts, Arthur Schmidt, Gregory Byard","doi":"10.1177/03091333241276205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03091333241276205","url":null,"abstract":"Stormwater management in urban environments typically involves regulation of release rates of stored water from control structures to mitigate enhanced peak flows that can cause damaging flooding. The extent to which this mitigation influences stream geomorphic stability remains largely unexplored. Moreover, few, if any, studies have examined how instability is related to hydraulic effects of in-channel structures within urban stream systems. This paper assesses the potential for channel instability under existing conditions in two urban streams in Cook County, Illinois using a stream-power modeling approach. It also evaluates the impact of watershed-specific release rates intended to mitigate flooding from future development on instability potential. The analysis utilizes hydrologic and hydraulic modeling to estimate stream power per unit area for 2-year and 50-year storm events for both the existing base condition and for four release-rate scenarios. Stream power exceeding the critical power required to mobilize channel bed material is integrated over time to determine excess work. Results show that the spatial distribution of excess work for the base condition varies by more than nine orders of magnitude within individual reaches, confirming high potential for instability. Release-rate scenarios both increase and decrease the magnitude of excess work relative to the base conditions within specific reaches of the two streams but do not alter substantially the high variability in excess work. The results demonstrate that instability potential in these urban fluvial systems is governed primarily by spatial variability in hydraulic properties associated with fragmentation of the streams by multiple in-channel structures.","PeriodicalId":49659,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Physical Geography-Earth and Environment","volume":"116 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142175553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-03DOI: 10.1177/03091333241280073
Mariusz Gałka, Karina Apolinarska, Iwona Bubak, József Dezsȍ, Angelica Feurdean, Ali Salem, Marcin Słowik, Edyta Zawisza
Oxbow lakes are important habitats for many rare and protected wetland organisms and play a role as a storage of pollutants in floodplain. Unfortunately, many oxbows were destroyed due to drainage works and the adaptation of riverbeds to inland transport. Multi-proxy palaeoecological analyses makes it possible to recognise the succession of flora and fauna in the oxbow lakes over centuries and millenia. Insight into the history of the destroyed wetlands ecosystems is especially important for their restoration. We used palaeoecological methods (plant macrofossils, pollen, mollusc, Cladocera, diatoms, macrocharcoal) supported by radiocarbon dating to: (i) reconstruct the succession of the local flora (macrophytes, diatoms) and fauna (molluscs, Cladocera) during the last ca. 3000 years; (ii) provide a background of local to regional vegetation composition and disturbance by fire and human impact in the Drava valleys. (iii) determine natural reference conditions as a basis for the restoration of degraded oxbow ecosystems in the region; Our study revealed that: (i) in the shallow eutrophic oxbow lakes (ca. 2 m deep) occurred numerous submerged ( Najas marina, N. minor, Ceratophyllum demersum, Zannichelia palustris) and floating macrophytes ( Trapa natans, Nymphaea alba, Nuphar lutea), Cladocera and molluscs species (e.g. Borysthenia naticinata, Bithynia tentaculata, Valvata cristata) and we recommend that these species should be included in the restoration of oxbows in this region; (ii) warm climate phases (Roman Period, Medieval Period) likely enhanced the terrestrialisation process and transformation of water reservoirs into peatlands between 1200 and 800 cal. BP; (iii) human activity has led to changes in overall forest composition, including riparian tree taxa, since the beginning of the record and has intensified since the Medieval Period; (iv) the difference in the time and intensity of fires between the northern and southern part of Drava river valley is most likely due to the different history of human colonisation.
{"title":"Long-term ecological studies on the oxbow ecosystems development and fire history in the Drava river valley (Central Europe): Implications for ecological restoration","authors":"Mariusz Gałka, Karina Apolinarska, Iwona Bubak, József Dezsȍ, Angelica Feurdean, Ali Salem, Marcin Słowik, Edyta Zawisza","doi":"10.1177/03091333241280073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03091333241280073","url":null,"abstract":"Oxbow lakes are important habitats for many rare and protected wetland organisms and play a role as a storage of pollutants in floodplain. Unfortunately, many oxbows were destroyed due to drainage works and the adaptation of riverbeds to inland transport. Multi-proxy palaeoecological analyses makes it possible to recognise the succession of flora and fauna in the oxbow lakes over centuries and millenia. Insight into the history of the destroyed wetlands ecosystems is especially important for their restoration. We used palaeoecological methods (plant macrofossils, pollen, mollusc, Cladocera, diatoms, macrocharcoal) supported by radiocarbon dating to: (i) reconstruct the succession of the local flora (macrophytes, diatoms) and fauna (molluscs, Cladocera) during the last ca. 3000 years; (ii) provide a background of local to regional vegetation composition and disturbance by fire and human impact in the Drava valleys. (iii) determine natural reference conditions as a basis for the restoration of degraded oxbow ecosystems in the region; Our study revealed that: (i) in the shallow eutrophic oxbow lakes (ca. 2 m deep) occurred numerous submerged ( Najas marina, N. minor, Ceratophyllum demersum, Zannichelia palustris) and floating macrophytes ( Trapa natans, Nymphaea alba, Nuphar lutea), Cladocera and molluscs species (e.g. Borysthenia naticinata, Bithynia tentaculata, Valvata cristata) and we recommend that these species should be included in the restoration of oxbows in this region; (ii) warm climate phases (Roman Period, Medieval Period) likely enhanced the terrestrialisation process and transformation of water reservoirs into peatlands between 1200 and 800 cal. BP; (iii) human activity has led to changes in overall forest composition, including riparian tree taxa, since the beginning of the record and has intensified since the Medieval Period; (iv) the difference in the time and intensity of fires between the northern and southern part of Drava river valley is most likely due to the different history of human colonisation.","PeriodicalId":49659,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Physical Geography-Earth and Environment","volume":"2015 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142175554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-03DOI: 10.1177/03091333241280543
Mirjami Lantto Klein, Deborah P Dixon, Richard Williams
Fluvial geomorphologists’ advocacy for a culture of care towards rivers is increasingly animated by the potentialities of hyperscale environmental data. Championing catchment-specific responses, it has been argued that intensified datafication of rivers can help them express their own voice. Motivated by this provocation, this paper discusses prosthetic research encounters with the River Feshie in Scotland to tentatively approach the question ‘what is a river’s voice’ in a moment of increasing digitisation and automation of geomorphological fieldwork via technologies of light. Exploring the allowances and excesses of illumination in the scientific imaging of the Feshie, it draws on ‘critical physical geography’ and ‘feminist new materialism’ to conceptualise the geovisualisation of riverscapes as a partial practice of envisioning, rather than a process of total illumination. By highlighting the multiplicity of riverine voices that become co-produced through differently configured sensing ensembles, the paper advocates for a critical fluvial geomorphology that interrogates its assumptions about access to the ‘real’.
{"title":"Fluvial encounters: Experimenting with a ‘River’s voice’ amidst light-based datafication","authors":"Mirjami Lantto Klein, Deborah P Dixon, Richard Williams","doi":"10.1177/03091333241280543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03091333241280543","url":null,"abstract":"Fluvial geomorphologists’ advocacy for a culture of care towards rivers is increasingly animated by the potentialities of hyperscale environmental data. Championing catchment-specific responses, it has been argued that intensified datafication of rivers can help them express their own voice. Motivated by this provocation, this paper discusses prosthetic research encounters with the River Feshie in Scotland to tentatively approach the question ‘what is a river’s voice’ in a moment of increasing digitisation and automation of geomorphological fieldwork via technologies of light. Exploring the allowances and excesses of illumination in the scientific imaging of the Feshie, it draws on ‘critical physical geography’ and ‘feminist new materialism’ to conceptualise the geovisualisation of riverscapes as a partial practice of envisioning, rather than a process of total illumination. By highlighting the multiplicity of riverine voices that become co-produced through differently configured sensing ensembles, the paper advocates for a critical fluvial geomorphology that interrogates its assumptions about access to the ‘real’.","PeriodicalId":49659,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Physical Geography-Earth and Environment","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142175555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-28DOI: 10.1177/03091333241276507
Martino Terrone, Andrea Mandarino, Pietro Piana, Francesco Faccini
Urban geomorphology is a recent discipline that has gained a great deal of interest amongst the scientific community also for its clear connection with the concept of Anthropocene. The identification of anthropogenic landforms in an urban area requires a multidisciplinary approach, mostly using multi-temporal map comparisons, direct and indirect geognostic surveys, and detailed study of the urban landscape. Mediterranean cities have a particularly complex history: their original settlement usually dates back to the medieval period, but often to more ancient, occasionally even prehistoric, times. The result is an urban landscape characterised by modified natural landforms, but above all by anthropogenic landforms linked to the stratification of various urban phases. Reconstructing the landforms before major anthropogenic impacts of the last centuries is a particularly complex operation, and scientific research appears in its early stages. In this research, we introduce examples of the reconstruction of natural landforms in the historic centre of Genoa, a port city that experienced a peak of expansion in the Middle Ages and the Modern Age. The results obtained on four pilot areas highlight significant and previously unknown anthropic modifications and the associated landforms in the urban landscape. Large excavations, fills supported by ramparts, and sea embankments have been identified and quantitatively evaluated using a mixed approach between different disciplines: historical geography, geomatics, physical geography and geomorphology, and engineering geology. This methodology may be applied to other Mediterranean and extra-European urban contexts and may contribute, on the one hand, to the identification of potential geomorphological risks in urban areas and, on the other hand, to the use of urban landscape forms for geological heritage and geodiversity development activities.
{"title":"Identification, computation, and mapping of anthropogenic landforms in urban areas: Case studies in the historical centre of Genoa, Italy (UNESCO World Heritage)","authors":"Martino Terrone, Andrea Mandarino, Pietro Piana, Francesco Faccini","doi":"10.1177/03091333241276507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03091333241276507","url":null,"abstract":"Urban geomorphology is a recent discipline that has gained a great deal of interest amongst the scientific community also for its clear connection with the concept of Anthropocene. The identification of anthropogenic landforms in an urban area requires a multidisciplinary approach, mostly using multi-temporal map comparisons, direct and indirect geognostic surveys, and detailed study of the urban landscape. Mediterranean cities have a particularly complex history: their original settlement usually dates back to the medieval period, but often to more ancient, occasionally even prehistoric, times. The result is an urban landscape characterised by modified natural landforms, but above all by anthropogenic landforms linked to the stratification of various urban phases. Reconstructing the landforms before major anthropogenic impacts of the last centuries is a particularly complex operation, and scientific research appears in its early stages. In this research, we introduce examples of the reconstruction of natural landforms in the historic centre of Genoa, a port city that experienced a peak of expansion in the Middle Ages and the Modern Age. The results obtained on four pilot areas highlight significant and previously unknown anthropic modifications and the associated landforms in the urban landscape. Large excavations, fills supported by ramparts, and sea embankments have been identified and quantitatively evaluated using a mixed approach between different disciplines: historical geography, geomatics, physical geography and geomorphology, and engineering geology. This methodology may be applied to other Mediterranean and extra-European urban contexts and may contribute, on the one hand, to the identification of potential geomorphological risks in urban areas and, on the other hand, to the use of urban landscape forms for geological heritage and geodiversity development activities.","PeriodicalId":49659,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Physical Geography-Earth and Environment","volume":"85 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142175556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alpine grasslands on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) are highly vulnerable to various treatments and face significant degradation risks due to global environmental changes. However, the response of these grasslands to different external treatments remains uncertain, and the patterns behind functional group responses are unclear, impeding our ability to restore alpine grasslands under changing climate. To address this gap, we compiled a comprehensive database of 797 experimental observations of alpine grasslands in the TP, classified these communities into four common functional groups (e.g., grass and sedge), and conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the response of aboveground biomass (AGB) to nine different treatments (e.g., grazing and nitrogen addition). Meta-regression was used to analyze the changes in AGB with treatment intensity and duration. We also used functional group asynchrony and unevenness to describe the complementary effects (CEs) and selection effects (SEs) of communities under these treatments. We found that among all the nine treatments, grazing had the biggest negative impact on the alpine grassland community by reducing AGB by 40.3%, mainly through decreasing the biomass of grass and sedge. Conversely, nitrogen and phosphorus addition had the largest positive effect, increasing AGB by 39.4% mainly by promoting the growth of grass. However, the increase in AGB was not significant in the interactive experiments involving grazing and nitrogen addition. The unevenness of the community decreased as grazing time prolongs, simplifying the structure of the community, with severe nutrient losses and weakened CE, while nitrogen addition could rapidly increase the AGB of grass and enhance the SE. CE or SE of communities can be enhanced through the restoration of specific functional groups, favoring the recovery of vegetation. Our study also revealed the potential of nitrogen compensation for repairing the damage caused by overgrazing on alpine grasslands.
{"title":"Impact of functional groups on aboveground biomass in alpine grassland communities","authors":"Yijia Wang, Yanxu Liu, Jingyi Ding, Peng Chen, Tianyu Zhan, Ying Yao, Jiaxi Song, Bojie Fu","doi":"10.1177/03091333241280095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03091333241280095","url":null,"abstract":"Alpine grasslands on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) are highly vulnerable to various treatments and face significant degradation risks due to global environmental changes. However, the response of these grasslands to different external treatments remains uncertain, and the patterns behind functional group responses are unclear, impeding our ability to restore alpine grasslands under changing climate. To address this gap, we compiled a comprehensive database of 797 experimental observations of alpine grasslands in the TP, classified these communities into four common functional groups (e.g., grass and sedge), and conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the response of aboveground biomass (AGB) to nine different treatments (e.g., grazing and nitrogen addition). Meta-regression was used to analyze the changes in AGB with treatment intensity and duration. We also used functional group asynchrony and unevenness to describe the complementary effects (CEs) and selection effects (SEs) of communities under these treatments. We found that among all the nine treatments, grazing had the biggest negative impact on the alpine grassland community by reducing AGB by 40.3%, mainly through decreasing the biomass of grass and sedge. Conversely, nitrogen and phosphorus addition had the largest positive effect, increasing AGB by 39.4% mainly by promoting the growth of grass. However, the increase in AGB was not significant in the interactive experiments involving grazing and nitrogen addition. The unevenness of the community decreased as grazing time prolongs, simplifying the structure of the community, with severe nutrient losses and weakened CE, while nitrogen addition could rapidly increase the AGB of grass and enhance the SE. CE or SE of communities can be enhanced through the restoration of specific functional groups, favoring the recovery of vegetation. Our study also revealed the potential of nitrogen compensation for repairing the damage caused by overgrazing on alpine grasslands.","PeriodicalId":49659,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Physical Geography-Earth and Environment","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142175557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Catastrophic landslides are generally evolved from potential active landslides, and early identification of active landslides over an extensive region is vital to effective prevention and control of disastrous landslides in urban areas. Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) has immense potential in mapping active landslides. However, artificial interpretation of InSAR measurements and manual recognition of active landslides are very laborious and time-consuming, with a relatively high missing and false alarms. That hinders the application of InSAR technique and the identification of active landslides in wide areas. Automatic recognition of active landslides has always been a great challenge and has been relatively rarely investigated by previous studies. This work establishes comprehensive identification indices of geoenvironmental, disaster-triggering, and surface deformation features. Moreover, it suggests a novel deep learning algorithm of SDeepFM to conduct automatic identification of active landslides across a vast and landslide-serious area of Hualong County. Some new viewpoints are suggested as follows. (1) The identification indices consist of disaster-controlling, disaster-inducing, and active deformation characteristics and are constructed in terms of the cause characteristics of active landslides. Thus, it can effectively decrease the false alarms of active landslide identification. (2) The proposed SDeepFM algorithm features a spatial-perception ability and can adequately extract and fuse the low-level and high-level semantic features. It outperforms the classification and regression tree (CART), multi-layer perceptron (MLP), convolutional neural network (CNN), and deep neural network (DNN) algorithms. The test accuracy attains 0.91, 99.73%, 90.21%, 0.92, 0.96, and 0.91 in F1-score, Accuracy, Precision, Recall, AUC, and Kappa, respectively. (3) A total of 164 active landslides are exactly recognized, and 39 active landslides are newly identified in this work. (4) In Hualong County, the characteristics of slope deformation, spatial context, lithology, tectonic movement, human activity, and topography play important roles in active landslide identification. River distribution and rainfall also contribute to active landslide recognition.
{"title":"Automatic recognition of active landslides by surface deformation and deep learning","authors":"Xianmin Wang, Wenxue Chen, Haifeng Ren, Haixiang Guo","doi":"10.1177/03091333241276523","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03091333241276523","url":null,"abstract":"Catastrophic landslides are generally evolved from potential active landslides, and early identification of active landslides over an extensive region is vital to effective prevention and control of disastrous landslides in urban areas. Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) has immense potential in mapping active landslides. However, artificial interpretation of InSAR measurements and manual recognition of active landslides are very laborious and time-consuming, with a relatively high missing and false alarms. That hinders the application of InSAR technique and the identification of active landslides in wide areas. Automatic recognition of active landslides has always been a great challenge and has been relatively rarely investigated by previous studies. This work establishes comprehensive identification indices of geoenvironmental, disaster-triggering, and surface deformation features. Moreover, it suggests a novel deep learning algorithm of SDeepFM to conduct automatic identification of active landslides across a vast and landslide-serious area of Hualong County. Some new viewpoints are suggested as follows. (1) The identification indices consist of disaster-controlling, disaster-inducing, and active deformation characteristics and are constructed in terms of the cause characteristics of active landslides. Thus, it can effectively decrease the false alarms of active landslide identification. (2) The proposed SDeepFM algorithm features a spatial-perception ability and can adequately extract and fuse the low-level and high-level semantic features. It outperforms the classification and regression tree (CART), multi-layer perceptron (MLP), convolutional neural network (CNN), and deep neural network (DNN) algorithms. The test accuracy attains 0.91, 99.73%, 90.21%, 0.92, 0.96, and 0.91 in F1-score, Accuracy, Precision, Recall, AUC, and Kappa, respectively. (3) A total of 164 active landslides are exactly recognized, and 39 active landslides are newly identified in this work. (4) In Hualong County, the characteristics of slope deformation, spatial context, lithology, tectonic movement, human activity, and topography play important roles in active landslide identification. River distribution and rainfall also contribute to active landslide recognition.","PeriodicalId":49659,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Physical Geography-Earth and Environment","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142223207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-23DOI: 10.1177/03091333241275465
Richard Huggett
Eduard Suess’s invention of the word ‘biosphere’ sparked a trend of coining sphere-words, which has since evolved into something of a craze. Some of these words, such as atmosphere and hydrosphere, are simply name tags for their respective Earth spheres. Others, such as geosphere, are also used mainly as names but they carry more than one meaning. However, many sphere-words, including pedosphere, biosphere, ecosphere, anthroposphere, sociosphere, and technosphere, are far more than just names, bearing as they do, weighty conceptual connotations that fuel considerable debate. At a time when Earth and life scientists are attempting to understand the workings of the planet as a whole by modelling the interaction of its component spheres, and when they are collaborating with sociologists, anthropologists, and members of other human sciences to tackle current environmental challenges, it seems an opportune moment to probe the origin and meaning of words for the Earth spheres they investigate. To be sure, Earth System modelling is helping understand changes resulting from the interaction of all the Earth’s spheres, including the anthroposphere, over various time and space scales, while multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary, and transdisciplinary research is helping to address such global problems as sustainable development, climate change, water supply, and biodiversity loss. An awareness of the origin, development, and disputed meanings of many sphere-words that these approaches employ should prove salutary for their multifarious practitioners.
{"title":"Earth’s spheres: Conceptual and definitional debates","authors":"Richard Huggett","doi":"10.1177/03091333241275465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03091333241275465","url":null,"abstract":"Eduard Suess’s invention of the word ‘biosphere’ sparked a trend of coining sphere-words, which has since evolved into something of a craze. Some of these words, such as atmosphere and hydrosphere, are simply name tags for their respective Earth spheres. Others, such as geosphere, are also used mainly as names but they carry more than one meaning. However, many sphere-words, including pedosphere, biosphere, ecosphere, anthroposphere, sociosphere, and technosphere, are far more than just names, bearing as they do, weighty conceptual connotations that fuel considerable debate. At a time when Earth and life scientists are attempting to understand the workings of the planet as a whole by modelling the interaction of its component spheres, and when they are collaborating with sociologists, anthropologists, and members of other human sciences to tackle current environmental challenges, it seems an opportune moment to probe the origin and meaning of words for the Earth spheres they investigate. To be sure, Earth System modelling is helping understand changes resulting from the interaction of all the Earth’s spheres, including the anthroposphere, over various time and space scales, while multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary, and transdisciplinary research is helping to address such global problems as sustainable development, climate change, water supply, and biodiversity loss. An awareness of the origin, development, and disputed meanings of many sphere-words that these approaches employ should prove salutary for their multifarious practitioners.","PeriodicalId":49659,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Physical Geography-Earth and Environment","volume":"74 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142175558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-07DOI: 10.1177/03091333241269199
Despoina Dora, Georgios Lazaridis, Konstantinos Vouvalidis, Konstantinos Tokmakidis, George Veni
Morphometric analysis is the quantification of shapes, which makes irregular shapes found in nature analyzable and comparable. Cave morphometry has been used for the genetic classification of caves, the digital reconstruction of their conduits, the decoding of their paleoenvironment, and other research purposes. Ratios and indices that have been derived from Euclidean geometry and application of fractal geometry onto karst features and topological parameters are the basic methodologies that have been used for shape quantification. This paper reviews the literature that focuses on methodologies used for morphometric analyses and the applications that these methodologies have found.
{"title":"Cave morphometric analysis: A review","authors":"Despoina Dora, Georgios Lazaridis, Konstantinos Vouvalidis, Konstantinos Tokmakidis, George Veni","doi":"10.1177/03091333241269199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03091333241269199","url":null,"abstract":"Morphometric analysis is the quantification of shapes, which makes irregular shapes found in nature analyzable and comparable. Cave morphometry has been used for the genetic classification of caves, the digital reconstruction of their conduits, the decoding of their paleoenvironment, and other research purposes. Ratios and indices that have been derived from Euclidean geometry and application of fractal geometry onto karst features and topological parameters are the basic methodologies that have been used for shape quantification. This paper reviews the literature that focuses on methodologies used for morphometric analyses and the applications that these methodologies have found.","PeriodicalId":49659,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Physical Geography-Earth and Environment","volume":"372 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141942574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-03DOI: 10.1177/03091333241269201
Dou Jie, Zilin Xiang, Xiekang Wang, Penglin Zheng, Ram Avtar, Chen Xinyu, Gianvito Scaringi, Luo Wanqi, Ali P Yunus
The 2018, Mw 6.6 Hokkaido Eastern Iburi earthquake in Japan triggered over 10,000 landsliding in an area spanning about 500 km2, altering the local topography and leading to the accumulation of loose deposits on hillslopes and in valleys. However, a comprehensive post-seismic landslide inventory and an assessment of topographic changes are lacking, hindering a quantitative hazard assessment. Additionally, the extent of vegetation recovery in areas affected by coseismic landslides, a key indicator of post-seismic debris flow hazard, has not been evaluated. Here, we utilize high-resolution digital elevation models and multi-temporal satellite imagery to analyze topographic changes and vegetation dynamics in the earthquake’s epicentral area (seismic intensity >5.5). We observe that the event roughened the overall gentle topography of the region and made the slopes steeper. Owing to the absence of significant rainstorms and snowmelt post 2018, only a few debris remobilizations (60) and new landslides (80) have occurred in the affected region. Moreover, we noticed a slow vegetation recovery in the post-seismic phase, suggesting that the likelihood of debris flows and gully erosion remains elevated, highlighting the need for continued monitoring and assessment.
{"title":"Post-seismic topographic shifts and delayed vegetation recovery in the epicentral area of the 2018 Mw 6.6 Hokkaido Eastern Iburi earthquake","authors":"Dou Jie, Zilin Xiang, Xiekang Wang, Penglin Zheng, Ram Avtar, Chen Xinyu, Gianvito Scaringi, Luo Wanqi, Ali P Yunus","doi":"10.1177/03091333241269201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03091333241269201","url":null,"abstract":"The 2018, M<jats:sub>w</jats:sub> 6.6 Hokkaido Eastern Iburi earthquake in Japan triggered over 10,000 landsliding in an area spanning about 500 km<jats:sup>2</jats:sup>, altering the local topography and leading to the accumulation of loose deposits on hillslopes and in valleys. However, a comprehensive post-seismic landslide inventory and an assessment of topographic changes are lacking, hindering a quantitative hazard assessment. Additionally, the extent of vegetation recovery in areas affected by coseismic landslides, a key indicator of post-seismic debris flow hazard, has not been evaluated. Here, we utilize high-resolution digital elevation models and multi-temporal satellite imagery to analyze topographic changes and vegetation dynamics in the earthquake’s epicentral area (seismic intensity >5.5). We observe that the event roughened the overall gentle topography of the region and made the slopes steeper. Owing to the absence of significant rainstorms and snowmelt post 2018, only a few debris remobilizations (60) and new landslides (80) have occurred in the affected region. Moreover, we noticed a slow vegetation recovery in the post-seismic phase, suggesting that the likelihood of debris flows and gully erosion remains elevated, highlighting the need for continued monitoring and assessment.","PeriodicalId":49659,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Physical Geography-Earth and Environment","volume":"104 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141942576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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