Rock glaciers are geomorphological features often used as a visible expression of mountain permafrost. These are creeping ice-debris with distinct ridge and furrow structures on the surface with a steep frontal slope. Rock glaciers, being the valuable past permafrost indicators, also have utmost hydrological significance in near future. Therefore, mapping of rock glaciers is an important step in order to understand permafrost regimes better. The Himalayas have large occurrences of these features and this study in Himachal Himalayas complied 789 rock glaciers, covering an area of about 336.2 km2. Different labels based on genesis, location, shape, form, surface relief and activity revealed rock glaciers were mainly derived from talus slopes (239) and exhibited tongue shape (377), primarily found in cirques (531). Most of them were classified as simple units (603) with well-developed surface relief (387), and they were found to be predominantly intact (760). The topographical parameters suggest majority of the rock glaciers are located between 4000 and 4800 m with mean elevation to be 4635 m. These rock glaciers are present at gentle to steep slope gradient (0 to 45°) with curvature ranging between −3.5 and 4.5, and majority showing convex curvature. The slope aspect conducive for formation of rock glaciers in Himachal is northerly (N, NW, NE). Principal geology for these rock glaciers belongs to slate, phyllite, quartzarenite, limestone and meta basics. The climatic parameters and indices also affect the rock glaciers occurrence significantly. The mean land surface temperature (LST) for majority rock glaciers lies between 0 and −15°C. While, the mean NDSI of all the rock glaciers varies from 0.04 to 0.68 and mean NDVI varies from −0.06 to 0.08. Overall, the inventory along with labels is a valuable database for understanding the distribution and characteristics of rock glaciers in the Himachal Himalayas.
{"title":"Comprehensive assessment of rock glaciers in the Himachal Himalayas: Updated inventory and labelling","authors":"Alka Dash, Ipshita Priyadarsini Pradhan, Kirti Kumar Mahanta, Nishant Tiwari, Dericks Praise Shukla","doi":"10.1177/03091333241263986","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03091333241263986","url":null,"abstract":"Rock glaciers are geomorphological features often used as a visible expression of mountain permafrost. These are creeping ice-debris with distinct ridge and furrow structures on the surface with a steep frontal slope. Rock glaciers, being the valuable past permafrost indicators, also have utmost hydrological significance in near future. Therefore, mapping of rock glaciers is an important step in order to understand permafrost regimes better. The Himalayas have large occurrences of these features and this study in Himachal Himalayas complied 789 rock glaciers, covering an area of about 336.2 km<jats:sup>2</jats:sup>. Different labels based on genesis, location, shape, form, surface relief and activity revealed rock glaciers were mainly derived from talus slopes (239) and exhibited tongue shape (377), primarily found in cirques (531). Most of them were classified as simple units (603) with well-developed surface relief (387), and they were found to be predominantly intact (760). The topographical parameters suggest majority of the rock glaciers are located between 4000 and 4800 m with mean elevation to be 4635 m. These rock glaciers are present at gentle to steep slope gradient (0 to 45°) with curvature ranging between −3.5 and 4.5, and majority showing convex curvature. The slope aspect conducive for formation of rock glaciers in Himachal is northerly (N, NW, NE). Principal geology for these rock glaciers belongs to slate, phyllite, quartzarenite, limestone and meta basics. The climatic parameters and indices also affect the rock glaciers occurrence significantly. The mean land surface temperature (LST) for majority rock glaciers lies between 0 and −15°C. While, the mean NDSI of all the rock glaciers varies from 0.04 to 0.68 and mean NDVI varies from −0.06 to 0.08. Overall, the inventory along with labels is a valuable database for understanding the distribution and characteristics of rock glaciers in the Himachal Himalayas.","PeriodicalId":49659,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Physical Geography-Earth and Environment","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141738594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-22DOI: 10.1177/03091333241263859
Richard Huggett, Raymond M Lee
The Earth and life sciences are replete with portmanteau (blended) words and neologisms. Researchers at the interfaces between the traditional disciplines within the Earth and life sciences have coined dual titles for ‘new’ disciplines, such as geobiology/biogeology and ecohydrology/hydroecology. An upsurge in such coinage over the last few decades reflects a healthy willingness of many researchers to cross traditional disciplinary boundaries and to include the human sphere within their domains. However, some of the titles cause confusion because their meanings are not self-evident; rather, they sometimes demand extra research to reveal their meanings, thus rendering science less ‘open’ at a time when Open Science is being vigorously encouraged. After discussing the question of disciplinary neologisms, the paper probes the interchangeability of 15 dual ‘new’ discipline titles and concludes that six are more-or-less synonymous, three are nonsynonymous, and six are indeterminate for varying reasons. We question the usefulness of some, but by no means all, disciplinary neologisms, given that their meanings are not immediately apparent. Looking beyond portmanteau titles and other neologisms, the paper discusses the rise of interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary research, as seen in the concepts of the Critical Zone, multifunctional landscapes, and Earth System Science, the last of which supports a conceptual model of the planet as an interdependent set of spheres from global to local scales that has the advantages of combining the biotic, abiotic, and human spheres.
{"title":"Problems and prospects of portmanteau titles and other neologisms for interface disciplines in the Earth and life sciences","authors":"Richard Huggett, Raymond M Lee","doi":"10.1177/03091333241263859","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03091333241263859","url":null,"abstract":"The Earth and life sciences are replete with portmanteau (blended) words and neologisms. Researchers at the interfaces between the traditional disciplines within the Earth and life sciences have coined dual titles for ‘new’ disciplines, such as geobiology/biogeology and ecohydrology/hydroecology. An upsurge in such coinage over the last few decades reflects a healthy willingness of many researchers to cross traditional disciplinary boundaries and to include the human sphere within their domains. However, some of the titles cause confusion because their meanings are not self-evident; rather, they sometimes demand extra research to reveal their meanings, thus rendering science less ‘open’ at a time when Open Science is being vigorously encouraged. After discussing the question of disciplinary neologisms, the paper probes the interchangeability of 15 dual ‘new’ discipline titles and concludes that six are more-or-less synonymous, three are nonsynonymous, and six are indeterminate for varying reasons. We question the usefulness of some, but by no means all, disciplinary neologisms, given that their meanings are not immediately apparent. Looking beyond portmanteau titles and other neologisms, the paper discusses the rise of interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary research, as seen in the concepts of the Critical Zone, multifunctional landscapes, and Earth System Science, the last of which supports a conceptual model of the planet as an interdependent set of spheres from global to local scales that has the advantages of combining the biotic, abiotic, and human spheres.","PeriodicalId":49659,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Physical Geography-Earth and Environment","volume":"122 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141504097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-20DOI: 10.1177/03091333241263796
Fangkai Zhao, Lei Yang, Qingyu Feng, Chenxu Ji, Min Li, Li Fang, Xinwei Yu, Liding Chen
With intensive socio-economic growth, antibiotics have been heavily discharged into soils, posing a threat to ecosystems and human health. However, limited data are available in broad-scale urban agglomerations which limit the understanding of the driving mechanisms for antibiotic pollution and hinder action plans for pollution control. Here, we examined the underlying mechanisms driving antibiotic pollution and their regional disparities (Central Yunnan vs. Yangtze River Delta), and we predicted antibiotic concentrations in the soils of these two urban agglomerations using machine learning algorithms. Specifically, anthropogenic pressures such as population aggregation and livestock production accounted for the highest contribution to model accuracy in Central Yunnan, suggesting human interference mediated by geographical isolation likely plays a pivotal role in the clustering of antibiotic pollution in soils. However, soil and climate variables were the most important predictors in the more developed Yangtze River Delta, indicating that human-mediated soil carrying capacity was likely the main mechanism controlling antibiotic pollution in this region. Our results showed that machine learning models performed better (area under the receiver operating characteristics curve: 0.91–0.98) in predicting antibiotic hotspots than classic linear models. Our findings highlight the regional disparities in underlying mechanisms for antibiotic pollution in the soils of urban agglomerations, and demonstrate that machine learning algorithms based on spatially available predictors can be extended to other regions.
{"title":"Regional disparities and social-ecological constraints of soil antibiotic pollution in urban agglomerations of China","authors":"Fangkai Zhao, Lei Yang, Qingyu Feng, Chenxu Ji, Min Li, Li Fang, Xinwei Yu, Liding Chen","doi":"10.1177/03091333241263796","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03091333241263796","url":null,"abstract":"With intensive socio-economic growth, antibiotics have been heavily discharged into soils, posing a threat to ecosystems and human health. However, limited data are available in broad-scale urban agglomerations which limit the understanding of the driving mechanisms for antibiotic pollution and hinder action plans for pollution control. Here, we examined the underlying mechanisms driving antibiotic pollution and their regional disparities (Central Yunnan vs. Yangtze River Delta), and we predicted antibiotic concentrations in the soils of these two urban agglomerations using machine learning algorithms. Specifically, anthropogenic pressures such as population aggregation and livestock production accounted for the highest contribution to model accuracy in Central Yunnan, suggesting human interference mediated by geographical isolation likely plays a pivotal role in the clustering of antibiotic pollution in soils. However, soil and climate variables were the most important predictors in the more developed Yangtze River Delta, indicating that human-mediated soil carrying capacity was likely the main mechanism controlling antibiotic pollution in this region. Our results showed that machine learning models performed better (area under the receiver operating characteristics curve: 0.91–0.98) in predicting antibiotic hotspots than classic linear models. Our findings highlight the regional disparities in underlying mechanisms for antibiotic pollution in the soils of urban agglomerations, and demonstrate that machine learning algorithms based on spatially available predictors can be extended to other regions.","PeriodicalId":49659,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Physical Geography-Earth and Environment","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141504099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-20DOI: 10.1177/03091333241264117
Rakesh Bhambri
In this paper, the legacy of Kenneth Mason (1887–1976) in the geography of the Himalaya-Karakoram (H-K) region has been thoroughly examined. Mason was a distinguished British geographer, surveyor, soldier, and mountaineer. He led the Indo-Russian Triangulation Connection and pioneered the use of stereoscopic photography in the Pamirs, laying the groundwork for precise geographical records. His detailed surveys and mappings of the Shaksgam Valley and Aghil Ranges corrected longstanding cartographic inaccuracies and presented accurate topographical details through terrestrial stereo photogrammetry. Mason critically assessed and recommended improvements for the depiction of glaciers and geomorphic features on Survey of India maps, encouraging the training of surveyors in glacial morphology. He contributed significantly to standardising geographical terms and nomenclature within the Karakoram Range. Mason also played a crucial role in founding the Himalayan Club and the Himalayan Journal. His studies on glacier movements and advocacy for monitoring systems to prevent natural disasters exhibit his profound commitment to minimising human life and infrastructure loss. Mason’s comprehensive work boosted scientific investigation in the H-K region and laid a foundation for ongoing and future research in these remote regions, paving the way for future generations of explorers, researchers, and enthusiasts.
{"title":"Contributions of Kenneth Mason to the physical geography of Himalaya and Karakoram","authors":"Rakesh Bhambri","doi":"10.1177/03091333241264117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03091333241264117","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, the legacy of Kenneth Mason (1887–1976) in the geography of the Himalaya-Karakoram (H-K) region has been thoroughly examined. Mason was a distinguished British geographer, surveyor, soldier, and mountaineer. He led the Indo-Russian Triangulation Connection and pioneered the use of stereoscopic photography in the Pamirs, laying the groundwork for precise geographical records. His detailed surveys and mappings of the Shaksgam Valley and Aghil Ranges corrected longstanding cartographic inaccuracies and presented accurate topographical details through terrestrial stereo photogrammetry. Mason critically assessed and recommended improvements for the depiction of glaciers and geomorphic features on Survey of India maps, encouraging the training of surveyors in glacial morphology. He contributed significantly to standardising geographical terms and nomenclature within the Karakoram Range. Mason also played a crucial role in founding the Himalayan Club and the Himalayan Journal. His studies on glacier movements and advocacy for monitoring systems to prevent natural disasters exhibit his profound commitment to minimising human life and infrastructure loss. Mason’s comprehensive work boosted scientific investigation in the H-K region and laid a foundation for ongoing and future research in these remote regions, paving the way for future generations of explorers, researchers, and enthusiasts.","PeriodicalId":49659,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Physical Geography-Earth and Environment","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141504098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-08DOI: 10.1177/03091333241252520
Jonathan P Ocón, E Natasha Stavros, Steven J Steinberg, Justin Robertson, Thomas W Gillespie
Most urban tree inventories depend on resource-intensive, field-based assessments, which are unevenly distributed in space and time. Recently, these inventories have been conducted using field inventories combined with airborne multispectral, hyperspectral, LiDAR, and spaceborne multispectral remote sensing. Significant advances have been made in urban tree GIS databases and remote sensing methods, which include delineating individual tree crowns, extracting tree species metrics, and employing classification techniques. Generally, remote sensing methods distinguish individual urban trees using either pixel-based or object-based methods, while image classification procedures are typically divided into parametric (e.g., regression-based classification, Bayesian, and principal component analysis) and non-parametric approaches such as machine learning (e.g., random forests support vector machines) and deep learning (e.g., convolutional neural networks). Our synthesis of the current state of science suggests sensors with the highest spatial (m), spectral (bands), and temporal (repeat time) resolutions result in the most accurate tree species identification. Combining airborne LiDAR/hyperspectral or airborne LiDAR/spaceborne high-resolution multispectral sensors yields the highest accuracy for the most diverse urban forests. An object-based non-parametric approach, like a fully convolutional neural network, scores higher in accuracy assessments than pixel-based parametric approaches. Future studies can leverage global/regional GIS field inventory databases to expand the scope of studies within and across multiple cities, utilizing LiDAR and spaceborne sensors.
{"title":"Remote sensing approaches to identify trees to species-level in the urban forest: A review","authors":"Jonathan P Ocón, E Natasha Stavros, Steven J Steinberg, Justin Robertson, Thomas W Gillespie","doi":"10.1177/03091333241252520","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03091333241252520","url":null,"abstract":"Most urban tree inventories depend on resource-intensive, field-based assessments, which are unevenly distributed in space and time. Recently, these inventories have been conducted using field inventories combined with airborne multispectral, hyperspectral, LiDAR, and spaceborne multispectral remote sensing. Significant advances have been made in urban tree GIS databases and remote sensing methods, which include delineating individual tree crowns, extracting tree species metrics, and employing classification techniques. Generally, remote sensing methods distinguish individual urban trees using either pixel-based or object-based methods, while image classification procedures are typically divided into parametric (e.g., regression-based classification, Bayesian, and principal component analysis) and non-parametric approaches such as machine learning (e.g., random forests support vector machines) and deep learning (e.g., convolutional neural networks). Our synthesis of the current state of science suggests sensors with the highest spatial (m), spectral (bands), and temporal (repeat time) resolutions result in the most accurate tree species identification. Combining airborne LiDAR/hyperspectral or airborne LiDAR/spaceborne high-resolution multispectral sensors yields the highest accuracy for the most diverse urban forests. An object-based non-parametric approach, like a fully convolutional neural network, scores higher in accuracy assessments than pixel-based parametric approaches. Future studies can leverage global/regional GIS field inventory databases to expand the scope of studies within and across multiple cities, utilizing LiDAR and spaceborne sensors.","PeriodicalId":49659,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Physical Geography-Earth and Environment","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140941396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-07DOI: 10.1177/03091333241252401
Shilong Guo, Duo Wu, Tao Wang, Lin Chen, Youmo Li, Tianxiao Wang, Shuai Shao, Aifeng Zhou
The Qilian Mountains (QLM) act as an “ecological security barrier” in western China, impacting the downstream ecosystems and water resource utilization. However, the hydrological evolution of the QLM during the last millennium remains controversial, and their ecological response to climate change is poorly understood. We present a pH record based on the brGDGTs (branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers) of a 14C-dated sediment core from Lake Maozangtianchi in the QLM. We combined this record with element contents determined by scanning XRF and grain size to reconstruct the summer monsoon precipitation variability over the last 900 years. We also reconstructed the history of eco-environmental changes from the total n-alkane contents. On centennial scales, local precipitation exhibited peaks during the intervals of 1100‒1300 CE and 1750‒2000 CE, as well as between 1400‒1750 CE. Additionally, abrupt decreases in precipitation occurred during the transition from the Medieval Warm Period (MWP) to the Little Ice Age (LIA) (1300‒1400 CE). This pattern coherent with other hydroclimatic records from the monsoonal margin of northern China, likely resulted from the combined impact of the El Niño‒Southern Oscillation on tropical Pacific sea-surface temperatures and the meridional shift of the Intertropical Convergence Zone. In addition, a coupled relationship between plant biomass in the Lake Maozangtianchi watershed and fluctuations in monsoon precipitation was observed, with higher plant biomass during 1100‒1200 CE, 1750‒1900 CE, and 1950‒2000 CE, and lower biomass during 1200‒1400 CE and 1900‒1950 CE. However, during 1400‒1750 CE, plant biomass exhibited a minor increasing trend, deviating from its usual correlation with monsoon precipitation. Despite precipitation usually being the primary climatic factor influencing plant biomass in the QLM, during the LIA, nutrients transported by dust and decreased evapotranspiration became pivotal in bolstering plant growth. Our research emphasizes the significant moderating effects of exogenic dust on vegetation changes in alpine ecosystems.
{"title":"Hydrological evolution and differential response of the eco-environment recorded in Lake Maozangtianchi, eastern Qilian Mountains, over the last 900 years","authors":"Shilong Guo, Duo Wu, Tao Wang, Lin Chen, Youmo Li, Tianxiao Wang, Shuai Shao, Aifeng Zhou","doi":"10.1177/03091333241252401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03091333241252401","url":null,"abstract":"The Qilian Mountains (QLM) act as an “ecological security barrier” in western China, impacting the downstream ecosystems and water resource utilization. However, the hydrological evolution of the QLM during the last millennium remains controversial, and their ecological response to climate change is poorly understood. We present a pH record based on the brGDGTs (branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers) of a 14<jats:sub>C</jats:sub>-dated sediment core from Lake Maozangtianchi in the QLM. We combined this record with element contents determined by scanning XRF and grain size to reconstruct the summer monsoon precipitation variability over the last 900 years. We also reconstructed the history of eco-environmental changes from the total n-alkane contents. On centennial scales, local precipitation exhibited peaks during the intervals of 1100‒1300 CE and 1750‒2000 CE, as well as between 1400‒1750 CE. Additionally, abrupt decreases in precipitation occurred during the transition from the Medieval Warm Period (MWP) to the Little Ice Age (LIA) (1300‒1400 CE). This pattern coherent with other hydroclimatic records from the monsoonal margin of northern China, likely resulted from the combined impact of the El Niño‒Southern Oscillation on tropical Pacific sea-surface temperatures and the meridional shift of the Intertropical Convergence Zone. In addition, a coupled relationship between plant biomass in the Lake Maozangtianchi watershed and fluctuations in monsoon precipitation was observed, with higher plant biomass during 1100‒1200 CE, 1750‒1900 CE, and 1950‒2000 CE, and lower biomass during 1200‒1400 CE and 1900‒1950 CE. However, during 1400‒1750 CE, plant biomass exhibited a minor increasing trend, deviating from its usual correlation with monsoon precipitation. Despite precipitation usually being the primary climatic factor influencing plant biomass in the QLM, during the LIA, nutrients transported by dust and decreased evapotranspiration became pivotal in bolstering plant growth. Our research emphasizes the significant moderating effects of exogenic dust on vegetation changes in alpine ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":49659,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Physical Geography-Earth and Environment","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140941378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-27DOI: 10.1177/03091333241252523
Allan Hassaniyan
Water exhibits various politico-economic dynamic. Water scarcity can lead to conflicts, and it lies at the core of Iran’s environmental crises. The literature on Iran’s water crisis indicates the effects of this issue in terms of multidimensional environmental degradation, community disintegration, and state-society and intercommunal conflict. Approximately 28 million of Iran’s 85 million residents reside in water-stressed areas, a situation identified as ‘water bankruptcy’. The water shortage is experienced differently across the country. The plateau’s central regions, home to Iran’s major industries, are where the worst water deficit is occurring. However, regions with abundant water resources have also been impacted. These regions – known as ‘donor basins’ – due to intensive and disproportional inter-basin water transfer and other engineering interventions deployed by the Government to deal with the water shortage of the central regions, suffer from a different form of water crisis. A condition of asymmetrical and conflictual power relations between the state and subaltern communities in Iran’s peripheral regions has been created. This paper argues that this constitutes environmental racism, characterised by multilayered impoverishment and unsustainable development among communities in the donor regions.
{"title":"Iran’s water policy: Environmental injustice and peripheral marginalisation","authors":"Allan Hassaniyan","doi":"10.1177/03091333241252523","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03091333241252523","url":null,"abstract":"Water exhibits various politico-economic dynamic. Water scarcity can lead to conflicts, and it lies at the core of Iran’s environmental crises. The literature on Iran’s water crisis indicates the effects of this issue in terms of multidimensional environmental degradation, community disintegration, and state-society and intercommunal conflict. Approximately 28 million of Iran’s 85 million residents reside in water-stressed areas, a situation identified as ‘water bankruptcy’. The water shortage is experienced differently across the country. The plateau’s central regions, home to Iran’s major industries, are where the worst water deficit is occurring. However, regions with abundant water resources have also been impacted. These regions – known as ‘donor basins’ – due to intensive and disproportional inter-basin water transfer and other engineering interventions deployed by the Government to deal with the water shortage of the central regions, suffer from a different form of water crisis. A condition of asymmetrical and conflictual power relations between the state and subaltern communities in Iran’s peripheral regions has been created. This paper argues that this constitutes environmental racism, characterised by multilayered impoverishment and unsustainable development among communities in the donor regions.","PeriodicalId":49659,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Physical Geography-Earth and Environment","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140812483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-22DOI: 10.1177/03091333241248038
Ronald I Dorn
Investigators seeking to solve the mystery of rock varnish formation have yet to embrace hypothesis testing. Thus, this paper presents nine tests that assess the validity of the eight hypotheses proposed over the last four decades to explain varnish formation. An almost singular focus on manganese (Mn)-enrichment by many in varnish research may have led to six of the eight hypotheses failing to explain iron (Fe)-enrichment, as well as why clay minerals dominate the composition of rock varnish. Many varnish researchers displayed a sampling bias by collecting samples only from hot and dry deserts; thus, it should be of no surprise that four hypotheses failed a test of explaining varnishes in different climates; five hypotheses failed to explain varnishes in subsurface locations; and seven hypotheses failed to explain differences in varnish growth rates in hot deserts versus wetter locations. In the end, seven of eight proposed hypotheses to explain varnish formation failed more than five tests, any one of which would falsify the hypothesis. Only one hypothesis “passed” all nine tests.
{"title":"Rock varnish revisited","authors":"Ronald I Dorn","doi":"10.1177/03091333241248038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03091333241248038","url":null,"abstract":"Investigators seeking to solve the mystery of rock varnish formation have yet to embrace hypothesis testing. Thus, this paper presents nine tests that assess the validity of the eight hypotheses proposed over the last four decades to explain varnish formation. An almost singular focus on manganese (Mn)-enrichment by many in varnish research may have led to six of the eight hypotheses failing to explain iron (Fe)-enrichment, as well as why clay minerals dominate the composition of rock varnish. Many varnish researchers displayed a sampling bias by collecting samples only from hot and dry deserts; thus, it should be of no surprise that four hypotheses failed a test of explaining varnishes in different climates; five hypotheses failed to explain varnishes in subsurface locations; and seven hypotheses failed to explain differences in varnish growth rates in hot deserts versus wetter locations. In the end, seven of eight proposed hypotheses to explain varnish formation failed more than five tests, any one of which would falsify the hypothesis. Only one hypothesis “passed” all nine tests.","PeriodicalId":49659,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Physical Geography-Earth and Environment","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140634346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-27DOI: 10.1177/03091333241239193
Kallee Bareket-Shavit
{"title":"A review of Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment, 1977–2023","authors":"Kallee Bareket-Shavit","doi":"10.1177/03091333241239193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03091333241239193","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49659,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Physical Geography-Earth and Environment","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140316197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：