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Effects of Non-Native Shrubs on Caterpillars and Shrubland-Dependent Passerines within Three Transmission Line Rights-of-Way in Southeastern New Hampshire 新罕布什尔州东南部三条输电线路用地范围内非本地灌木对毛毛虫和灌木地相关雀形目的影响
IF 0.4 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2022-04-08 DOI: 10.1656/045.029.m2001
Matthew Tarr
Abstract - Caterpillars (Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera: Symphyta) are a critical food that breeding passerines use for raising young and serve as an important source of carotenoids that support nestling growth and feather pigmentation. When non-native, invasive plants grow abundant enough to reduce native plant diversity they can cause a reduction in caterpillar abundance. The goal of this study was to determine whether a reduction in caterpillars caused by non-native, invasive shrubs affects nestling health and/or the reproductive success of a shrubland-dependent passerine, Geothlypis trichas trichas (Common Yellowthroat). I first quantified caterpillar abundance on the dominant native and nonnative shrubs comprising Common Yellowthroat territories in shrubby transmission-line rights-of-way and estimated total caterpillar abundance in each territory based on the shrub species composition. I then determined if differences in shrub species composition and caterpillar abundance affected: (1) adult Common Yellowthroat reproductive success, (2) nestling Common Yellowthroat diet composition, or (3) nestling Common Yellowthroat growth rate, plasma carotenoids, and carotenoid-based plumage color. Nonnative, invasive shrubs did not reduce caterpillar abundance until they comprised ≥55% of the shrub volume and significantly reduced the diversity and abundance of native shrubs in bird territories. Differences in caterpillar abundance among sites did not result in differences in Common Yellowthroat productivity, but where non-native shrubs comprised ≥55% of the shrub volume, adults increased their frequency of feeding visits to nestlings and fed nestlings the greatest proportion of non-caterpillar prey. Daily surveys of shrubland bird presence/absence at study sites indicated that most shrubland-dependent bird species were absent where non-native shrubs comprised ≥55% of the shrub cover; such conditions likely equated to habitat loss for bird species less able than Common Yellowthroats to adapt to low shrub diversity and low caterpillar abundance.
摘要-毛毛虫(鳞翅目,膜翅目:Symphyta)是繁殖雀形目用来养育幼崽的重要食物,也是支持巢生长和羽毛色素沉着的类胡萝卜素的重要来源。当非本土入侵植物的数量增长到足以减少本土植物多样性时,它们可能会导致毛毛虫数量减少。这项研究的目的是确定非本土入侵灌木引起的毛毛虫减少是否会影响依赖灌木的雀形目毛地雀形目(普通黄喉雀形目)的筑巢健康和/或繁殖成功。我首先量化了灌木输电线路通行权中包括常见黄喉地区的主要原生和非原生灌木的毛毛虫丰度,并根据灌木物种组成估计了每个地区的毛毛虫总丰度。然后,我确定了灌木物种组成和毛毛虫丰度的差异是否影响:(1)成年普通黄喉虫繁殖成功,(2)筑巢普通黄喉鱼的饮食组成,或(3)筑巢普通黄喉鱼的生长速度、血浆类胡萝卜素和基于类胡萝卜素的羽毛颜色。非本地入侵灌木并没有降低毛毛虫的丰度,直到它们占灌木体积的55%以上,并显著降低了鸟类领地中本地灌木的多样性和丰度。不同地点毛毛虫丰度的差异并没有导致普通黄喉虫生产力的差异,但在非本地灌木占灌木体积≥55%的地方,成虫增加了对雏鸟的觅食频率,并给雏鸟喂食了最大比例的非毛毛虫猎物。对研究地点灌木林鸟类存在/不存在的日常调查表明,在非本土灌木占灌木覆盖率≥55%的地方,大多数依赖灌木林的鸟类都不存在;这种情况可能相当于比普通黄喉雀更不适应低灌木多样性和低毛毛虫丰度的鸟类栖息地的丧失。
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引用次数: 3
Interspecific Killing of Vulpes vulpes (Red Fox) Kits at a Den Site by Canis lupus (Gray Wolf) in Isle Royale National Park, Michigan 密歇根州皇家岛国家公园犬只狼疮(灰狼)在巢穴中对Vulpes Vulpes(Red Fox)试剂盒的种间杀死
IF 0.4 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2022-04-07 DOI: 10.1656/045.029.0113
T. Petroelje, N. Fowler, E. K. Orning, B. Patterson, M. Romanski, J. Belant
Abstract Canis lupus (Gray Wolf or Wolf) have killed subordinate canids that scavenge on Wolf-killed prey, but little evidence is available for antagonistic behavior of Wolves toward other canids at interspecific den sites. We investigated clusters of locations from a global positioning system (GPS)collared male Wolf, translocated to Isle Royale National Park, MI, on 23 March 2019. On 17 May 2019, we investigated a GPS cluster of the Wolf and observed 3 Vulpes vulpes (Red Fox) kit carcasses at an excavated Red Fox den site. We report details from this event and evidence for interspecific aggression and implications for Wolf–Red Fox interactions. To our knowledge, this represents the first reported killing of Red Fox kits at their den by a Wolf. Limited reports of interspecific killings by Wolves of Red Foxes suggests this interaction was opportunistic and rare.
摘要犬类狼疮(灰狼或狼)已经杀死了以狼杀死的猎物为食的附属犬科动物,但几乎没有证据表明狼在种间巢穴对其他犬科动物有拮抗行为。2019年3月23日,我们调查了一只带全球定位系统(GPS)项圈的雄性狼的集群位置,该狼被转移到密歇根州皇家岛国家公园。2019年5月17日,我们调查了一个狼的GPS集群,并在一个挖掘的红狐巢穴中观察到了3具Vulpes Vulpes(红狐)工具包尸体。我们报道了这一事件的细节,以及物种间攻击的证据,以及对狼-红狐互动的影响。据我们所知,这是第一次有报道称红狐装备在巢穴中被狼杀死。关于红狐狸之狼进行物种间杀戮的有限报道表明,这种互动是机会主义的,而且很罕见。
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引用次数: 1
Soil Characteristics of North American Sites Colonized by the Non-Native, Invasive Vines Black Swallow-Wort and Pale Swallow-Wort 非本地入侵藤本植物黑燕窝草和白燕窝草在北美殖民地的土壤特征
IF 0.4 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2022-03-25 DOI: 10.1656/045.029.0111
L. C. Magidow, A. DiTommaso, Anna S. Westbrook, Matthew J. Kwok, Q. Ketterings, L. Milbrath
Abstract Vincetoxicum nigrum (Black Swallow-wort) and V. rossicum (Pale Swallowwort) are non-native, perennial vines that are spreading across North America. We collected soil samples from invaded sites in the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada. We also performed GIS analyses using the site locations, locations from iMapInvasives, and soil data from SSURGO. We found that Black Swallow-wort tended to occupy Inceptisols while Pale Swallow-wort occupied soils with more silt and clay, including Alfisols. Mean soil pH was lower at Black Swallow-wort sites compared to Pale Swallow-wort sites. However, both species colonized soils that varied widely in pH, fertility, texture, and taxonomy. We conclude that abiotic soil characteristics do not strongly constrain swallow-wort distributions in North America.
摘要Vincetoxicum nigrum(黑燕草)和V.roscium(淡燕草)是分布在北美的非本地多年生藤蔓植物。我们从美国东北部和加拿大东南部的入侵地点采集了土壤样本。我们还使用现场位置、iMapInvasives的位置和SSURGO的土壤数据进行了GIS分析。我们发现黑燕草倾向于占据Inceptisol,而淡燕草则占据了含有更多淤泥和粘土的土壤,包括Alfisol。与淡燕麦地相比,黑燕麦地的平均土壤pH值较低。然而,这两个物种都定居在pH值、肥力、质地和分类学差异很大的土壤中。我们得出的结论是,非生物土壤特征并没有强烈限制燕草在北美的分布。
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引用次数: 1
Abundance of Songbirds in Eastern Hemlock Stands Following Chemical Treatments for Hemlock Woolly Adelgid 化学处理对东部铁杉林分鸣禽数量的影响
IF 0.4 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2022-03-25 DOI: 10.1656/045.029.0112
Natalie M. Bekins, David R. Brown
Abstract Chemical treatments are used to protect Tsuga canadensis (Eastern Hemlock) from Adelges tsugae (Hemlock Woolly Adelgid), yet little is known about how avian communities respond. We tested the efficacy of imidacloprid soil drenches on hemlocks and its impact on avian indicator species in the Appalachian Mountains of Kentucky at 65 sites (37 treated) in 2009 and 2018. Percent dead hemlock increased 11%, regardless of chemical treatment. Hemlock had higher vigor in treated sites, but a hemlock-decline index did not differ by treatment. None of 6 indicator bird species showed a significant population response to chemical treatments. Setophaga virens (Black-throated Green Warbler) declined between years across treated and untreated sites, whereas Contopus virens (Eastern Wood-Pewee) increased between years. Treatments positively affected individual hemlocks, but this did not carry over to influence avian species. Hemlock health may need to decline below some threshold before avian species respond.
摘要化学处理被用来保护加拿大小蠊(东部大蠊)免受小蠊的侵害,但人们对鸟类群落的反应知之甚少。2009年和2018年,我们在肯塔基州阿巴拉契亚山脉的65个地点(37个处理地点)测试了吡虫啉土壤浸剂对铁杉的功效及其对鸟类指示物种的影响。无论化学处理如何,铁杉的死亡率都增加了11%。铁杉在处理部位具有较高的活力,但铁杉衰退指数因处理而异。6种指示鸟类中没有一种对化学处理表现出显著的种群反应。Setophaga virens(黑喉绿莺)在接受治疗和未接受治疗的地区之间呈下降趋势,而Contopus virens(Eastern Wood Pewee)在几年之间呈上升趋势。处理对个体铁杉产生了积极影响,但这并没有影响到鸟类物种。在鸟类做出反应之前,大麻的健康状况可能需要下降到某个阈值以下。
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引用次数: 0
A Preliminary Study of Foraging Habitat Use by Nesting Barn Swallows in Massachusetts 马萨诸塞州巢燕觅食生境利用的初步研究
IF 0.4 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2022-03-18 DOI: 10.1656/045.029.0109
J. Atwood, Marie Rhodes
Abstract - Hirundo rustica (Barn Swallow) belongs to a suite of aerial insectivores that are showing serious population declines in northeastern North America. Various causes of these declines have been postulated, especially including agricultural intensification, declining insect populations, and/or increased mortality associated with climate changes. In this study, we examined foraging behavior of Barn Swallows nesting in a large breeding colony located in western Massachusetts. Swallows foraged primarily within 1 km of their nesting site. Most of the nearby agricultural areas used by foraging swallows were broadly characterized as pasture/hay or cultivated land uses; we found no significant difference in foraging activity levels between these habitat categories. In addition to the availability of suitable nesting structures, successful conservation of Barn Swallows likely requires that breeding colonies have access to nearby fields which provide foraging opportunities. Further study is needed to clarify specific habitat management that will enhance populations of flying insects preyed upon by swallows and other aerial insectivores.
摘要-小燕子属于一类空中食虫动物,在北美洲东北部,它们的数量正在严重下降。已经推测了这些下降的各种原因,特别是包括农业集约化、昆虫数量下降和/或与气候变化相关的死亡率增加。在这项研究中,我们调查了在马萨诸塞州西部一个大型繁殖群体中筑巢的燕窝的觅食行为。燕子主要在离它们的筑巢地1公里以内觅食。觅食燕子使用的附近农业区大多被广泛描述为牧场/干草或耕地;我们发现这些栖息地之间的觅食活动水平没有显著差异。除了有合适的筑巢结构外,成功保护谷仓燕子可能还需要繁殖群体能够进入附近的田地,从而提供觅食机会。需要进一步的研究来澄清具体的栖息地管理,这将增加被燕子和其他空中食虫动物捕食的飞行昆虫的数量。
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引用次数: 0
Sometimes You Can Add a Bit of Salt: Additional Freshwater Insect Species in Canadian Estuaries 有时你可以加一点盐:加拿大河口的其他淡水昆虫物种
IF 0.4 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2022-03-18 DOI: 10.1656/045.029.0110
Kyle M. Knysh, Mark D. Saunders, Leah P. Macintyre, S. Courtenay, M. R. van den Heuvel
Abstract - Along the river–ocean transition, few freshwater species persist into polyhaline zones. Among those insect species capable of living in estuaries, it is unclear which Odonata, Trichoptera, and Coleoptera species can occur at intermittent or average salinities above 18 PSU. During surveys of fish and crustaceans in Prince Edward Island (PEI), we noted 3 unexpected insect species from within subtidal-channels. Multiple instars of Coenagrionidae n. det. and Enallagma civile (Familiar Bluet) were collected around marine macroalgae at 5 localities with 6-26 PSU salinities and observed emerging atop macroalgae. Also, collections of the larvae of the caddisfly Limnephilus externus (Limniphilidae), and adult Haliplus cribrarius (Haliplidae) beetles at sites with maxima of 23 and 20 PSU, respectively, suggest rare occurrences of these species within estuarine ecotones.
摘要-在河流-海洋的过渡过程中,很少有淡水物种存在于多盐区。在那些能够生活在河口的昆虫物种中,尚不清楚哪种蜻蜓目、毛翅目和鞘翅目物种可以出现在间歇性或平均盐度超过18PSU的环境中。在爱德华王子岛(PEI)的鱼类和甲壳类动物调查中,我们注意到潮下通道内有3种意想不到的昆虫。在具有6-26 PSU盐度的5个地点,在海洋大型藻类周围采集了Coenagrionidae n.det.和Enallagma civile(熟悉蓝)的多龄幼虫,并观察到它们在大型藻类顶部出现。此外,在最大值分别为23和20 PSU的地点采集到的石鳖(Limniphilidae)和成年筛状Haliplus甲虫(Haliplidae)的幼虫表明,这些物种在河口交错带内罕见出现。
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引用次数: 1
Woody Plant Communities after 40 Years of Pollution Control and Restoration in Smelter-Denuded Landscapes 冶炼剥蚀景观40年污染控制与恢复后木本植物群落
IF 0.4 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2022-03-07 DOI: 10.1656/045.029.0108
Kiyoshi Sasaki, Fumiko Shirakura, F. Mallory
Abstract Restoration of degraded ecosystems requires assessing the status of the recovery and identifying key factors limiting the recovery. Nearly 4 decades of the reduction in smelter emissions, soil amelioration, and planting of ∼10 million trees and shrubs have led to extensive revegetation of emission-denuded landscapes in the Sudbury area, ON, Canada. To evaluate the state of recovery and identify factors affecting it, we surveyed woody plants and environmental correlates (soil pH, soil nutrient content, and soil metal content) along gradients of historical smelting impacts. Species richness declined from reference sites to high-impact sites, with impact sites having 23–33% fewer species compared to reference sites. Species composition varied along gradients of historical smelting impacts, with the difference attributable to low abundances or absences of one third of the 43 species found in the reference sites. Species richness and composition were associated with soil toxicity (as measured by metal content and pH) but not soil nutrients. However, the negative relationships between soil toxicity and plant community were attributable to the mediation effect of canopy cover, rather than the direct effect of soil toxicity. Sixty three percent of species that were uncommon or absent in impact sites (Abies balsamea [Balsam Fir], Acer pensylvanicum [Striped Maple], Acer spicatum [Mountain Maple], Betula alleghaniensis [Swamp Birch], Fraxinus nigra [Black Ash], Gaultheria procumbens [American Wintergreen], Linnaea borealis [Twinflower], Lonicera canadensis [Fly Honeysuckle], Lonicera hirsute [Hairy Honeysuckle], and Ostrya virginiana [American Hophornbeam]) were shade-tolerant and declined with declining canopy cover. These species were reported to be absent or uncommon in impact sites nearly 4 decades ago. Together, these results suggest that woody plant community has undergone limited recovery and that the recovery is hampered by poorly developed canopy cover rather than direct soil toxicity or nutrient deficiency. Accordingly, strategic interventions of canopy cover-mediated processes (e.g., shading and soil moisture) is needed to facilitate the recovery of the woody plant community in the smelter-denuded landscapes.
退化生态系统的恢复需要对恢复状况进行评估,并确定限制恢复的关键因素。近40年来,由于冶炼厂排放的减少、土壤的改善以及种植了约1000万棵树木和灌木,加拿大安大略省萨德伯里地区的排放物剥蚀景观得到了广泛的恢复。为了评估该地区的恢复状况并确定影响其恢复的因素,我们沿着历史冶炼影响的梯度调查了木本植物和环境相关因素(土壤pH值、土壤养分含量和土壤金属含量)。物种丰富度从参考点到高影响点呈下降趋势,影响点的物种数量比参考点少23-33%。物种组成沿着历史冶炼影响的梯度变化,差异可归因于在参考地点发现的43种物种中有三分之一的丰度低或缺失。物种丰富度和组成与土壤毒性(以金属含量和pH值测量)有关,而与土壤养分无关。土壤毒性与植物群落之间的负相关关系主要是由于冠层盖度的中介作用,而不是土壤毒性的直接作用。撞击地点不常见或缺失的物种有63%(冷杉[苦瓜冷杉]、槭[条纹枫]、槭[山枫]、桦树[沼泽桦树]、黑蜡木[黑梣]、美洲冬青[美洲冬青]、北方Linnaea[双花]、加拿大金银花[飞金银花]、金银花[毛状金银花]、和Ostrya virginiana[美国Hophornbeam])耐阴,并且随着冠层盖度的下降而下降。据报道,这些物种在近40年前的撞击地点不存在或不常见。总之,这些结果表明木本植物群落的恢复是有限的,而阻碍恢复的不是直接的土壤毒性或养分缺乏,而是不发达的冠层覆盖。因此,需要对冠层覆盖介导的过程(如遮阳和土壤湿度)进行战略性干预,以促进冶炼厂剥蚀景观中木本植物群落的恢复。
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引用次数: 1
Population Dynamics of an Isolated Population of Blackbanded Sunfish, Enneacanthus chaetodon, in Eastern Maryland 马里兰州东部黑带翻车鱼孤立种群的种群动态
IF 0.4 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2022-02-28 DOI: 10.1656/045.029.0106
Jason F. Cessna, R. L. Raesly, Jay V. Kilian, Staton M. Klein
Abstract - We examined aspects of the ecology of an isolated population of critically imperiled Enneacanthus chaetodon (Blackbanded Sunfish) in the only known extant locality in Maryland and made comparisons with an abundant and widespread sympatric congener, E. gloriosus (Bluespotted Sunfish). For Blackbanded Sunfish, we found population sizes were small, with abundance and age structure fluctuating throughout the course of the 9 years of observation, very low genetic diversity, and elevated levels of inbreeding. Habitat associations revealed a strong association of Blackbanded Sunfish with aquatic vegetation. We estimated a lifespan of 3–4 years for Blackbanded Sunfish, based on modal decomposition of length–frequency histograms. Bluespotted Sunfish exhibited much more stable population dynamics, larger population size, and a longer lifespan of 4–5 years. Our results indicate isolated Blackbanded Sunfish populations exhibit a clear susceptibility to environmental stochasticity and are unlikely to persist without intervention. More broadly, our results suggest that the long-term persistence of this species in much of its range is likely dependent on increasing connectivity between existing populations, (re)establishing populations in viable localities, maintaining suitable habitat, and reducing pressures from introduced centrarchids.
摘要:我们在马里兰州唯一已知的现存地区研究了一个极度濒危的Enneacanthus chaetodon(黑带太阳鱼)孤立种群的生态学方面,并与丰富而广泛的同域同系物E. gloriosus(蓝斑太阳鱼)进行了比较。对于黑带太阳鱼,我们发现种群规模很小,在9年的观察过程中,丰度和年龄结构波动较大,遗传多样性很低,近亲繁殖水平较高。生境关联揭示了黑带翻车鱼与水生植被的强烈关联。根据长度-频率直方图的模态分解,我们估计黑带太阳鱼的寿命为3-4年。蓝斑翻车鱼种群动态稳定,种群规模大,寿命长,可达4 ~ 5年。我们的研究结果表明,孤立的黑带太阳鱼种群对环境随机性表现出明显的易感性,并且不可能在没有干预的情况下持续存在。更广泛地说,我们的研究结果表明,该物种在其大部分范围内的长期持久性可能取决于增加现有种群之间的连通性,在可行的地方(重新)建立种群,维持合适的栖息地,以及减少引入的中央基种的压力。
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引用次数: 0
A Male Kirtland's Warbler Observed Feeding Yellow-Rumped Warbler Nestlings 观察到一只雄性科特兰莺在喂养黄色鸣叫的莺巢
IF 0.4 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2022-02-28 DOI: 10.1656/045.029.0107
C. Lapin, N. Anich, Laura L. Jaskiewicz, A. J. DeValk, Michele P. Woodford
Abstract - We report the observation of a male Setophaga kirtlandii (Kirtland's Warbler) feeding nestlings in a Setophaga coronata (Yellow-rumped Warbler) nest in Vilas County, WI. To our knowledge, this is the first documented report of interspecific feeding in Kirtland's Warbler, adding to the list of species known to have exhibited this behavior.
摘要-我们报道了在威斯康星州维拉斯县观察到的一只雄性Setophaga kirtlandii(Kirtland’s莺)在Setophaka coronata(黄臀莺)巢穴中喂养雏鸟的情况。据我们所知,这是第一份有记录的关于科特兰莺种间觅食的报告,增加了已知表现出这种行为的物种名单。
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引用次数: 0
Bumble Bee (Bombus spp.) Abundance in New York Highway Roadsides across Levels of Roadside Mowing and Road Traffic 纽约高速公路两侧的大黄蜂(Bombus spp.)在路边修剪和道路交通水平上的丰度
IF 0.4 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2022-02-21 DOI: 10.1656/045.029.0105
Alyssa Schoenfeldt, K. Whitney
Abstract - Bombus spp. (Bumble bees) face population declines, in part due to habitat loss. Roadside rights-of-way (ROWs) are potential habitats; however, they are highly disturbed due to roadside mowing and on-road traffic. We investigated whether these factors are associated with variation in abundance of bumble bees in highway roadside ROWs across New York State. We used sweep netting and photography along 30 highways with different mowing pattern (control, reduced) and traffic level (low, medium, high) treatments in 2019 and 2020. Very few bumble bees were observed (98% of n = 916 observations found 0). This result was potentially due to insufficient foraging plants or nesting areas. Further investigation is needed to understand how highway roadside ROWs can be high quality habitat for bumble bees.
摘要:大黄蜂(Bombus spp.)面临着种群数量下降的问题,部分原因是栖息地的丧失。路边通行权是潜在的生境;然而,由于路边的割草和道路上的交通,它们受到了很大的干扰。我们调查了这些因素是否与纽约州高速公路路边大黄蜂数量的变化有关。我们在2019年和2020年对30条不同刈割模式(控制、减少)和交通水平(低、中、高)处理的高速公路进行了扫网和摄影。观察到的大黄蜂很少(n = 916个观察中有98%没有发现大黄蜂)。这一结果可能是由于觅食植物或筑巢区域不足。需要进一步的调查来了解高速公路路旁的排是如何成为大黄蜂的高质量栖息地的。
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引用次数: 0
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Northeastern Naturalist
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