T. Etherington, J. Brock, George L. W. Perry, S. Wyse
{"title":"Implementing the Transparency and Openness Promotion Guidelines for data and code to support computational reproducibility within the New Zealand Journal of Ecology","authors":"T. Etherington, J. Brock, George L. W. Perry, S. Wyse","doi":"10.20417/nzjecol.46.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20417/nzjecol.46.12","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49755,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Ecology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46927747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Future climates are predicted to alter the potential distributions of non-native conifer species in New Zealand","authors":"T. Etherington, D. Peltzer, S. Wyse","doi":"10.20417/nzjecol.46.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20417/nzjecol.46.14","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49755,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Ecology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47126105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Talia Brav-Cubitt, R. Leschen, A. Veale, T. Buckley
Urban reserves have the potential to retain relatively high biodiversity. However, populations of the taxa within them can have reduced genetic diversity and, if gene flow between populations is inhibited by urbanised surroundings, can become genetically differentiated. Here we determine whether differences in population genetic differentiation and diversity can be observed in the leaf litter inhabiting weevil Geochus politus along the urban-rural gradient spanning Waitākere Ranges Regional Parkland and suburbs of West Auckland, New Zealand. Nine microsatellite markers were developed and screened across 300 individuals from nine sampling locations. Pairwise FST values, a principal coordinates analysis, and Bayesian estimates of population structure all demonstrated that the most urban site was strongly differentiated from the others. This site also had the lowest heterozygosity and highest FIS values, potentially indicating a loss of genetic variation and a greater degree of inbreeding, although not to a dramatic extent. Differentiation was also observed among sampling locations within continuous forest, suggesting that both urbanisation and other landscape variables are influencing gene flow between these locations. This study highlights the potential for urban reserves to harbour significant diversity and emphasises the importance of maintaining these sites.
{"title":"Genetic diversity and differentiation in the leaf litter weevil Geochus politus across an urban-rural gradient","authors":"Talia Brav-Cubitt, R. Leschen, A. Veale, T. Buckley","doi":"10.20417/nzjecol.46.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20417/nzjecol.46.6","url":null,"abstract":"Urban reserves have the potential to retain relatively high biodiversity. However, populations of the taxa within them can have reduced genetic diversity and, if gene flow between populations is inhibited by urbanised surroundings, can become genetically differentiated. Here we determine whether differences in population genetic differentiation and diversity can be observed in the leaf litter inhabiting weevil Geochus politus along the urban-rural gradient spanning Waitākere Ranges Regional Parkland and suburbs of West Auckland, New Zealand. Nine microsatellite markers were developed and screened across 300 individuals from nine sampling locations. Pairwise FST values, a principal coordinates analysis, and Bayesian estimates of population structure all demonstrated that the most urban site was strongly differentiated from the others. This site also had the lowest heterozygosity and highest FIS values, potentially indicating a loss of genetic variation and a greater degree of inbreeding, although not to a dramatic extent. Differentiation was also observed among sampling locations within continuous forest, suggesting that both urbanisation and other landscape variables are influencing gene flow between these locations. This study highlights the potential for urban reserves to harbour significant diversity and emphasises the importance of maintaining these sites.","PeriodicalId":49755,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Ecology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44219940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
: Monitoring breeding outcomes of cryptic nocturnal species such as the North Island brown kiwi ( Apteryx mantelli ) is an important aim for conservation management in New Zealand. While fitting male kiwi with radio transmitters enables incubation burrows to be found and monitored, it is invasive and expensive. Remote monitoring methods (without handling of birds) are preferable. Here we investigate the extent to which it is practical to find North Island brown kiwi incubation burrows based on remote monitoring, motivated by anecdotal reports that incubating males call close to their incubation burrow on first emergence. We test this observation, and then use it to demonstrate how a combination of acoustic recorders, human listening, and trail cameras can be deployed to locate the burrow with minimal disturbance, based on the male’s first call of the night. Our analysis of an incubating brown kiwi male’s first call in the evening as a function of distance from the burrow shows that for more than half the time monitored he called within 10 minutes of leaving his burrow and that on these nights, he was usually less than 35 m from it. Along with backtracking of kiwi footsteps, this enables the localisation of the burrow. We outline a workflow for the method based on our experience and discuss how it can be made more efficient and usable in the future. Our method facilitates the finding of nests, and hence of chicks, without the need for adult kiwi to be fitted with transmitters
{"title":"Sounding out the nest: Unobtrusive localisation of North Island brown kiwi (Apteryx mantelli) incubation burrows","authors":"S. Ellis, S. Marsland","doi":"10.20417/nzjecol.46.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20417/nzjecol.46.19","url":null,"abstract":": Monitoring breeding outcomes of cryptic nocturnal species such as the North Island brown kiwi ( Apteryx mantelli ) is an important aim for conservation management in New Zealand. While fitting male kiwi with radio transmitters enables incubation burrows to be found and monitored, it is invasive and expensive. Remote monitoring methods (without handling of birds) are preferable. Here we investigate the extent to which it is practical to find North Island brown kiwi incubation burrows based on remote monitoring, motivated by anecdotal reports that incubating males call close to their incubation burrow on first emergence. We test this observation, and then use it to demonstrate how a combination of acoustic recorders, human listening, and trail cameras can be deployed to locate the burrow with minimal disturbance, based on the male’s first call of the night. Our analysis of an incubating brown kiwi male’s first call in the evening as a function of distance from the burrow shows that for more than half the time monitored he called within 10 minutes of leaving his burrow and that on these nights, he was usually less than 35 m from it. Along with backtracking of kiwi footsteps, this enables the localisation of the burrow. We outline a workflow for the method based on our experience and discuss how it can be made more efficient and usable in the future. Our method facilitates the finding of nests, and hence of chicks, without the need for adult kiwi to be fitted with transmitters","PeriodicalId":49755,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Ecology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42660462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
: To be considered an effective pollinator, a floral visitor must not only be able to remove pollen but also transfer this pollen to a receptive conspecific stigma. While studies of diurnal pollination are commonplace, our understanding of the effectiveness of nocturnal pollinators is limited largely because of the difficulties of doing these studies at night. As a result of this, the way in which moths transfer pollen between flowers has been understudied globally, despite many authors suggesting they could be significant contributors to pollination. Here, we tested whether moths are capable of transferring pollen between flowers under experimental conditions using a fluorescent pollen-tracker powder. A flower-feeding taxon (Noctuidae: Ichneutica plena ) and non-feeding taxon (Hepialidae: Wiseana spp.) were contained overnight with flowering shoots of putatively moth-pollinated Leptospermum scoparium and Pimelea prostrata ( I. plena only), and putatively bird-pollinated Crocosmia × crocosmiiflora . Moths were able to transfer pollen tracker between flowers for both of the putatively moth-pollinated species, while no pollen tracker was removed from putatively bird-pollinated flowers. Both the feeding and non-feeding moth taxa were able to transfer pollen tracker between flowers; however, the feeding taxon could be considered a more effective pollinator because of the greater proportion of individuals both carrying and transferring pollen tracker compared with the non-feeding taxon. This study provides experimental evidence that moths may contribute to the pollination of L. scoparium and P. prostrata , and suggests a reassessment of the pollination ecology for these species is warranted
{"title":"Moths can transfer pollen between flowers under experimental conditions","authors":"Max N. Buxton, B. Anderson, J. Lord","doi":"10.20417/nzjecol.46.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20417/nzjecol.46.7","url":null,"abstract":": To be considered an effective pollinator, a floral visitor must not only be able to remove pollen but also transfer this pollen to a receptive conspecific stigma. While studies of diurnal pollination are commonplace, our understanding of the effectiveness of nocturnal pollinators is limited largely because of the difficulties of doing these studies at night. As a result of this, the way in which moths transfer pollen between flowers has been understudied globally, despite many authors suggesting they could be significant contributors to pollination. Here, we tested whether moths are capable of transferring pollen between flowers under experimental conditions using a fluorescent pollen-tracker powder. A flower-feeding taxon (Noctuidae: Ichneutica plena ) and non-feeding taxon (Hepialidae: Wiseana spp.) were contained overnight with flowering shoots of putatively moth-pollinated Leptospermum scoparium and Pimelea prostrata ( I. plena only), and putatively bird-pollinated Crocosmia × crocosmiiflora . Moths were able to transfer pollen tracker between flowers for both of the putatively moth-pollinated species, while no pollen tracker was removed from putatively bird-pollinated flowers. Both the feeding and non-feeding moth taxa were able to transfer pollen tracker between flowers; however, the feeding taxon could be considered a more effective pollinator because of the greater proportion of individuals both carrying and transferring pollen tracker compared with the non-feeding taxon. This study provides experimental evidence that moths may contribute to the pollination of L. scoparium and P. prostrata , and suggests a reassessment of the pollination ecology for these species is warranted","PeriodicalId":49755,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Ecology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41496521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
: Aotearoa New Zealand’s conservation management has had a strong focus on offshore islands, though this investment is at risk from human-influenced factors such as biosecurity incursions and wildfire. During the last century several wildfires have occurred on Moutohorā (Whale Island), Bay of Plenty, which is a location for six threatened plant and three threatened animal species. Conservation and cultural management on Moutohorā over the last several decades has restored the island to become the most densely vegetated it has been since before humans arrived, albeit with a very different composition. The Prometheus fire-growth simulation model was used to produce a series of deterministic fire extent maps, which were compiled into seasonal burn probability maps. The average simulated fire extent was 53.2 ha, with a maximum area of 129.9 ha (or approx. 84% of the entire island), with 23% of fires not growing past 0.01 ha. Fires that start in summer, the western end of the island, and in mānuka and/or kānuka had the highest mean and maximum fire extent. Burn probability maps are a key step in quantifying the spatial fire risk for important conservation locations such as Moutohorā.
{"title":"Burn probability mapping of Moutohorā (Whale Island), Bay of Plenty, Aotearoa New Zealand","authors":"Brendon Christensen","doi":"10.20417/nzjecol.46.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20417/nzjecol.46.4","url":null,"abstract":": Aotearoa New Zealand’s conservation management has had a strong focus on offshore islands, though this investment is at risk from human-influenced factors such as biosecurity incursions and wildfire. During the last century several wildfires have occurred on Moutohorā (Whale Island), Bay of Plenty, which is a location for six threatened plant and three threatened animal species. Conservation and cultural management on Moutohorā over the last several decades has restored the island to become the most densely vegetated it has been since before humans arrived, albeit with a very different composition. The Prometheus fire-growth simulation model was used to produce a series of deterministic fire extent maps, which were compiled into seasonal burn probability maps. The average simulated fire extent was 53.2 ha, with a maximum area of 129.9 ha (or approx. 84% of the entire island), with 23% of fires not growing past 0.01 ha. Fires that start in summer, the western end of the island, and in mānuka and/or kānuka had the highest mean and maximum fire extent. Burn probability maps are a key step in quantifying the spatial fire risk for important conservation locations such as Moutohorā.","PeriodicalId":49755,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Ecology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42861847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
: The Westland petrel ( Procellaria westlandica ) is a 1200 g medium-sized seabird whose breeding colonies are dispersed across 700 ha of forest on the western coast of South Island, New Zealand. These birds represent the sole landscape-scale lowland remnant of formerly widespread petrel and shearwater colonies in mainland New Zealand and provide an opportunity to investigate maritime species’ impact on terrestrial ecosystems characteristic of pre-human New Zealand. This review develops a conceptual model of biogeochemical processes influenced by Westland petrels from a single burrow to individual colonies and thence to a catchment scale. Results show the distinctiveness of the Westland petrel system, with colonies moving around the landscape in response to local damage by earthquakes and storms. Based on monitored streams in forested landscapes elsewhere, storms also control N and P fluxes to streams. Non-seabird temperate forests are dominated by mycorrhizal plant-soil interactions, but the high N and P status of Westland petrel colony soils minimises the role of fungi in soil processes, including trace element (Se) uptake. The more N-rich C:N ratio in tree foliage within habitat occupied by the colony may provide nutritional support for terrestrial herbivorous animals, including those whose ranges extend beyond the colony. Overall, the review emphasises the spatial and temporal dynamics of the Westland petrel terrestrial ecosystem, and highlights potential ecological linkages that connect colonies to the wider landscape.
{"title":"The biogeochemistry and ecological impact of Westland petrels (Procellaria westlandica) on terrestrial ecosystems","authors":"D. Hawke","doi":"10.20417/nzjecol.46.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20417/nzjecol.46.3","url":null,"abstract":": The Westland petrel ( Procellaria westlandica ) is a 1200 g medium-sized seabird whose breeding colonies are dispersed across 700 ha of forest on the western coast of South Island, New Zealand. These birds represent the sole landscape-scale lowland remnant of formerly widespread petrel and shearwater colonies in mainland New Zealand and provide an opportunity to investigate maritime species’ impact on terrestrial ecosystems characteristic of pre-human New Zealand. This review develops a conceptual model of biogeochemical processes influenced by Westland petrels from a single burrow to individual colonies and thence to a catchment scale. Results show the distinctiveness of the Westland petrel system, with colonies moving around the landscape in response to local damage by earthquakes and storms. Based on monitored streams in forested landscapes elsewhere, storms also control N and P fluxes to streams. Non-seabird temperate forests are dominated by mycorrhizal plant-soil interactions, but the high N and P status of Westland petrel colony soils minimises the role of fungi in soil processes, including trace element (Se) uptake. The more N-rich C:N ratio in tree foliage within habitat occupied by the colony may provide nutritional support for terrestrial herbivorous animals, including those whose ranges extend beyond the colony. Overall, the review emphasises the spatial and temporal dynamics of the Westland petrel terrestrial ecosystem, and highlights potential ecological linkages that connect colonies to the wider landscape.","PeriodicalId":49755,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Ecology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47877478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Invasive rats consuming mountain flax nectar – resource competitors and possible pollinators?","authors":"Marion L. Donald, Manpreet K. Dhami","doi":"10.20417/nzjecol.46.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20417/nzjecol.46.9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49755,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Ecology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41987056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
: While global climate change is impacting biota across the world, New Zealand’s maritime climate is highly variable and relatively mild, so climate change is sometimes seen as a minimal threat to species and ecosystems especially in comparison to the more immediate threat of invasive species. However, climate change will alter rainfall patterns, increase the incidence and severity of extreme events, and gradually increase temperatures which will all modify terrestrial, freshwater, and marine systems. Our comprehensive review of reported climate change impacts in New Zealand indicates that most measured impacts to date are due to indirect impacts (such as exacerbation of invasive species impacts) and most are in the marine realm. Ocean acidification and marine heatwaves are particularly problematic for calcareous organisms and algae respectively. Other notable impacts include thermal squeeze in the alpine zone and impacts of drought on freshwater fish. Very small populations of rare and threatened species can be very vulnerable to extreme events (e.g. fire, floods). While the evidence for climate change impacts is sparse in some regions and for some ecosystems, we encourage ongoing monitoring to identify processes of decline that may need to be mitigated. We identify five key research needs to improve our understanding of the threat of climate change to the biodiversity of Aotearoa New Zealand.
{"title":"Current knowledge and potential impacts of climate change on New Zealand’s biological heritage","authors":"Linda Keegan, Richard White, C. Macinnis-Ng","doi":"10.20417/nzjecol.46.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20417/nzjecol.46.10","url":null,"abstract":": While global climate change is impacting biota across the world, New Zealand’s maritime climate is highly variable and relatively mild, so climate change is sometimes seen as a minimal threat to species and ecosystems especially in comparison to the more immediate threat of invasive species. However, climate change will alter rainfall patterns, increase the incidence and severity of extreme events, and gradually increase temperatures which will all modify terrestrial, freshwater, and marine systems. Our comprehensive review of reported climate change impacts in New Zealand indicates that most measured impacts to date are due to indirect impacts (such as exacerbation of invasive species impacts) and most are in the marine realm. Ocean acidification and marine heatwaves are particularly problematic for calcareous organisms and algae respectively. Other notable impacts include thermal squeeze in the alpine zone and impacts of drought on freshwater fish. Very small populations of rare and threatened species can be very vulnerable to extreme events (e.g. fire, floods). While the evidence for climate change impacts is sparse in some regions and for some ecosystems, we encourage ongoing monitoring to identify processes of decline that may need to be mitigated. We identify five key research needs to improve our understanding of the threat of climate change to the biodiversity of Aotearoa New Zealand.","PeriodicalId":49755,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Ecology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43526627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Watts, J. Innes, D. Wilson, D. Thornburrow, S. Bartlam, N. Fitzgerald, V. Cave, M. Smale, G. Barker, M. Padamsee
{"title":"Do mice matter? Impacts of house mice alone on invertebrates, seedlings and fungi at Sanctuary Mountain Maungatautari","authors":"C. Watts, J. Innes, D. Wilson, D. Thornburrow, S. Bartlam, N. Fitzgerald, V. Cave, M. Smale, G. Barker, M. Padamsee","doi":"10.20417/nzjecol.46.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20417/nzjecol.46.22","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49755,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Ecology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41800718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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