Pub Date : 2022-11-28DOI: 10.20417/nzjecol.47.3488
Stephen P Horne, Finlay Cox, G. Elliott, K. Walker, James Russell, R. Sagar, T. Greene
Antipodes Island is part of New Zealand’s World Heritage subantarctic region and hosts special biodiversity values and significant species endemism. Invasive house mice were the only introduced mammal and detrimentally impacted invertebrate and native bird communities. Eradication of mice from Antipodes Island was undertaken in 2016 and confirmed in 2018. We present the monitoring used to confirm eradication of mice and the ecological outcomes measured over the 6 years since the eradication. Result monitoring for confirmation applied a simple regime to search for mice following a delay of two mouse breeding seasons since baiting was completed. Outcome monitoring targeted endemic land bird taxa for possible changes due to operational impacts and ecological recovery following eradication of mice. The operation had no longterm negative impacts and endemic land bird taxa have recovered quickly from variable levels of non-target mortality. Estimates of abundance of Antipodes Island snipe, Antipodes Island pipit and Reischek’s parakeet showed strong long-term positive response to mouse eradication.
{"title":"Eradication confirmation of mice from Antipodes Island and subsequent terrestrial bird recovery","authors":"Stephen P Horne, Finlay Cox, G. Elliott, K. Walker, James Russell, R. Sagar, T. Greene","doi":"10.20417/nzjecol.47.3488","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20417/nzjecol.47.3488","url":null,"abstract":"Antipodes Island is part of New Zealand’s World Heritage subantarctic region and hosts special biodiversity values and significant species endemism. Invasive house mice were the only introduced mammal and detrimentally impacted invertebrate and native bird communities. Eradication of mice from Antipodes Island was undertaken in 2016 and confirmed in 2018. We present the monitoring used to confirm eradication of mice and the ecological outcomes measured over the 6 years since the eradication. Result monitoring for confirmation applied a simple regime to search for mice following a delay of two mouse breeding seasons since baiting was completed. Outcome monitoring targeted endemic land bird taxa for possible changes due to operational impacts and ecological recovery following eradication of mice. The operation had no longterm negative impacts and endemic land bird taxa have recovered quickly from variable levels of non-target mortality. Estimates of abundance of Antipodes Island snipe, Antipodes Island pipit and Reischek’s parakeet showed strong long-term positive response to mouse eradication.","PeriodicalId":49755,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Ecology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48027041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-01DOI: 10.20417/nzjecol.47.3507
N. Khwaja, S. Preston, B. Hatchwell, J. Briskie
: We used detailed life-history data collected over a six-year period from a colour-banded population of riflemen ( Acanthisitta chloris ) at Kowhai Bush, near Kaikōura, to estimate population vital rates and assess their likely contribution to a concurrent population decline. Both mean juvenile survival (18%) and mean adult survival (49%) were low in comparison with reports from other populations. In contrast, breeding success was high, with pairs producing c. 3 fledglings per season on average. High breeding success was likely associated with nestbox use. We then used survival and breeding success estimates to parameterise a population matrix model, and perturbation analysis of this model confirmed a projected negative trend, with reduced recruitment having the greatest absolute contribution to population decline. We discuss possible explanations for the comparatively low rates of recruitment and survival observed. Data from other populations of riflemen experiencing stable or positive population trajectories would be especially useful to better understand factors affecting vital rates, and to identify the thresholds that signal a rifleman population at risk of decline
{"title":"Recruitment, survival and breeding success in a declining rifleman population","authors":"N. Khwaja, S. Preston, B. Hatchwell, J. Briskie","doi":"10.20417/nzjecol.47.3507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20417/nzjecol.47.3507","url":null,"abstract":": We used detailed life-history data collected over a six-year period from a colour-banded population of riflemen ( Acanthisitta chloris ) at Kowhai Bush, near Kaikōura, to estimate population vital rates and assess their likely contribution to a concurrent population decline. Both mean juvenile survival (18%) and mean adult survival (49%) were low in comparison with reports from other populations. In contrast, breeding success was high, with pairs producing c. 3 fledglings per season on average. High breeding success was likely associated with nestbox use. We then used survival and breeding success estimates to parameterise a population matrix model, and perturbation analysis of this model confirmed a projected negative trend, with reduced recruitment having the greatest absolute contribution to population decline. We discuss possible explanations for the comparatively low rates of recruitment and survival observed. Data from other populations of riflemen experiencing stable or positive population trajectories would be especially useful to better understand factors affecting vital rates, and to identify the thresholds that signal a rifleman population at risk of decline","PeriodicalId":49755,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Ecology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43947878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-01DOI: 10.20417/nzjecol.47.3509
J. Palmer, C. Turney, Z. Thomas, Pavla Fenwick, S. Richardson, J. Wilmshurst, M. McGlone
: Interspecific variation in tree growth rate and maximum age is central to understanding and predicting the dynamics of forest ecosystems. While there are abundant sources of this information for economically important New Zealand timber species and other common tree species, data for trees from subantarctic environments are almost entirely lacking. Here we present measurements of growth from Auckland and Campbell Islands for three species: Metrosideros umbellata (southern rātā; Myrtaceae, n = 1 site), a canopy dominant; Dracophyllum sp. (inaka; Ericaceae, n = 5 sites), a widespread small tree; and Olearia lyallii (tūpare, subantarctic tree daisy; Asteraceae, n = 2 sites), a species native to Snares Island that has naturalised on the Auckland Islands. Our data showed large differences in tree growth rates among and within species across islands. Growth rates varied eight-fold (i.e. from 0.34 mm yr −1 to 2.78 mm yr −1 ), being greatest in Olearia lyallii , least in Dracophyllum sp. and intermediate in Metrosideros umbellata . Comparisons of the five Dracophyllum sites suggest that these trees experience reduced growth rates and reach older ages when in competition with the bigger southern rātā ( M. umbellata ) trees, possibly due to the larger southern rātā providing protection from wind-throw. Measurements of resprouted southern rātā trees showed a variable juvenile-phase radial growth rate, highlighting the need for caution in extrapolating the likely ages of bigger trees. Remeasured individuals of Olearia lyallii growing among taller southern rātā trees showed slow growth rates compared to much faster rates seen in a nearby monospecific stand. Overall, the variability in growth seen by all three species illustrates that tree size cannot be used to indicate age in these subantarctic islands.
{"title":"Growth rates and ages of some key tree species from subantarctic Auckland and Campbell Islands","authors":"J. Palmer, C. Turney, Z. Thomas, Pavla Fenwick, S. Richardson, J. Wilmshurst, M. McGlone","doi":"10.20417/nzjecol.47.3509","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20417/nzjecol.47.3509","url":null,"abstract":": Interspecific variation in tree growth rate and maximum age is central to understanding and predicting the dynamics of forest ecosystems. While there are abundant sources of this information for economically important New Zealand timber species and other common tree species, data for trees from subantarctic environments are almost entirely lacking. Here we present measurements of growth from Auckland and Campbell Islands for three species: Metrosideros umbellata (southern rātā; Myrtaceae, n = 1 site), a canopy dominant; Dracophyllum sp. (inaka; Ericaceae, n = 5 sites), a widespread small tree; and Olearia lyallii (tūpare, subantarctic tree daisy; Asteraceae, n = 2 sites), a species native to Snares Island that has naturalised on the Auckland Islands. Our data showed large differences in tree growth rates among and within species across islands. Growth rates varied eight-fold (i.e. from 0.34 mm yr −1 to 2.78 mm yr −1 ), being greatest in Olearia lyallii , least in Dracophyllum sp. and intermediate in Metrosideros umbellata . Comparisons of the five Dracophyllum sites suggest that these trees experience reduced growth rates and reach older ages when in competition with the bigger southern rātā ( M. umbellata ) trees, possibly due to the larger southern rātā providing protection from wind-throw. Measurements of resprouted southern rātā trees showed a variable juvenile-phase radial growth rate, highlighting the need for caution in extrapolating the likely ages of bigger trees. Remeasured individuals of Olearia lyallii growing among taller southern rātā trees showed slow growth rates compared to much faster rates seen in a nearby monospecific stand. Overall, the variability in growth seen by all three species illustrates that tree size cannot be used to indicate age in these subantarctic islands.","PeriodicalId":49755,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Ecology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48958224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-01DOI: 10.20417/nzjecol.47.3505
Jennifer Rickett, Penny Wallace, E. Murphy
: Stoats and feral cats are key predators of some of New Zealand’s most threatened fauna and landscape-scale control tools are urgently needed. A ready-made meat bait is being developed for use in both aerial and ground-based control operations. As part of the development, two trials with non-toxic versions of the bait were undertaken: one targeting stoats in Fiordland in spring 2020 and the other targeting feral cats in the Mackenzie Basin in winter 2021. The trials aimed to assess the palatability of baits to both target and non-target species. Stoats and feral cats ate both rabbit and chicken sausage baits. The only native species found to eat baits during the stoat trial was the South Island robin. No consumption of baits by native species was observed during the feral cat trial. These trials have provided confidence that stoats and feral cats can find baits that are hand-laid at a relatively low density. Adding a toxin which has an odour and taste may affect palatability, so field trials will be required to test toxic versions of the baits.
{"title":"Trials with non-toxic baits for stoats and feral cats","authors":"Jennifer Rickett, Penny Wallace, E. Murphy","doi":"10.20417/nzjecol.47.3505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20417/nzjecol.47.3505","url":null,"abstract":": Stoats and feral cats are key predators of some of New Zealand’s most threatened fauna and landscape-scale control tools are urgently needed. A ready-made meat bait is being developed for use in both aerial and ground-based control operations. As part of the development, two trials with non-toxic versions of the bait were undertaken: one targeting stoats in Fiordland in spring 2020 and the other targeting feral cats in the Mackenzie Basin in winter 2021. The trials aimed to assess the palatability of baits to both target and non-target species. Stoats and feral cats ate both rabbit and chicken sausage baits. The only native species found to eat baits during the stoat trial was the South Island robin. No consumption of baits by native species was observed during the feral cat trial. These trials have provided confidence that stoats and feral cats can find baits that are hand-laid at a relatively low density. Adding a toxin which has an odour and taste may affect palatability, so field trials will be required to test toxic versions of the baits.","PeriodicalId":49755,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Ecology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42676788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-01DOI: 10.20417/nzjecol.47.3506
Jamie R. Wood
: Post-settlement faunal extinction rates are widely cited statistics and help to understand the magnitude of recent biodiversity loss driven by human activity. However, extinction rate estimates can vary greatly depending on factors such as the geographic boundaries of the region being considered, how the faunal group is defined, completeness of fossil records, and taxonomic frameworks. Here, I combine recently described extinct bird species with the latest taxonomic revisions and well-defined geographic regions to provide an updated estimate of post-settlement extinction rates for the New Zealand avifauna. The results show that extinction rates varied regionally from 50% species extinction on the North Island to just 14.5% on offshore islands. As a whole, the New Zealand mainland and its offshore islands lost 30.9% of bird species, although this rate increases to 32.8% with the inclusion of the distinct Chatham Islands/Rēkohu avifauna.
{"title":"Post-settlement extinction rates for the New Zealand avifauna","authors":"Jamie R. Wood","doi":"10.20417/nzjecol.47.3506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20417/nzjecol.47.3506","url":null,"abstract":": Post-settlement faunal extinction rates are widely cited statistics and help to understand the magnitude of recent biodiversity loss driven by human activity. However, extinction rate estimates can vary greatly depending on factors such as the geographic boundaries of the region being considered, how the faunal group is defined, completeness of fossil records, and taxonomic frameworks. Here, I combine recently described extinct bird species with the latest taxonomic revisions and well-defined geographic regions to provide an updated estimate of post-settlement extinction rates for the New Zealand avifauna. The results show that extinction rates varied regionally from 50% species extinction on the North Island to just 14.5% on offshore islands. As a whole, the New Zealand mainland and its offshore islands lost 30.9% of bird species, although this rate increases to 32.8% with the inclusion of the distinct Chatham Islands/Rēkohu avifauna.","PeriodicalId":49755,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Ecology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45495540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-01DOI: 10.20417/nzjecol.47.3508
Scott D. Bourke, Liz Brown, P. Seddon, Y. van Heezik
: Captive-rearing of wildlife for release has been used with variable success in the conservation management of a range of species. These programmes protect individuals through a vulnerable life stage with the aim of releasing them to re-enforce wild populations once threats are minimised. To maximise the effectiveness of captive-rearing, species’ managers must understand how management decisions and procedures affect individual outcomes during both the rearing phase and post-release. We used management records for 1177 kakī ( Himantopus novaezelandiae ; black stilt) eggs and 846 released individuals collected from 2013 to 2020 to investigate: (1) effects of parentage, clutch characteristics, and embryo age on hatchability; and (2) impacts of release variables, captive-rearing conditions, supplementary feeding, and individual health on post-release survival. Multivariate generalised additive models were created to explore these relationships. Top models showed that, in general, highest hatchability was associated with eggs that were heavier, from intermediate-sized clutches, with longer parental incubation, and that were laid by dams 12 to 18 years of age. We show that intensive egg pulling from nests does not have a negative impact on the hatchability of subsequent clutches (up to three). While it is important to maximise hatchability outcomes where possible, hatchability rates for the period are high and comparatively larger gains for the species can be made addressing low survival of released individuals. Trends in survivability show that individuals released as sub-adults, that used supplementary food more often, and that were less inbred, had the best survival outcomes. Having had (but recovered from) encephalitis and/or pododermatitis in captivity reduced an individual’s probability to survive once released. These trends can be used to inform best practice species management and provide rationale for further study of kakī hatchability and survivability.
{"title":"Determinants of hatching and recruitment success for captively reared kakī (Himantopus novaezelandiae)","authors":"Scott D. Bourke, Liz Brown, P. Seddon, Y. van Heezik","doi":"10.20417/nzjecol.47.3508","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20417/nzjecol.47.3508","url":null,"abstract":": Captive-rearing of wildlife for release has been used with variable success in the conservation management of a range of species. These programmes protect individuals through a vulnerable life stage with the aim of releasing them to re-enforce wild populations once threats are minimised. To maximise the effectiveness of captive-rearing, species’ managers must understand how management decisions and procedures affect individual outcomes during both the rearing phase and post-release. We used management records for 1177 kakī ( Himantopus novaezelandiae ; black stilt) eggs and 846 released individuals collected from 2013 to 2020 to investigate: (1) effects of parentage, clutch characteristics, and embryo age on hatchability; and (2) impacts of release variables, captive-rearing conditions, supplementary feeding, and individual health on post-release survival. Multivariate generalised additive models were created to explore these relationships. Top models showed that, in general, highest hatchability was associated with eggs that were heavier, from intermediate-sized clutches, with longer parental incubation, and that were laid by dams 12 to 18 years of age. We show that intensive egg pulling from nests does not have a negative impact on the hatchability of subsequent clutches (up to three). While it is important to maximise hatchability outcomes where possible, hatchability rates for the period are high and comparatively larger gains for the species can be made addressing low survival of released individuals. Trends in survivability show that individuals released as sub-adults, that used supplementary food more often, and that were less inbred, had the best survival outcomes. Having had (but recovered from) encephalitis and/or pododermatitis in captivity reduced an individual’s probability to survive once released. These trends can be used to inform best practice species management and provide rationale for further study of kakī hatchability and survivability.","PeriodicalId":49755,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Ecology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46932874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.20417/nzjecol.47.3504
B. Case, Adam Forbes, M. Stanley, Graham Hinchcliffe, D. Norton, Febyanna Suryaningrum, Rebecca Jarvis, D. Hall, H. Buckley
: The incorporation of native, woody vegetation into New Zealand’s agricultural ecosystems offers a “nature-based solution” approach for mitigating poor environmental outcomes of land use practices, biodiversity loss, and the accelerating effects of climatic change. However, to achieve this at scale requires a systematic framework for scoping, assessing, and targeting native revegetation opportunities in a way that addresses national-scale priorities, supports landscape-scale ecological processes, and recognises that land use decisions are made at farm-scales by landowners. In this forum discussion, we outline the requirements for a spatial decision support system for native revegetation; we provide illustrations of national, landscape, and farm-scale components of this framework and outline a range of organisational, societal, and scientific challenges that must be addressed to enable effective and targeted revegetation across the country. Our primary motivation is to provide a focus for discussions among scientists, policy makers, hapū, iwi, landowners, communities, and other interested parties who are invested in restoring biodiverse and resilient agroecosystems
{"title":"Towards a framework for targeting national-scale, native revegetation in Aotearoa New Zealand’s agroecosystems","authors":"B. Case, Adam Forbes, M. Stanley, Graham Hinchcliffe, D. Norton, Febyanna Suryaningrum, Rebecca Jarvis, D. Hall, H. Buckley","doi":"10.20417/nzjecol.47.3504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20417/nzjecol.47.3504","url":null,"abstract":": The incorporation of native, woody vegetation into New Zealand’s agricultural ecosystems offers a “nature-based solution” approach for mitigating poor environmental outcomes of land use practices, biodiversity loss, and the accelerating effects of climatic change. However, to achieve this at scale requires a systematic framework for scoping, assessing, and targeting native revegetation opportunities in a way that addresses national-scale priorities, supports landscape-scale ecological processes, and recognises that land use decisions are made at farm-scales by landowners. In this forum discussion, we outline the requirements for a spatial decision support system for native revegetation; we provide illustrations of national, landscape, and farm-scale components of this framework and outline a range of organisational, societal, and scientific challenges that must be addressed to enable effective and targeted revegetation across the country. Our primary motivation is to provide a focus for discussions among scientists, policy makers, hapū, iwi, landowners, communities, and other interested parties who are invested in restoring biodiverse and resilient agroecosystems","PeriodicalId":49755,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Ecology","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67539559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.20417/nzjecol.47.3501
M. Nichols, A. Glen, James Ross, A. Gormley, P. Garvey
: Feral cats ( Felis catus ) have a negative impact on native biodiversity in New Zealand. As such, their populations require careful management and monitoring of the effectiveness of these management operations. We used camera traps to assess (1) effectiveness of an intensive cat control operation, and (2) the level of reinvasion six months later. Cat abundance was estimated on a pastoral property in Hawke’s Bay, North Island, New Zealand, subject to cat control using trapping and shooting. Forty cameras were placed on a grid with 500 m spacing and deployed for a total of nine weeks: (1) pre-control, (2) immediately post-control, and (3) six-months post control. Cat abundance was estimated using an index-manipulation-index (IMI) method . The IMI method estimated an c. 84% decrease in cat abundance immediately post-control, suggesting the operation worked well at removing most resident cats at this site. The detections observed six months later suggest reinvasion was very low.
{"title":"Evaluating the effectiveness of a feral cat control operation using camera traps","authors":"M. Nichols, A. Glen, James Ross, A. Gormley, P. Garvey","doi":"10.20417/nzjecol.47.3501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20417/nzjecol.47.3501","url":null,"abstract":": Feral cats ( Felis catus ) have a negative impact on native biodiversity in New Zealand. As such, their populations require careful management and monitoring of the effectiveness of these management operations. We used camera traps to assess (1) effectiveness of an intensive cat control operation, and (2) the level of reinvasion six months later. Cat abundance was estimated on a pastoral property in Hawke’s Bay, North Island, New Zealand, subject to cat control using trapping and shooting. Forty cameras were placed on a grid with 500 m spacing and deployed for a total of nine weeks: (1) pre-control, (2) immediately post-control, and (3) six-months post control. Cat abundance was estimated using an index-manipulation-index (IMI) method . The IMI method estimated an c. 84% decrease in cat abundance immediately post-control, suggesting the operation worked well at removing most resident cats at this site. The detections observed six months later suggest reinvasion was very low.","PeriodicalId":49755,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Ecology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49295432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.20417/nzjecol.47.3502
K. Whitau, D. Kelly, T. Galloway, Archie Macfarlane, J. van Vianen, Laureline Rossignaud, Kim Doherty
: In New Zealand, ship rats ( Rattus rattus ) have been implicated in many extinctions, declines, and range contractions of native birds, so ship rats are an important target of predator control. The outcomes of ship rat control operations are difficult to predict due to other factors which affect rat populations including altitude, Nothofagus seedfall, and control of other mammalian pests, particularly brushtail possums ( Trichosurus vulpecula ) and stoats ( Mustela erminea ). Here we used long-term rat tracking-tunnel data 1998–2016 from seven Nothofagus forest sites in the northern South Island to address three questions: (1) How do rat tracking rates vary with altitude and Nothofagus seedfall? (2) Which forms of rat control are more effective at reducing rat tracking rates? (3) Is there evidence for mesopredator release of rats in Nothofagus forests when stoats are controlled by trapping? Analysis with binomial GLMMs found that rat tracking rates significantly declined with altitude and increased with Nothofagus seedfall, especially during high-seed years in 2000, 2006, and 2014. Diphacinone, and especially brodifacoum and aerially applied 1080, significantly reduced rat tracking rates, whereas intensive snap-trapping did not. Contrary to earlier studies from North Island forests, we found that rat tracking rates increased significantly with mustelid trapping, suggesting mesopredator release of rats following stoat control. Therefore, in Nothofagus forests where rats are present, land managers should consider the relative threats to native wildlife from stoats and ship rats when deciding whether to trap stoats in an area without effectively controlling ship rats. This study highlights the value of long-term data sets for identifying relationships that may otherwise go undetected.
{"title":"Effects of altitude, seedfall and control operations on rat abundance in South Island Nothofagus forests 1998–2016","authors":"K. Whitau, D. Kelly, T. Galloway, Archie Macfarlane, J. van Vianen, Laureline Rossignaud, Kim Doherty","doi":"10.20417/nzjecol.47.3502","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20417/nzjecol.47.3502","url":null,"abstract":": In New Zealand, ship rats ( Rattus rattus ) have been implicated in many extinctions, declines, and range contractions of native birds, so ship rats are an important target of predator control. The outcomes of ship rat control operations are difficult to predict due to other factors which affect rat populations including altitude, Nothofagus seedfall, and control of other mammalian pests, particularly brushtail possums ( Trichosurus vulpecula ) and stoats ( Mustela erminea ). Here we used long-term rat tracking-tunnel data 1998–2016 from seven Nothofagus forest sites in the northern South Island to address three questions: (1) How do rat tracking rates vary with altitude and Nothofagus seedfall? (2) Which forms of rat control are more effective at reducing rat tracking rates? (3) Is there evidence for mesopredator release of rats in Nothofagus forests when stoats are controlled by trapping? Analysis with binomial GLMMs found that rat tracking rates significantly declined with altitude and increased with Nothofagus seedfall, especially during high-seed years in 2000, 2006, and 2014. Diphacinone, and especially brodifacoum and aerially applied 1080, significantly reduced rat tracking rates, whereas intensive snap-trapping did not. Contrary to earlier studies from North Island forests, we found that rat tracking rates increased significantly with mustelid trapping, suggesting mesopredator release of rats following stoat control. Therefore, in Nothofagus forests where rats are present, land managers should consider the relative threats to native wildlife from stoats and ship rats when deciding whether to trap stoats in an area without effectively controlling ship rats. This study highlights the value of long-term data sets for identifying relationships that may otherwise go undetected.","PeriodicalId":49755,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Ecology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45042790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Innes, Colin Miskelly, D. Armstrong, Neil Fitzgerald, K. Parker, Zoe Stone
: New Zealand’s original forested landscape has been greatly fragmented since human arrival, limiting connectivity and habitat quality for forest-dependent fauna. We review the limited available information about forest bird movement behaviour, especially whole-year sociality and movement, natal dispersal, and pasture- and water-gap crossing. Most small insectivores (17 species) and North Island kōkako are territorial year-round, but frugivore-nectivores (three species), raptors (two species), and volant parrots (four species) can be highly mobile, presumably to find scattered food. Natal dispersal is the main behaviour by which birds find new habitats and mates, but natal dispersal distances are unknown for half the species we review. There is limited information about species’ ability to cross gaps between forests, and more is known about movement over water than pasture. We classify four species (North Island kōkako, pōpokotea, South Island tīeke, and North Island brown kiwi) as strongly gap limited, defined as currently unknown to cross water or pasture gaps larger than 500 m. A further eight species (mohua, tītitipounamu, pīpipi, weka, North Island tīeke, kakaruai, toutouwai, and miromiro) are moderately gap-limited, with maximum observed gap-crossing distances of less than 5 km. Pending new data, these twelve species have most need of corridors or translocations to enable them to establish in new, safe, ecosanctuary sites. Habitat connectivity can be increased by strategic planting, but this also risks decreasing populations if birds emigrate from safe to unsafe sites. Many managed ecosanctuaries are too small to accommodate natal dispersal distances expected in continuous forest, so pest control is required at larger scale in the long term to restore natural movement patterns.
{"title":"Movements and habitat connectivity of New Zealand forest birds: a review of available data","authors":"J. Innes, Colin Miskelly, D. Armstrong, Neil Fitzgerald, K. Parker, Zoe Stone","doi":"10.20417/nzjecol.46.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20417/nzjecol.46.25","url":null,"abstract":": New Zealand’s original forested landscape has been greatly fragmented since human arrival, limiting connectivity and habitat quality for forest-dependent fauna. We review the limited available information about forest bird movement behaviour, especially whole-year sociality and movement, natal dispersal, and pasture- and water-gap crossing. Most small insectivores (17 species) and North Island kōkako are territorial year-round, but frugivore-nectivores (three species), raptors (two species), and volant parrots (four species) can be highly mobile, presumably to find scattered food. Natal dispersal is the main behaviour by which birds find new habitats and mates, but natal dispersal distances are unknown for half the species we review. There is limited information about species’ ability to cross gaps between forests, and more is known about movement over water than pasture. We classify four species (North Island kōkako, pōpokotea, South Island tīeke, and North Island brown kiwi) as strongly gap limited, defined as currently unknown to cross water or pasture gaps larger than 500 m. A further eight species (mohua, tītitipounamu, pīpipi, weka, North Island tīeke, kakaruai, toutouwai, and miromiro) are moderately gap-limited, with maximum observed gap-crossing distances of less than 5 km. Pending new data, these twelve species have most need of corridors or translocations to enable them to establish in new, safe, ecosanctuary sites. Habitat connectivity can be increased by strategic planting, but this also risks decreasing populations if birds emigrate from safe to unsafe sites. Many managed ecosanctuaries are too small to accommodate natal dispersal distances expected in continuous forest, so pest control is required at larger scale in the long term to restore natural movement patterns.","PeriodicalId":49755,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Ecology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46710486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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