Neural Computing & Applications最新文献

Major countries are globally facing difficult situations due to this pandemic disease, COVID-19. There are high chances of getting false positives and false negatives identifying the COVID-19 symptoms through existing medical practices such as PCR (polymerase chain reaction) and RT-PCR (reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction). It might lead to a community spread of the disease. The alternative of these tests can be CT (Computer Tomography) imaging or X-rays of the lungs to identify the patient with COVID-19 symptoms more accurately. Furthermore, by using feasible and usable technology to automate the identification of COVID-19, the facilities can be improved. This notion became the basic framework, Res-CovNet, of the implemented methodology, a hybrid methodology to bring different platforms into a single platform. This basic framework is incorporated into IoMT based framework, a web-based service to identify and classify various forms of pneumonia or COVID-19 utilizing chest X-ray images. For the front end, the.NET framework along with C# language was utilized, MongoDB was utilized for the storage aspect, Res-CovNet was utilized for the processing aspect. Deep learning combined with the notion forms a comprehensive implementation of the framework, Res-CovNet, to classify the COVID-19 affected patients from pneumonia-affected patients as both lung imaging looks similar to the naked eye. The implemented framework, Res-CovNet, developed with the technique, transfer learning in which ResNet-50 used as a pre-trained model and then extended with classification layers. The work implemented using the data of X-ray images collected from the various trustable sources that include cases such as normal, bacterial pneumonia, viral pneumonia, and COVID-19, with the overall size of the data is about 5856. The accuracy of the model implemented is about 98.4% in identifying COVID-19 against the normal cases. The accuracy of the model is about 96.2% in the case of identifying COVID-19 against all other cases, as mentioned.

The success of the supervised learning process for feedforward neural networks, especially multilayer perceptron neural network (MLP), depends on the suitable configuration of its controlling parameters (i.e., weights and biases). Normally, the gradient descent method is used to find the optimal values of weights and biases. The gradient descent method suffers from the local optimal trap and slow convergence. Therefore, stochastic approximation methods such as metaheuristics are invited. Coronavirus herd immunity optimizer (CHIO) is a recent metaheuristic human-based algorithm stemmed from the herd immunity mechanism as a way to treat the spread of the coronavirus pandemic. In this paper, an external archive strategy is proposed and applied to direct the population closer to more promising search regions. The external archive is implemented during the algorithm evolution, and it saves the best solutions to be used later. This enhanced version of CHIO is called ACHIO. The algorithm is utilized in the training process of MLP to find its optimal controlling parameters thus empowering their classification accuracy. The proposed approach is evaluated using 15 classification datasets with classes ranging between 2 to 10. The performance of ACHIO is compared against six well-known swarm intelligence algorithms and the original CHIO in terms of classification accuracy. Interestingly, ACHIO is able to produce accurate results that excel other comparative methods in ten out of the fifteen classification datasets and very competitive results for others.

With the emergence of COVID-19, mobile health applications have increasingly become crucial in contact tracing, information dissemination, and pandemic control in general. Apps warn users if they have been close to an infected person for sufficient time, and therefore potentially at risk. The distance measurement accuracy heavily affects the probability estimation of being infected. Most of these applications make use of the electromagnetic field produced by Bluetooth Low Energy technology to estimate the distance. Nevertheless, radio interference derived from numerous factors, such as crowding, obstacles, and user activity can lead to wrong distance estimation, and, in turn, to wrong decisions. Besides, most of the social distance-keeping criteria recognized worldwide plan to keep a different distance based on the activity of the person and on the surrounding environment. In this study, in order to enhance the performance of the COVID-19 tracking apps, a human activity classifier based on Convolutional Deep Neural Network is provided. In particular, the raw data coming from the accelerometer sensor of a smartphone are arranged to form an image including several channels (HAR-Image), which is used as fingerprints of the in-progress activity that can be used as an additional input by tracking applications. Experimental results, obtained by analyzing real data, have shown that the HAR-Images are effective features for human activity recognition. Indeed, the results on the k-fold cross-validation and obtained by using a real dataset achieved an accuracy very close to 100%.

Feature selection (FS) is one of the basic data preprocessing steps in data mining and machine learning. It is used to reduce feature size and increase model generalization. In addition to minimizing feature dimensionality, it also enhances classification accuracy and reduces model complexity, which are essential in several applications. Traditional methods for feature selection often fail in the optimal global solution due to the large search space. Many hybrid techniques have been proposed depending on merging several search strategies which have been used individually as a solution to the FS problem. This study proposes a modified hunger games search algorithm (mHGS), for solving optimization and FS problems. The main advantages of the proposed mHGS are to resolve the following drawbacks that have been raised in the original HGS; (1) avoiding the local search, (2) solving the problem of premature convergence, and (3) balancing between the exploitation and exploration phases. The mHGS has been evaluated by using the IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation 2020 (CEC'20) for optimization test and ten medical and chemical datasets. The data have dimensions up to 20000 features or more. The results of the proposed algorithm have been compared to a variety of well-known optimization methods, including improved multi-operator differential evolution algorithm (IMODE), gravitational search algorithm, grey wolf optimization, Harris Hawks optimization, whale optimization algorithm, slime mould algorithm and hunger search games search. The experimental results suggest that the proposed mHGS can generate effective search results without increasing the computational cost and improving the convergence speed. It has also improved the SVM classification performance.

Image segmentation is a critical step in digital image processing applications. One of the most preferred methods for image segmentation is multilevel thresholding, in which a set of threshold values is determined to divide an image into different classes. However, the computational complexity increases when the required thresholds are high. Therefore, this paper introduces a modified Coronavirus Optimization algorithm for image segmentation. In the proposed algorithm, the chaotic map concept is added to the initialization step of the naive algorithm to increase the diversity of solutions. A hybrid of the two commonly used methods, Otsu's and Kapur's entropy, is applied to form a new fitness function to determine the optimum threshold values. The proposed algorithm is evaluated using two different datasets, including six benchmarks and six satellite images. Various evaluation metrics are used to measure the quality of the segmented images using the proposed algorithm, such as mean square error, peak signal-to-noise ratio, Structural Similarity Index, Feature Similarity Index, and Normalized Correlation Coefficient. Additionally, the best fitness values are calculated to demonstrate the proposed method's ability to find the optimum solution. The obtained results are compared to eleven powerful and recent metaheuristics and prove the superiority of the proposed algorithm in the image segmentation problem.

The purpose of this work is to compare predictive performance of neural networks trained using the relatively novel technique of training single hidden layer feedforward neural networks (SFNN), called Extreme Learning Machine (ELM), with commonly used backpropagation-trained recurrent neural networks (RNN) as applied to the task of financial market prediction. Evaluated on a set of large capitalisation stocks on the Australian market, specifically the components of the ASX20, ELM-trained SFNNs showed superior performance over RNNs for individual stock price prediction. While this conclusion of efficacy holds generally, long short-term memory (LSTM) RNNs were found to outperform for a small subset of stocks. Subsequent analysis identified several areas of performance deviations which we highlight as potentially fruitful areas for further research and performance improvement.

Indoor occupancy detection is essential for energy efficiency control and Coronavirus Disease 2019 traceability. The number and location of people can be accurately identified and determined through classroom surveillance video analysis. This information is used to manage environmental equipment such as HVAC and lighting systems to reduce energy use. However, the mainstream one-stage YOLO algorithm still uses an anchor-based mechanism and couples detection heads to predict. This results in slow model convergence and poor detection performance for densely occluded targets. Therefore, this paper proposed a novel decoupled anchor-free VariFocal loss convolutional network algorithm DFV-YOLOv5 for occupancy detection to tackle these problems. The proposed method uses the YOLOv5 algorithm as a baseline. It uses the anchor-free mechanism to reduce the number of design parameters needing heuristic tuning. Afterwards, to reduce the coupling of the model, speed up the model's convergence ability, and improve the model detection performance, the detection head is decoupled based on the YOLOv5 model. It can resolve the conflict between classification and regression tasks. In addition, we use the VariFocal loss to assign more weights to difficult data points to optimize the class imbalance problem and use the training target q to measure positive samples, treating positive and negative samples asymmetrically. The total loss function is redesigned, the $L_1$ loss is increased, and the ablation experiment verifies the effect of the improved loss. By applying a hybrid activation function of the sigmoid linear unit and rectified linear unit, we improved the model's nonlinear representation and reduced the model's inference time. Finally, a classroom dataset was constructed to validate the occupancy detection performance of the model. The proposed model was compared with mainstream target detection models regarding average mean precision, memory allocation, execution time, and the number of parameters on the VOC2012, CrowdHuman and self-built datasets. The experimental results show that the method significantly improves the detection accuracy and robustness, shortens the inference time, and proves the practicality of the algorithm in occupancy detection compared with the mainstream target detection model and related variants of the model.

Phishing is an attack targeting to imitate the official websites of corporations such as banks, e-commerce, financial institutions, and governmental institutions. Phishing websites aim to access and retrieve users' important information such as personal identification, social security number, password, e-mail, credit card, and other account information. Several anti-phishing techniques have been developed to cope with the increasing number of phishing attacks so far. Machine learning and particularly, deep learning algorithms are nowadays the most crucial techniques used to detect and prevent phishing attacks because of their strong learning abilities on massive datasets and their state-of-the-art results in many classification problems. Previously, two types of feature extraction techniques [i.e., character embedding-based and manual natural language processing (NLP) feature extraction] were used in isolation. However, researchers did not consolidate these features and therefore, the performance was not remarkable. Unlike previous works, our study presented an approach that utilizes both feature extraction techniques. We discussed how to combine these feature extraction techniques to fully utilize from the available data. This paper proposes hybrid deep learning models based on long short-term memory and deep neural network algorithms for detecting phishing uniform resource locator and evaluates the performance of the models on phishing datasets. The proposed hybrid deep learning models utilize both character embedding and NLP features, thereby simultaneously exploiting deep connections between characters and revealing NLP-based high-level connections. Experimental results showed that the proposed models achieve superior performance than the other phishing detection models in terms of accuracy metric.

Capturing time and frequency relationships of time series signals offers an inherent barrier for automatic human activity recognition (HAR) from wearable sensor data. Extracting spatiotemporal context from the feature space of the sensor reading sequence is challenging for the current recurrent, convolutional, or hybrid activity recognition models. The overall classification accuracy also gets affected by large size feature maps that these models generate. To this end, in this work, we have put forth a hybrid architecture for wearable sensor data-based HAR. We initially use Continuous Wavelet Transform to encode the time series of sensor data as multi-channel images. Then, we utilize a Spatial Attention-aided Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to extract higher-dimensional features. To find the most essential features for recognizing human activities, we develop a novel feature selection (FS) method. In order to identify the fitness of the features for the FS, we first employ three filter-based methods: Mutual Information (MI), Relief-F, and minimum redundancy maximum relevance (mRMR). The best set of features is then chosen by removing the lower-ranked features using a modified version of the Genetic Algorithm (GA). The K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) classifier is then used to categorize human activities. We conduct comprehensive experiments on five well-known, publicly accessible HAR datasets, namely UCI-HAR, WISDM, MHEALTH, PAMAP2, and HHAR. Our model significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art models in terms of classification performance. We also observe an improvement in overall recognition accuracy with the use of GA-based FS technique with a lower number of features. The source code of the paper is publicly available here https://github.com/apusarkar2195/HAR_WaveletTransform_SpatialAttention_FeatureSelection.

Specific language impairment (SLI) is one of the most common diseases in children, and early diagnosis can help to obtain better timely therapy economically. It is difficult and time-consuming for clinicians to accurately detect SLI through standard clinical assessments. Hence, machine learning algorithms have been developed to assist in the accurate diagnosis of SLI. This work aims to investigate the graph of the favipiravir molecule-based feature extraction function and propose an accurate SLI detection model using vowels. We proposed a novel handcrafted machine learning framework. This architecture comprises the favipiravir molecular structure pattern, statistical feature extractor, wavelet packet decomposition (WPD), iterative neighborhood component analysis (INCA), and support vector machine (SVM) classifier. Two feature extraction models, statistical and textural, are employed in the handcrafted feature generation methodology. A new nature-inspired graph-based feature extractor that uses the chemical depiction of the favipiravir (favipiravir became popular with the COVID-19 pandemic) is employed for feature extraction. Finally, the proposed favipiravir pattern, statistical feature extractor, and wavelet packet decomposition are used to create a feature vector. Moreover, a statistical feature extractor is used in this work. The WPD generates multilevel features, and the most meaningful features are selected using the NCA feature selector. Finally, these chosen features are fed to SVM classifier for automated classification. Two validation methods, (i) leave one subject out (LOSO) and (ii) tenfold cross-validations (CV), are used to obtain robust classification results. Our proposed favipiravir pattern-based model developed using a vowel dataset can detect SLI children with an accuracy of 99.87% and 98.86% using tenfold and LOSO CV strategies, respectively. These results demonstrated the high vowel classification ability of the proposed favipiravir pattern-based model.