Pub Date : 2024-07-25DOI: 10.26443/seismica.v3i2.1179
Aube Gourdeau, Veronica B. Prush, Christie D. Rowe, Claudine Nackers, H. Mark, Isabel Morris, Philippe Rosset, Michel Lamothe, Luc Chouinard, M. Tarling
Québec has experienced historical damaging earthquakes in several seismic zones (e.g. 1732 M5.8 Montréal, 1663 M7 Charlevoix, 1935 M6.2 Témiscamingue). Despite a high seismicity rate, no surface-rupturing faults have been discovered due to a combination of dense vegetation cover, recent glaciation, sparse earthquake records, and low regional strain rates. We manually searched lidar-derived digital elevation models (DEMs) of the region to search for potential post-glacial surface-rupturing faults across southern Québec and identified a scarp $sim$50km north of Montréal. We performed three geophysical surveys (ground penetrating radar, depth estimates from ambient seismic noise, and refraction seismology) that revealed a buried scarp, confirmed with a <1 m-deep hand-dug test pit. These observations convinced us to excavate the first paleoseismic trench in Québec to test for the presence of a surface-rupturing fault in July 2023. We found a glacial diamict containing no signs of syn- or post-glacial deformation. In this paper, we present the observations that led to the identification of a scarp and hypothesized faulting. We highlight the importance of trenching to confirm recent fault scarps in challenging environments. We hope our study can be used to optimize future paleoseismic research in the province of Québec and similar intracratonic glaciated landscapes.
{"title":"Investigation of suspected Holocene fault scarp near Montréal, Québec: The first paleoseismic trench in eastern Canada","authors":"Aube Gourdeau, Veronica B. Prush, Christie D. Rowe, Claudine Nackers, H. Mark, Isabel Morris, Philippe Rosset, Michel Lamothe, Luc Chouinard, M. Tarling","doi":"10.26443/seismica.v3i2.1179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26443/seismica.v3i2.1179","url":null,"abstract":"Québec has experienced historical damaging earthquakes in several seismic zones (e.g. 1732 M5.8 Montréal, 1663 M7 Charlevoix, 1935 M6.2 Témiscamingue). Despite a high seismicity rate, no surface-rupturing faults have been discovered due to a combination of dense vegetation cover, recent glaciation, sparse earthquake records, and low regional strain rates. We manually searched lidar-derived digital elevation models (DEMs) of the region to search for potential post-glacial surface-rupturing faults across southern Québec and identified a scarp $sim$50km north of Montréal. We performed three geophysical surveys (ground penetrating radar, depth estimates from ambient seismic noise, and refraction seismology) that revealed a buried scarp, confirmed with a <1 m-deep hand-dug test pit. These observations convinced us to excavate the first paleoseismic trench in Québec to test for the presence of a surface-rupturing fault in July 2023. We found a glacial diamict containing no signs of syn- or post-glacial deformation. In this paper, we present the observations that led to the identification of a scarp and hypothesized faulting. We highlight the importance of trenching to confirm recent fault scarps in challenging environments. We hope our study can be used to optimize future paleoseismic research in the province of Québec and similar intracratonic glaciated landscapes.","PeriodicalId":498743,"journal":{"name":"Seismica","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141803490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-23DOI: 10.26443/seismica.v3i2.1206
Jeremy Maurer
The in-situ stress state within fault zones is technically challenging to characterize, requiring the use of indirect methods to estimate. Most work to date has focused on understanding average properties of resolved stress on faults, but fault non-planarity should induce spatial variations in resolved static stress on a single fault. Assuming a particular stochastic model for fault geometry (band-limited fractal) gives an approximate analytic solution for the probability density function (PDF) on fault stress that depends on the mean fault orientation, mean stress ratio, and roughness level. The mean stress is shown to be equal to the planar fault value, while deviations are described by substituting a second-order polynomial expansion of the stress ratio into the inverse distribution on fault slope. The result is an analytical expression for the PDF of shear-to-normal stress ratio on 2-D rough faults in a uniform background stress field. Two end-member distributions exist, one approximately Gaussian when all points on the fault are well away from failure, and one reverse exponential, which occurs when the mean stress ratio approaches the peak. For the range of roughness values expected to apply to crustal faults, stress deviations due to geometry can reach nearly 100% of the background stress level. Consideration of such a distribution of stress on faults suggests that geometric roughness and the resulting stress deviations may play a key role in controlling earthquake behavior.
要描述断层带内的原位应力状态，在技术上具有挑战性，需要使用间接方法进行估算。迄今为止，大多数工作都侧重于了解断层上分辨应力的平均特性，但断层的非平面性应引起单个断层上分辨静应力的空间变化。假定断层几何形状（带限分形）具有特定的随机模型，就可以得到断层应力概率密度函数（PDF）的近似解析解，该解析解取决于平均断层走向、平均应力比和粗糙度水平。平均应力等于平面断层值，而偏差则通过将应力比的二阶多项式展开代入断层坡度的逆分布来描述。结果是在均匀背景应力场中二维粗糙断层上剪应力与法向应力比的 PDF 分析表达式。存在两种末端分布，一种是当断层上的所有点都远离破坏时的近似高斯分布，另一种是当平均应力比接近峰值时的反向指数分布。对于预计适用于地壳断层的粗糙度值范围，几何形状导致的应力偏差几乎可以达到背景应力水平的 100%。考虑到断层上的这种应力分布，几何粗糙度和由此产生的应力偏差可能在控制地震行为方面起着关键作用。
{"title":"Statistical distribution of static stress resolved onto geometrically-rough faults","authors":"Jeremy Maurer","doi":"10.26443/seismica.v3i2.1206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26443/seismica.v3i2.1206","url":null,"abstract":"The in-situ stress state within fault zones is technically challenging to characterize, requiring the use of indirect methods to estimate. Most work to date has focused on understanding average properties of resolved stress on faults, but fault non-planarity should induce spatial variations in resolved static stress on a single fault. Assuming a particular stochastic model for fault geometry (band-limited fractal) gives an approximate analytic solution for the probability density function (PDF) on fault stress that depends on the mean fault orientation, mean stress ratio, and roughness level. The mean stress is shown to be equal to the planar fault value, while deviations are described by substituting a second-order polynomial expansion of the stress ratio into the inverse distribution on fault slope. The result is an analytical expression for the PDF of shear-to-normal stress ratio on 2-D rough faults in a uniform background stress field. Two end-member distributions exist, one approximately Gaussian when all points on the fault are well away from failure, and one reverse exponential, which occurs when the mean stress ratio approaches the peak. For the range of roughness values expected to apply to crustal faults, stress deviations due to geometry can reach nearly 100% of the background stress level. Consideration of such a distribution of stress on faults suggests that geometric roughness and the resulting stress deviations may play a key role in controlling earthquake behavior.","PeriodicalId":498743,"journal":{"name":"Seismica","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141813890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-22DOI: 10.26443/seismica.v3i2.1165
T. Cawood, James Dolan
Paleoseismic studies show that faults within a fault system may trade off slip over time, with mechanically complementary faults displaying alternating fast- and slow periods. Each of these periods spans multiple seismic cycles, and typically involves ~20-25m of slip. This suggests that the relative strength (or tendency to slip) of individual faults varies, over time and displacement scales larger than those of individual seismic cycles. The mechanisms responsible for these strength variations must: affect rocks in the strongest portion of the fault (the brittle-ductile transition) as this likely controls the overall slip rate of the fault; be reversible (or able to be counteracted) on a cyclical basis; provide a negative feedback that operates to change the fault from its current state; and have a measurable effect on fault strength over a time or length scale that corresponds to the observed fast and slow periods of fault slip. In this paper, we systematically explore 19 potentially weakening and 11 potential strengthening mechanisms and evaluate them in light of these criteria. This analysis reveals a relatively small subset of mechanisms that could account for the observed behavior, leading us to suggest a possible model for fault strength evolution.
{"title":"An exploration of potentially reversible controls on millennial-scale variations in the slip rate of seismogenic faults: Linking structural observations with variable earthquake recurrence patterns","authors":"T. Cawood, James Dolan","doi":"10.26443/seismica.v3i2.1165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26443/seismica.v3i2.1165","url":null,"abstract":"Paleoseismic studies show that faults within a fault system may trade off slip over time, with mechanically complementary faults displaying alternating fast- and slow periods. Each of these periods spans multiple seismic cycles, and typically involves ~20-25m of slip. This suggests that the relative strength (or tendency to slip) of individual faults varies, over time and displacement scales larger than those of individual seismic cycles. The mechanisms responsible for these strength variations must: affect rocks in the strongest portion of the fault (the brittle-ductile transition) as this likely controls the overall slip rate of the fault; be reversible (or able to be counteracted) on a cyclical basis; provide a negative feedback that operates to change the fault from its current state; and have a measurable effect on fault strength over a time or length scale that corresponds to the observed fast and slow periods of fault slip. In this paper, we systematically explore 19 potentially weakening and 11 potential strengthening mechanisms and evaluate them in light of these criteria. This analysis reveals a relatively small subset of mechanisms that could account for the observed behavior, leading us to suggest a possible model for fault strength evolution.","PeriodicalId":498743,"journal":{"name":"Seismica","volume":"23 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141814402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-22DOI: 10.26443/seismica.v3i2.1405
Nils Müller, Sebastian Noe, Dominik Husmann, Jacques Morel, Andreas Fichtner
We present an earthquake source inversion using a single time series produced by integrated fiber-optic sensing in a phase noise cancellation (PNC) system used for frequency metrology. Operating on a 123 km long fiber between Bern and Basel (Switzerland), the PNC system recorded the Mw3.9 Mulhouse earthquake that occurred on 10 September 2022 around 10 km north-west of the northern fiber end. A generalised least-squares inversion in the 4 - 13 s period band constrains the components of a double-couple moment tensor with an uncertainty that corresponds to around 0.2 moment magnitude units, nearly independent of prior information. Uncertainties for hypocenter location and original time are more variable, ranging between 4 - 20 km and 0.1 - 1 s, respectively, depending on whether injected prior information is realistic or almost absent. This work is a proof of concept that quantifies the resolvability of earthquake source properties under specific conditions using a single-channel stand-alone integrated (non-distributed) fiber-optic measurement. It thereby constitutes a step towards the integration of long-range phase-transmission fiber-optic sensors into existing seismic networks in order to fill significant seismic data gaps, especially in the oceans.
{"title":"Earthquake source inversion by integrated fiber-optic sensing","authors":"Nils Müller, Sebastian Noe, Dominik Husmann, Jacques Morel, Andreas Fichtner","doi":"10.26443/seismica.v3i2.1405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26443/seismica.v3i2.1405","url":null,"abstract":"We present an earthquake source inversion using a single time series produced by integrated fiber-optic sensing in a phase noise cancellation (PNC) system used for frequency metrology. Operating on a 123 km long fiber between Bern and Basel (Switzerland), the PNC system recorded the Mw3.9 Mulhouse earthquake that occurred on 10 September 2022 around 10 km north-west of the northern fiber end. A generalised least-squares inversion in the 4 - 13 s period band constrains the components of a double-couple moment tensor with an uncertainty that corresponds to around 0.2 moment magnitude units, nearly independent of prior information. Uncertainties for hypocenter location and original time are more variable, ranging between 4 - 20 km and 0.1 - 1 s, respectively, depending on whether injected prior information is realistic or almost absent. This work is a proof of concept that quantifies the resolvability of earthquake source properties under specific conditions using a single-channel stand-alone integrated (non-distributed) fiber-optic measurement. It thereby constitutes a step towards the integration of long-range phase-transmission fiber-optic sensors into existing seismic networks in order to fill significant seismic data gaps, especially in the oceans.","PeriodicalId":498743,"journal":{"name":"Seismica","volume":"46 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141815111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-23DOI: 10.26443/seismica.v3i1.1049
Albert Leonardo Aguilar Suarez, Greg Beroza
We have assembled CREW, the Curated Regional Earthquake Waveforms Dataset, which is a dataset of earthquake arrivals recorded at local and regional distances. CREW was assembled from millions of waveforms with quality control through semi-supervised learning. CREW includes 2.3 million waveforms that have global coverage. Each waveform consists of a 5 minute three component seismogram with labels for both a P and S arrival. CREW provides a high quality labelled waveform data set that can be used to develop and test machine learning models for the analysis of earthquakes recorded at regional distances.
我们建立了 CREW，即 "区域地震波形数据集"，这是一个记录地方和区域距离的地震到达数据集。CREW 是通过半监督学习进行质量控制，从数百万个波形中整理出来的。CREW 包含 230 万个覆盖全球的波形。每个波形由 5 分钟的三分量地震波图组成，并带有 P 和 S 波到达的标签。CREW 提供了高质量的标签波形数据集，可用于开发和测试机器学习模型，以分析区域距离记录的地震。
{"title":"Curated Regional Earthquake Waveforms (CREW) Dataset","authors":"Albert Leonardo Aguilar Suarez, Greg Beroza","doi":"10.26443/seismica.v3i1.1049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26443/seismica.v3i1.1049","url":null,"abstract":"We have assembled CREW, the Curated Regional Earthquake Waveforms Dataset, which is a dataset of earthquake arrivals recorded at local and regional distances. CREW was assembled from millions of waveforms with quality control through semi-supervised learning. CREW includes 2.3 million waveforms that have global coverage. Each waveform consists of a 5 minute three component seismogram with labels for both a P and S arrival. CREW provides a high quality labelled waveform data set that can be used to develop and test machine learning models for the analysis of earthquakes recorded at regional distances.","PeriodicalId":498743,"journal":{"name":"Seismica","volume":"11 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141106262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-22DOI: 10.26443/seismica.v3i1.1009
A. Baltay, R. Abercrombie, Shanna Chu, T. Taira
We introduce a community stress drop validation study using the 2019 Ridgecrest, California, earthquake sequence, in which researchers are invited to use a common dataset to independently estimate comparable measurements using a variety of methods. Stress drop is the change in average shear stress on a fault during earthquake rupture, and as such is a key parameter in many ground motion, rupture simulation, and source physics problems in earthquake science. Spectral stress drop is commonly estimated by fitting the shape of the radiated energy spectrum, yet estimates for an individual earthquake made by different studies can vary hugely. In this community study, sponsored jointly by the U. S. Geological Survey and Southern/Statewide California Earthquake Center, we seek to understand the sources of variability and uncertainty in earthquake stress drop through quantitative comparison of submitted stress drops. The publicly available dataset consists of nearly 13,000 earthquakes of M1 to 7 from two weeks of the 2019 Ridgecrest sequence recorded on stations within 1-degree. As a community study, findings are shared through workshops and meetings and all are invited to join at any time, at any interest level.
{"title":"The SCEC/USGS Community Stress Drop Validation Study Using the 2019 Ridgecrest Earthquake Sequence","authors":"A. Baltay, R. Abercrombie, Shanna Chu, T. Taira","doi":"10.26443/seismica.v3i1.1009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26443/seismica.v3i1.1009","url":null,"abstract":"We introduce a community stress drop validation study using the 2019 Ridgecrest, California, earthquake sequence, in which researchers are invited to use a common dataset to independently estimate comparable measurements using a variety of methods. Stress drop is the change in average shear stress on a fault during earthquake rupture, and as such is a key parameter in many ground motion, rupture simulation, and source physics problems in earthquake science. Spectral stress drop is commonly estimated by fitting the shape of the radiated energy spectrum, yet estimates for an individual earthquake made by different studies can vary hugely. In this community study, sponsored jointly by the U. S. Geological Survey and Southern/Statewide California Earthquake Center, we seek to understand the sources of variability and uncertainty in earthquake stress drop through quantitative comparison of submitted stress drops. The publicly available dataset consists of nearly 13,000 earthquakes of M1 to 7 from two weeks of the 2019 Ridgecrest sequence recorded on stations within 1-degree. As a community study, findings are shared through workshops and meetings and all are invited to join at any time, at any interest level.","PeriodicalId":498743,"journal":{"name":"Seismica","volume":"29 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141110891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-26DOI: 10.26443/seismica.v3i1.1154
B. Fernando, Constantinos Charalambous, Christelle Saliby, Eleanor Sansom, Carene Larmat, David Buttsworth, Daniel Hicks, Roy Johnson, Kevin Lewis, Meaghan McCleary, Giuseppe Petricca, Nick Schmerr, Fabian Zander, Jennifer Inman
Hypersonic re-entries of spacecraft are valuable analogues for the identification and tracking of natural meteoroids re-entering the Earth's atmosphere. We report on the detection of seismic and acoustic signals from the OSIRIS-REx landing sequence, acquired near the point of peak capsule heating and recorded using a fully off-grid Raspberry PiShake sensor. This simple setup is able to record all the salient features of both the seismic and acoustic wavefields; including the primary shockwave, later reverberations, and possible locally induced surface waves. Peak overpressures of 0.7~Pa and ground velocities of 2x10$^{-6}$~m/s yield lower bound on the air-to-ground coupling factor between 3 and 44~Hz of 1.4x10$^{-6}$m/s/Pa, comparable to results from other re-entries
{"title":"Seismoacoustic measurements of the OSIRIS-REx re-entry with an off-grid Raspberry PiShake","authors":"B. Fernando, Constantinos Charalambous, Christelle Saliby, Eleanor Sansom, Carene Larmat, David Buttsworth, Daniel Hicks, Roy Johnson, Kevin Lewis, Meaghan McCleary, Giuseppe Petricca, Nick Schmerr, Fabian Zander, Jennifer Inman","doi":"10.26443/seismica.v3i1.1154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26443/seismica.v3i1.1154","url":null,"abstract":"Hypersonic re-entries of spacecraft are valuable analogues for the identification and tracking of natural meteoroids re-entering the Earth's atmosphere. We report on the detection of seismic and acoustic signals from the OSIRIS-REx landing sequence, acquired near the point of peak capsule heating and recorded using a fully off-grid Raspberry PiShake sensor. This simple setup is able to record all the salient features of both the seismic and acoustic wavefields; including the primary shockwave, later reverberations, and possible locally induced surface waves. Peak overpressures of 0.7~Pa and ground velocities of 2x10$^{-6}$~m/s yield lower bound on the air-to-ground coupling factor between 3 and 44~Hz of 1.4x10$^{-6}$m/s/Pa, comparable to results from other re-entries","PeriodicalId":498743,"journal":{"name":"Seismica","volume":"117 32","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140379049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-23DOI: 10.26443/seismica.v3i1.1124
Megha Chakraborty, G. Rümpker, Wei Li, J. Faber, Nishtha Srivastava, F. Link
Teleseismic shear-wave splitting analyses are often performed by reversing the splitting process through the application of frequency- or time-domain operations aimed at minimizing the transverse-component energy of waveforms. These operations yield two splitting parameters, ɸ (fast-axis orientation) and δt (delay time). In this study, we investigate the applicability of a baseline recurrent neural network, SWSNet, for determining the splitting parameters from pre-selected waveform windows. Due to the scarcity of sufficiently labelled real waveform data, we generate our own synthetic dataset to train the model. The model is capable of determining ɸ and δt with a root mean squared error (RMSE) of 9.7° and 0.14 s on a noisy synthetic test data. The application to real data involves a deconvolution step to homogenize the waveforms. When applied to data from the USArray dataset, the results exhibit similar patterns to those found in previous studies with mean absolute differences of 9.6° and 0.16 s in the calculation of ɸ and δt respectively.
{"title":"Feasibility of Deep Learning in Shear Wave Splitting analysis using Synthetic-Data Training and Waveform Deconvolution","authors":"Megha Chakraborty, G. Rümpker, Wei Li, J. Faber, Nishtha Srivastava, F. Link","doi":"10.26443/seismica.v3i1.1124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26443/seismica.v3i1.1124","url":null,"abstract":"Teleseismic shear-wave splitting analyses are often performed by reversing the splitting process through the application of frequency- or time-domain operations aimed at minimizing the transverse-component energy of waveforms. These operations yield two splitting parameters, ɸ (fast-axis orientation) and δt (delay time). In this study, we investigate the applicability of a baseline recurrent neural network, SWSNet, for determining the splitting parameters from pre-selected waveform windows. Due to the scarcity of sufficiently labelled real waveform data, we generate our own synthetic dataset to train the model. The model is capable of determining ɸ and δt with a root mean squared error (RMSE) of 9.7° and 0.14 s on a noisy synthetic test data. The application to real data involves a deconvolution step to homogenize the waveforms. When applied to data from the USArray dataset, the results exhibit similar patterns to those found in previous studies with mean absolute differences of 9.6° and 0.16 s in the calculation of ɸ and δt respectively.","PeriodicalId":498743,"journal":{"name":"Seismica","volume":" 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140210737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-01DOI: 10.26443/seismica.v3i1.1144
L. D. Kuratle, Irina Dallo, Michèle Marti, Stauffacher Michael
Disaster risk is increasing globally. Emerging technologies – Artificial Intelligence, Internet of Things, and remote sensing – are becoming more important in supporting disaster risk reduction and enhancing safety culture. Despite their presumed benefits, most research focuses on their technological potential, whereas societal aspects are rarely reflected. Taking a societal perspective is vital to ensure that these technologies are developed and operated in ways that benefit societies’ resilience, comply with ethical standards, are inclusive, and address potential risks and challenges. Therefore, we were particularly interested in understanding how societal impacts can be considered and leveraged throughout the development process. Based on an explorative literature review, we developed a toolbox for professionals working on emerging technologies in disaster risk reduction. By applying a Delphi study with experts on AI in seismology, we iteratively adapted and tested the toolbox. The results show that there is a need for guided reflection in order to foster discussion on the societal impacts. They further indicate a gap in the common understanding that is crucial for developing inclusive technologies or defining regulations. Our toolbox was found to be useful for professionals in reflecting on their developments and making technologies societally relevant, thereby enhancing societies’ resilience.
{"title":"What does my technology facilitate`? A toolbox to help researchers understand the societal impact of a technology in the context of disasters","authors":"L. D. Kuratle, Irina Dallo, Michèle Marti, Stauffacher Michael","doi":"10.26443/seismica.v3i1.1144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26443/seismica.v3i1.1144","url":null,"abstract":"Disaster risk is increasing globally. Emerging technologies – Artificial Intelligence, Internet of Things, and remote sensing – are becoming more important in supporting disaster risk reduction and enhancing safety culture. Despite their presumed benefits, most research focuses on their technological potential, whereas societal aspects are rarely reflected. Taking a societal perspective is vital to ensure that these technologies are developed and operated in ways that benefit societies’ resilience, comply with ethical standards, are inclusive, and address potential risks and challenges. Therefore, we were particularly interested in understanding how societal impacts can be considered and leveraged throughout the development process. Based on an explorative literature review, we developed a toolbox for professionals working on emerging technologies in disaster risk reduction. By applying a Delphi study with experts on AI in seismology, we iteratively adapted and tested the toolbox. The results show that there is a need for guided reflection in order to foster discussion on the societal impacts. They further indicate a gap in the common understanding that is crucial for developing inclusive technologies or defining regulations. Our toolbox was found to be useful for professionals in reflecting on their developments and making technologies societally relevant, thereby enhancing societies’ resilience.","PeriodicalId":498743,"journal":{"name":"Seismica","volume":"95 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140086925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-20DOI: 10.26443/seismica.v3i1.1135
H. Vasyura-Bathke, A. Steinberg, Frank Krüger, Guangcai Feng, P. M. Mai, Sigurjón Jónsson
The Gulf of Aqaba earthquake occurred on 22 November 1995 in the Northern Red Sea and is the largest instrumentally recorded earthquake in the region to date. The event was extensively studied during the initial years following its occurrence. However, it remained unclear which of the many faults in the gulf were activated during the earthquake. We present results from multi-array back projection that we use to inform Bayesian kinematic rupture models constrained by geodetic and teleseismic data. Our results indicate that most of the moment release was on the Aragonese fault via left-lateral strike slip and shallow normal faulting that may have been dynamically triggered by an early rupture phase on the Arnona fault. We also identified a predominantly normal fault-segment on the eastern shore of the gulf that was activated in the event. We dismiss the previously proposed hypothesis of a co-seismic sub-event on the western shore of the gulf and confirm that observed deformation can be rather attributed to post-seismic activity. In conclusion, the gulf shows many signs of active tectonic extension. Therefore, more events close to the shorelines are to be expected in the future and should be considered conducting infrastructure projects in the region.
{"title":"Discontinuous transtensional rupture during the Mw 7.2 1995 Gulf of Aqaba earthquake","authors":"H. Vasyura-Bathke, A. Steinberg, Frank Krüger, Guangcai Feng, P. M. Mai, Sigurjón Jónsson","doi":"10.26443/seismica.v3i1.1135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26443/seismica.v3i1.1135","url":null,"abstract":"The Gulf of Aqaba earthquake occurred on 22 November 1995 in the Northern Red Sea and is the largest instrumentally recorded earthquake in the region to date. The event was extensively studied during the initial years following its occurrence. However, it remained unclear which of the many faults in the gulf were activated during the earthquake. We present results from multi-array back projection that we use to inform Bayesian kinematic rupture models constrained by geodetic and teleseismic data. Our results indicate that most of the moment release was on the Aragonese fault via left-lateral strike slip and shallow normal faulting that may have been dynamically triggered by an early rupture phase on the Arnona fault. We also identified a predominantly normal fault-segment on the eastern shore of the gulf that was activated in the event. We dismiss the previously proposed hypothesis of a co-seismic sub-event on the western shore of the gulf and confirm that observed deformation can be rather attributed to post-seismic activity. In conclusion, the gulf shows many signs of active tectonic extension. Therefore, more events close to the shorelines are to be expected in the future and should be considered conducting infrastructure projects in the region.","PeriodicalId":498743,"journal":{"name":"Seismica","volume":"230 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140448957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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