Pub Date : 2020-12-01DOI: 10.3220/LBF1608660604000
A. Wezel, C. David
The challenge of feeding the growing world population while reducing the adverse environmental effects of agricul ture will only be met by combining fundamental changes in agricultural and food systems. France is considered to be one of the first countries to develop policies in agro ecol ogy and translate them into concrete programmes and laws. This paper analyses the historical development of different agroecologyrelated programmes and policies and their implemen tation. It discusses whether they have made an impact and considers the obstacles and resisting forces that have become apparent. The work reported here is mainly based on literature review using scientific papers and grey literature and web source analysis as well using informal dis cussion with experts. The policy for agroecology started in 2010 with wide ranging debates about challenges for agricul ture in France in preserving natural resources and developing an economically viable and socially acceptable agricultural system. In 2012, the French Ministry of Agriculture and Food launched the “Agroecological Project for France” supporting education, research and incentives for farmers to move for ward with agroecology. Within this general project different sectoral programmes were set up and launched, addressing farming practices and innovation led by individuals or farmer groups. These also looked at incentivising research in nation al research programmes. New agricultural curricula for high schools and higher education institutions were also included in the scope of the project. The policy initiated in 2010 re sulted in acceleration and stronger implementation of education and training, and in increased research focussing on certain topics. It also stimulated a certain ‘transition’ in the agricultural sec tor with a wider acceptance of agroecological ap proaches. It brought forward pioneers which stimulated innovation based on agroecological principles. The policy measures aimed directly at farmers have facilitated more implementation of agroecological practices, stronger recognition of the impor tance of biodiversity for agriculture, and increased conversion to organic agriculture regardless of the farming system. How ever, the French policies have failed to reduce the use of pesti cides in conventional agriculture. The policy development at national level was supplemented by French initiatives at Euro pean and international level to introduce more agroecology components and principles in future policies.
{"title":"Policies for agroecology in France: implementation and impact in practice, research and education","authors":"A. Wezel, C. David","doi":"10.3220/LBF1608660604000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3220/LBF1608660604000","url":null,"abstract":"The challenge of feeding the growing world population while reducing the adverse environmental effects of agricul ture will only be met by combining fundamental changes in agricultural and food systems. France is considered to be one of the first countries to develop policies in agro ecol ogy and translate them into concrete programmes and laws. This paper analyses the historical development of different agroecologyrelated programmes and policies and their implemen tation. It discusses whether they have made an impact and considers the obstacles and resisting forces that have become apparent. The work reported here is mainly based on literature review using scientific papers and grey literature and web source analysis as well using informal dis cussion with experts. The policy for agroecology started in 2010 with wide ranging debates about challenges for agricul ture in France in preserving natural resources and developing an economically viable and socially acceptable agricultural system. In 2012, the French Ministry of Agriculture and Food launched the “Agroecological Project for France” supporting education, research and incentives for farmers to move for ward with agroecology. Within this general project different sectoral programmes were set up and launched, addressing farming practices and innovation led by individuals or farmer groups. These also looked at incentivising research in nation al research programmes. New agricultural curricula for high schools and higher education institutions were also included in the scope of the project. The policy initiated in 2010 re sulted in acceleration and stronger implementation of education and training, and in increased research focussing on certain topics. It also stimulated a certain ‘transition’ in the agricultural sec tor with a wider acceptance of agroecological ap proaches. It brought forward pioneers which stimulated innovation based on agroecological principles. The policy measures aimed directly at farmers have facilitated more implementation of agroecological practices, stronger recognition of the impor tance of biodiversity for agriculture, and increased conversion to organic agriculture regardless of the farming system. How ever, the French policies have failed to reduce the use of pesti cides in conventional agriculture. The policy development at national level was supplemented by French initiatives at Euro pean and international level to introduce more agroecology components and principles in future policies.","PeriodicalId":49922,"journal":{"name":"Landbauforschung","volume":"70 1","pages":"66-76"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49282661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-01DOI: 10.3220/LBF1610123299000
A. Peeters, O. Lefebvre, L. Balogh, P. Bàrberi, C. Batello, S. Bellon, Tommaso Gaifami, Vasileios Gkisakis, M. Lana, P. Migliorini, Ole P Ostermann, A. Wezel
TFEU) (EU, 2016), the priorities of the European Commission for the future Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) (EC, 2018) for the 2021–2027 period, and the European “Green Deal” (EC, 2019). The major issues we hereby address are climate change adaptation and mitigation, management of natural resources, conservation and restoration of biodiversity and enhancement of ecosystem services, and economic and societal aspects. Then we outline essential components for an agroecological Green Deal in Europe
{"title":"A Green Deal for implementing agroecological systems: Reforming the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union","authors":"A. Peeters, O. Lefebvre, L. Balogh, P. Bàrberi, C. Batello, S. Bellon, Tommaso Gaifami, Vasileios Gkisakis, M. Lana, P. Migliorini, Ole P Ostermann, A. Wezel","doi":"10.3220/LBF1610123299000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3220/LBF1610123299000","url":null,"abstract":"TFEU) (EU, 2016), the priorities of the European Commission for the future Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) (EC, 2018) for the 2021–2027 period, and the European “Green Deal” (EC, 2019). The major issues we hereby address are climate change adaptation and mitigation, management of natural resources, conservation and restoration of biodiversity and enhancement of ecosystem services, and economic and societal aspects. Then we outline essential components for an agroecological Green Deal in Europe","PeriodicalId":49922,"journal":{"name":"Landbauforschung","volume":"70 1","pages":"83-93"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46426422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-03DOI: 10.3220/LBF1593617173000
M. Haskell
• Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.
{"title":"What to do with surplus dairy calves? Welfare, economic and ethical considerations","authors":"M. Haskell","doi":"10.3220/LBF1593617173000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3220/LBF1593617173000","url":null,"abstract":"• Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.","PeriodicalId":49922,"journal":{"name":"Landbauforschung","volume":"70 1","pages":"45-48"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2020-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42089062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-01DOI: 10.3220/LBF1596195636000
M. Vaarst, F. Hellec, C. Verwer, J. R. E. Johanssen, K. Sørheim
A common practice in dairy farming is to remove the calf from its mother a few hours after birth. The public debate on the subject has increased, and views on whether the calf should be allowed to stay with its dam for weeks are debated among citizens, farmers, and advisors. The aim of this article is to present, analyse, and discuss experiences and arguments on dam-rearing of calves through interviews with actors, primarily farmers, involved in organic dairy farming in four European countries. The interviews showed that dam-rearing is practiced in a wealth of different systems, and four main points of view should be considered: that of the calf, the cow, the farmer, and the farming system. Three important qualities of cow calf contact systems are described from the animals’ perspective: 1) nutrition, 2) care, and 3) learning. The discussion included ethical considerations referring to the principle of fairness as expressed by the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM). Wellbalanced and managed dam-rearing systems are suggested to contribute significantly to the physiological development and natural behaviour of mother cows and calves. The calves obtain capacities and skills through learning from the dam and others in the system. Major efforts are required when organising suitable calf- and cow-friendly dam-rearing systems, and farmer observations must be more careful because they take place in a group and therefore need to account for complex situations. In doing this, the farmer shows animals respect, and treats them justly as part of the ethical alliance between animals and humans cohabiting on a farm. Farmers’ trust in the capabilities of the animals – such as the cow’s ability to look after the calf and the calf’s capability to live in a complex dairy system – seems to partly break with some of the animal husbandry qualities that are often considered important when taking care of cows and calves in a system with early separation. “Being in control” in new ways than previously was identified as a key for human learning in these systems as a part of the shifting focus when observing animals and spending time with cows and calves differently. In a cow calf contact system, the humans need relies to a higher degree on being able to observe and judge a complex situation than, for example, on giving the calves exactly the same amount of milk of a specific temperature at the same times every day.
{"title":"Cow calf contact in dairy herds viewed from the perspectives of calves, cows, humans and the farming system. Farmers' perceptions and experiences related to dam-rearing systems","authors":"M. Vaarst, F. Hellec, C. Verwer, J. R. E. Johanssen, K. Sørheim","doi":"10.3220/LBF1596195636000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3220/LBF1596195636000","url":null,"abstract":"A common practice in dairy farming is to remove the calf \u0000from its mother a few hours after birth. The public debate \u0000on the subject has increased, and views on whether the calf \u0000should be allowed to stay with its dam for weeks are debated \u0000among citizens, farmers, and advisors. The aim of this article is to present, analyse, and discuss experiences and arguments on dam-rearing of calves through interviews with actors, primarily farmers, involved in organic dairy farming in four European countries. The interviews showed that dam-rearing is practiced in a wealth of different systems, and four main points of view should be considered: that of the calf, the cow, the farmer, and the farming system. Three important qualities of cow calf contact systems are described from the animals’ perspective: 1) nutrition, 2) care, and 3) learning. The discussion included ethical considerations referring to the principle of fairness as expressed by the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM). Wellbalanced and managed dam-rearing systems are suggested to contribute significantly to the physiological development and natural behaviour of mother cows and calves. The calves obtain capacities and skills through learning from the dam and others in the system. Major efforts are required when organising suitable calf- and cow-friendly dam-rearing systems, and farmer observations must be more careful because they take place in a group and therefore need to account for complex situations. In doing this, the farmer shows animals \u0000respect, and treats them justly as part of the ethical alliance between animals and humans cohabiting on a farm. Farmers’ trust in the capabilities of the animals – such as the cow’s ability to look after the calf and the calf’s capability to live in a complex dairy system – seems to partly break with some of the animal husbandry qualities that are often considered important when taking care of cows and calves in a system with early separation. “Being in control” in new ways than previously was identified as a key for human learning in these systems as a part of the shifting focus when observing animals and spending time with cows and calves differently. In a cow calf contact system, the humans need relies to a higher degree on being able to observe and judge a complex situation than, for example, on giving the calves exactly the same amount of milk of a specific temperature at the same times every day.","PeriodicalId":49922,"journal":{"name":"Landbauforschung","volume":"70 1","pages":"49-57"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41521362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.3220/LBF1592499937000
V. Lugert, D. Steinhagen, S. Reiser
Nowadays, 50 % of the world’s fish for consumption already originate from aquaculture farms. Predictions indicate that this number will increase to approximately 65 % (Monaco and Prouzet, 2015), which is equivalent to 90 to 100 million metric tons per year by 2030 (World Bank, 2013). Rising production levels are often associated with increased intensification and larger environmental footprints, putting aquaculture at the centre of public debates regarding sustainability and animal welfare. Welfare debates about fish are often focused around one specifi c question: Whether fish are capable of suffering or experiencing pain, and if so, to what extent. This question addresses the cognitive and mental capacities of fish, which are currently topics of intensive scientific debates (Key, 2016; Browman et al., 2019). Hence, the number of studies and peer-reviewed publications about animal welfare specifi cally related to aquaculture-reared species has increased significantly over the last decade, indicating the political and public awareness of the topic (Huntingford et al., 2012). However, the scientific study of welfare in farmed fish is still at an early stage compared to that of terrestrial livestock (Huntingford et al., 2006). It should be noted, that the group of organisms named ‘fish’ is often treated as a group of animals from the same species. ‘Fish’, however, comprise organisms from various taxonomic groups and a large number of species, which account for around 60 % of all vertebrate species (Nelson et al., 2016). They inhabit all aquatic ecosystems and each species has developed particular adaptations to living in their particular habitat. Therefore, anatomical structures, physiological traits and behavioral patterns vary greatly between different fish species according to their taxonomic group, and as a perfect adaptation to the conditions of a particular habitat. This enormous diversity has to be regarded when drawing conclusions about ‘fish’ and each respective species grown in aquaculture. Whether or not pain perception in fish should remain unproven, and even if it proves to be unexperienceable in fish, there is sufficient assignable evidence to justify the same level of animal welfare in farmed fish as in terrestrial livestock. Recent studies have been able to demonstrate that some fish are capable of solving problems (Balcombe, 2016), using tools (Bernardi, 2012) and learning and deploying avoidance behaviour (Yue et al., 2004; Dunlop and Laming, 2006). Certain specimens have even passed self-awareness tests (Kohda et al., 2019). Fish show physiological and behavior al stress responses that are in some way similar to those in mammals. Accordingly, the European general public expects animal welfare to be generally safeguarded during the rearing and slaughtering of fish. This article aims to provide an overview by summarising the prevailing scientific opinion from the field of welfare research in aquaculture within the framework of this
如今，世界上50%的消费鱼类已经来自水产养殖场。预测表明，这一数字将增加到约65% (Monaco和Prouzet, 2015年)，到2030年相当于每年9000至1亿吨(世界银行，2013年)。生产水平的提高往往与集约化程度的提高和更大的环境足迹有关，使水产养殖成为有关可持续性和动物福利的公共辩论的中心。关于鱼的福利争论往往集中在一个具体的问题上:鱼是否有能力受苦或经历痛苦，如果有，在多大程度上。这个问题解决了鱼类的认知和心理能力，这是目前激烈的科学辩论的主题(Key, 2016;Browman et al.， 2019)。因此，在过去十年中，关于动物福利的研究和同行评议出版物的数量显著增加，特别是与水产养殖物种相关的研究和同行评议出版物的数量，表明了政治和公众对该主题的认识(Huntingford et al.， 2012)。然而，与陆生牲畜相比，养殖鱼类福利的科学研究仍处于早期阶段(Huntingford et al.， 2006)。应该指出的是，被命名为“鱼”的一组生物经常被视为来自同一物种的一组动物。然而，“鱼”包括来自不同分类群和大量物种的生物，约占所有脊椎动物物种的60% (Nelson et al.， 2016)。它们栖息在所有的水生生态系统中，每个物种都发展出了特定的适应环境的能力。因此，不同鱼类的解剖结构、生理特征和行为模式根据其分类类群而有很大差异，并作为对特定栖息地条件的完美适应。在对“鱼”和水产养殖中生长的每个物种作出结论时，必须考虑到这种巨大的多样性。鱼类是否有痛觉仍有待证实，即使证明鱼类没有痛觉，也有足够的可分配证据证明养殖鱼类与陆地牲畜享有相同水平的动物福利。最近的研究已经能够证明一些鱼类能够解决问题(Balcombe, 2016)，使用工具(Bernardi, 2012)以及学习和部署回避行为(Yue等人，2004;Dunlop and Laming, 2006)。某些标本甚至通过了自我意识测试(Kohda et al.， 2019)。鱼类表现出的生理和行为应激反应在某种程度上与哺乳动物相似。因此，欧洲公众期望在饲养和屠宰鱼类的过程中，动物福利得到普遍保障。本文的目的是在这个问题的框架内，通过总结水产养殖福利研究领域的主流科学观点，提供一个概述。收稿日期:2019年9月19日修稿日期:2019年11月4日收稿日期:2019年11月26日
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Pub Date : 2015-06-01DOI: 10.3220/LBF1443169529000
D. Szalay, H. Fujiwara, M. Palocz-Andresen
Biodiesel (BDF) wird hauptsachlich aus Pflanzenol hergestellt und wird als Dieselol in Kraftfahrzeugen seit mehr als zehn Jahren verwendet. Diese Studie hat das Ziel gesetzt, die Anwendung von BDF auf andere Bereiche zu erweitern, um die Produktion und den Verbrauch zu fordern, die Kohlendioxid-Emissionen zu verringern und die Nutzung von alternativen Energiequellen zu ermoglichen. Der Einsatz von BDF fur den Gasturbinenantrieb hat verschiedene Auswirkungen auf die Umwelt. Versuche an einer 20 MW Gasturbinen-Brennkammer bei hoher Last und mit zwei verschiedenen Brennstoffen, d.h. mit einem Biodieselkraftstoff und einem handelsublichen fossilen Dieselkraftstoff wurden mit dem Ziel vorgenommen, die benotigte technische Machbarkeit zu untersuchen. Die Umweltbelastung wurde durch die detaillierte Messung der Abgasqualitat in der Brennkammer untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass BDF technisch ein vielversprechender alternativer Kraftstoff sowohl fur Gasturbinentriebwerke in der Kraftwerkstechnik, als auch fur die Luft- und die Schifffahrt ist, obwohl sie im Vergleich mit den herkommlichen Kraftstoffen sehr kostspielig ist.
{"title":"Using biodiesel fuel for gas turbine combustors","authors":"D. Szalay, H. Fujiwara, M. Palocz-Andresen","doi":"10.3220/LBF1443169529000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3220/LBF1443169529000","url":null,"abstract":"Biodiesel (BDF) wird hauptsachlich aus Pflanzenol hergestellt und wird als Dieselol in Kraftfahrzeugen seit mehr als zehn Jahren verwendet. Diese Studie hat das Ziel gesetzt, die Anwendung von BDF auf andere Bereiche zu erweitern, um die Produktion und den Verbrauch zu fordern, die Kohlendioxid-Emissionen zu verringern und die Nutzung von alternativen Energiequellen zu ermoglichen. Der Einsatz von BDF fur den Gasturbinenantrieb hat verschiedene Auswirkungen auf die Umwelt. Versuche an einer 20 MW Gasturbinen-Brennkammer bei hoher Last und mit zwei verschiedenen Brennstoffen, d.h. mit einem Biodieselkraftstoff und einem handelsublichen fossilen Dieselkraftstoff wurden mit dem Ziel vorgenommen, die benotigte technische Machbarkeit zu untersuchen. Die Umweltbelastung wurde durch die detaillierte Messung der Abgasqualitat in der Brennkammer untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass BDF technisch ein vielversprechender alternativer Kraftstoff sowohl fur Gasturbinentriebwerke in der Kraftwerkstechnik, als auch fur die Luft- und die Schifffahrt ist, obwohl sie im Vergleich mit den herkommlichen Kraftstoffen sehr kostspielig ist.","PeriodicalId":49922,"journal":{"name":"Landbauforschung","volume":"65 1","pages":"65-76"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69576068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.3220/LBF1452867403000
M. Ohm, M. Schüler, G. Fystro, H. Paulsen
Zum Nahrstofftransfer von Grunland zu Ackerland in okologischen Betrieben gibt es nur wenige Untersuchungen. Diese Fallstudie eines norddeutschen okologischen Milchviehbetriebs mit ausreichenden Phosphor (P)-Reserven in Boden quantifiziert die P-Mobilisierung aus Boden von Dauergrunland und von Ackerland fur die innerbetriebliche P-Umverteilung detailliert. Moglichkeiten der Steigerung dieses Flusses werden vor dem Hintergrund schwindender weltweiter P-Reserven diskutiert...
{"title":"Redistribution of soil phosphorus from grassland to cropland in an organic dairy farm","authors":"M. Ohm, M. Schüler, G. Fystro, H. Paulsen","doi":"10.3220/LBF1452867403000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3220/LBF1452867403000","url":null,"abstract":"Zum Nahrstofftransfer von Grunland zu Ackerland in okologischen Betrieben gibt es nur wenige Untersuchungen. Diese Fallstudie eines norddeutschen okologischen Milchviehbetriebs mit ausreichenden Phosphor (P)-Reserven in Boden quantifiziert die P-Mobilisierung aus Boden von Dauergrunland und von Ackerland fur die innerbetriebliche P-Umverteilung detailliert. Moglichkeiten der Steigerung dieses Flusses werden vor dem Hintergrund schwindender weltweiter P-Reserven diskutiert...","PeriodicalId":49922,"journal":{"name":"Landbauforschung","volume":"65 1","pages":"193-204"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69576121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-01DOI: 10.3220/LBF_2014_119-124
B. Ibrahim, M. Schlegel, N. Kanswohl
Die Herstellung von kohlenstoffhaltigen Materialien aus Biomasse ist ein hochaktuelles Thema. Der hydrothermale Karbonisierungsprozess (HTC) ist dabei von Bedeutung, weil er HTC-Kohlen, die reich an organischem Kohlenstoff sind, aus Biomasse mit hohem Wassergehalt erzeugen kann. Diese haben das Potenzial, vielfaltig eingesetzt werden zu konnen. In diesem Beitrag werden Untersuchungen fur die Herstellung von kohlenstoffhaltigen Materialien aus vier Arten von Moorbiomasse (Schilf, Rohrkolben, Binsen und Seggen) mittels der Technik der hydrothermalen Karbonisierung vorgestellt. Neben den Biomassevarianten wurde der Einfluss der Reaktionstemperatur auf den Karbonisierungsprozess durch Variation der Temperatur im Bereich von 180 bis 230 °C gepruft. Ein Vergleich zwischen den Eigenschaften der erzeugten Kohlenvarianten wurde durchgefuhrt. Dies wurde mittels Elementaranalyse und Stickstoffadsorption realisiert. Es wurde festgestellt, dass die HTC-Kohlen je nach Biomasse ungefahr 53 bis 60 % des Kohlenstoffs der ursprunglichen Biomasse enthalten. Der Kohlenstoffanteil der HTC-Kohle steigt bei allen Varianten mit der Erhohung der Reaktionstemperatur an. Die Atomverhaltnisse H/C und O/C der Kohlen zeigten eine grosere Ahnlichkeit zu Braunkohle als zum Ausgangsmaterial. Die Studie zeigt, dass sich die Moorbiomasse fur die Herstellung von HTC-Kohle eignet.
{"title":"Investigation of applicability of wetland biomass for producing biochar by hydrothermal carbonization (HTC)","authors":"B. Ibrahim, M. Schlegel, N. Kanswohl","doi":"10.3220/LBF_2014_119-124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3220/LBF_2014_119-124","url":null,"abstract":"Die Herstellung von kohlenstoffhaltigen Materialien aus Biomasse ist ein hochaktuelles Thema. Der hydrothermale Karbonisierungsprozess (HTC) ist dabei von Bedeutung, weil er HTC-Kohlen, die reich an organischem Kohlenstoff sind, aus Biomasse mit hohem Wassergehalt erzeugen kann. Diese haben das Potenzial, vielfaltig eingesetzt werden zu konnen. In diesem Beitrag werden Untersuchungen fur die Herstellung von kohlenstoffhaltigen Materialien aus vier Arten von Moorbiomasse (Schilf, Rohrkolben, Binsen und Seggen) mittels der Technik der hydrothermalen Karbonisierung vorgestellt. Neben den Biomassevarianten wurde der Einfluss der Reaktionstemperatur auf den Karbonisierungsprozess durch Variation der Temperatur im Bereich von 180 bis 230 °C gepruft. Ein Vergleich zwischen den Eigenschaften der erzeugten Kohlenvarianten wurde durchgefuhrt. Dies wurde mittels Elementaranalyse und Stickstoffadsorption realisiert. Es wurde festgestellt, dass die HTC-Kohlen je nach Biomasse ungefahr 53 bis 60 % des Kohlenstoffs der ursprunglichen Biomasse enthalten. Der Kohlenstoffanteil der HTC-Kohle steigt bei allen Varianten mit der Erhohung der Reaktionstemperatur an. Die Atomverhaltnisse H/C und O/C der Kohlen zeigten eine grosere Ahnlichkeit zu Braunkohle als zum Ausgangsmaterial. Die Studie zeigt, dass sich die Moorbiomasse fur die Herstellung von HTC-Kohle eignet.","PeriodicalId":49922,"journal":{"name":"Landbauforschung","volume":"64 1","pages":"119-124"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69576063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-01-01DOI: 10.3220/LBF_2013_143-154
I. Niehoff, L. Hüther, P. Lebzien, G. Flachowsky
The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of a niacin supplementation to three diets with different forage to concentrate ratios (F:C ratio) on ruminal metabolism of dairy cows. The rations consisted of either 2/3 forage and 1/3 concentrate, 1/2 forage and 1/2 concentrate or 1/3 forage and 2/3 concentrate on dry matter basis. Each diet was fed in one period without and in the following period with a supplementation of 6 g niacin (nicotinic acid, NA) per cow and day. Three dry and seven mid-lactating Holstein-Friesian cows, equipped with cannulas in the dorsal sac of the rumen and proximal duodenum were used. Ruminal fluid was obtained before and six times after the morning feeding, while duodenal chyme was collected every two hours for five consecutive days. Cr 2 O 3 was used as flow marker. NA supplementation increased rumen ammonia concentration, whereas it decreased short-chain fatty acid concentration. The amount of organic matter reaching the duodenum was enhanced if niacin was added to the rations. NA supplementation also led to higher flows of microbial protein and undegraded feed protein to the duodenum. Furthermore, the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis was enhanced in supplemented animals. The amounts of total niacin (the sum of NA and NAM) reaching the duodenum rose with increasing concentrate proportion and also with NA supplementation, whereas amounts of nicotinamide were only influenced by NA fee ding and not by the F:C ratio.
{"title":"The effect of a Niacin supplementation to different diets on ruminal fermentation and flow of nutrients to the duodenum of dairy cows","authors":"I. Niehoff, L. Hüther, P. Lebzien, G. Flachowsky","doi":"10.3220/LBF_2013_143-154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3220/LBF_2013_143-154","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of a niacin supplementation to three diets with different forage to concentrate ratios (F:C ratio) on ruminal metabolism of dairy cows. The rations consisted of either 2/3 forage and 1/3 concentrate, 1/2 forage and 1/2 concentrate or 1/3 forage and 2/3 concentrate on dry matter basis. Each diet was fed in one period without and in the following period with a supplementation of 6 g niacin (nicotinic acid, NA) per cow and day. Three dry and seven mid-lactating Holstein-Friesian cows, equipped with cannulas in the dorsal sac of the rumen and proximal duodenum were used. Ruminal fluid was obtained before and six times after the morning feeding, while duodenal chyme was collected every two hours for five consecutive days. Cr 2 O 3 was used as flow marker. NA supplementation increased rumen ammonia concentration, whereas it decreased short-chain fatty acid concentration. The amount of organic matter reaching the duodenum was enhanced if niacin was added to the rations. NA supplementation also led to higher flows of microbial protein and undegraded feed protein to the duodenum. Furthermore, the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis was enhanced in supplemented animals. The amounts of total niacin (the sum of NA and NAM) reaching the duodenum rose with increasing concentrate proportion and also with NA supplementation, whereas amounts of nicotinamide were only influenced by NA fee ding and not by the F:C ratio.","PeriodicalId":49922,"journal":{"name":"Landbauforschung","volume":"63 1","pages":"143-154"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69575593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Schaub, Claus Rösemann, H. Frank, H. Paulsen, B. Blank, K. Hülsbergen, G. Rahmann
Die Treibhausgas(THG)-Emissionen aus der Verdauung, aus Wirtschaftsdungern und beim Weidegang von Milchvieh wurden mit den Modellen GAS-EM und REPRO fur sechs Betriebe fur zwei Jahre berechnet. Ziel war, die Eignung des fur die nationale Klimaberichterstattung entwickelten Modells GAS-EM fur einzelbetriebliche Berechnungen zu prufen und die Ergebnisse beider Modelle gegenuberzustellen. Die mit GAS-EM berechneten THG-Emissionen liegen zwischen 3779 und 5060 kg CO2 eq Tier-1 a-1. Bezogen auf die Milchmenge sind dies THG-Emissionen zwischen 0,54 und 0,96 kg CO2 eq kg ECM-1. Die unterschiedlichen Annahmen von REPRO und GAS-EM zur Futterung fuhren z.T. zu deutlichen Abweichungen zwischen beiden Modellen in den Futtermengen (bis zu 5 kg TS Tier-1 d-1) und im Kraftfutteranteil (bis zu 16 Prozentpunkten). Durch die Algorithmen von GAS-EM ergeben sich zudem z.T. grose Differenzen zwischen erhobenen und kalkulierten Kraftfutteranteilen. Fur einzelbetriebliche Berechnungen ware es gut, alle auf Betriebsebene vorhandenen Daten in GAS-EM nutzen zu konnen. Die in GAS-EM berechneten verdauungsbedingten Methanemissionen liegen meist hoher (bis 16 %) als die REPRO-Werte. Die Ergebnisse beider Modelle zu den Emissionen aus dem Wirtschaftsdungermanagement stimmen bei einem Drittel der untersuchten Betriebsjahre gut uberein, in den ubrigen Fallen kommt es zu mehr oder weniger grosen (bis zu 83 %) Unterschieden. Fur eine wirklichkeitsnahe Abbildung der einzelbetrieblichen THG-Emissionen aus der Milchviehhaltung ist eine moglichst gute Abbildung der tatsachlichen Futterstrome und qualitaten wesentlich, was sowohl eine detaillierte Primardatenerfassung als auch verbesserte Modellansatze umfasst. Zudem ware eine Ableitung von Berechnungsansatzen mit geringeren Unsicherheiten wunschenswert.
{"title":"Treibhausgasemissionen ökologischer und konventioneller Milchviehbetriebe - Berechnung ausgewählter Teilbereiche mit den Modellen REPRO und GAS-EM unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Fütterungsmodellierung","authors":"D. Schaub, Claus Rösemann, H. Frank, H. Paulsen, B. Blank, K. Hülsbergen, G. Rahmann","doi":"10.3220/REP_8_2013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3220/REP_8_2013","url":null,"abstract":"Die Treibhausgas(THG)-Emissionen aus der Verdauung, aus Wirtschaftsdungern und beim Weidegang von Milchvieh wurden mit den Modellen GAS-EM und REPRO fur sechs Betriebe fur zwei Jahre berechnet. Ziel war, die Eignung des fur die nationale Klimaberichterstattung entwickelten Modells GAS-EM fur einzelbetriebliche Berechnungen zu prufen und die Ergebnisse beider Modelle gegenuberzustellen. Die mit GAS-EM berechneten THG-Emissionen liegen zwischen 3779 und 5060 kg CO2 eq Tier-1 a-1. Bezogen auf die Milchmenge sind dies THG-Emissionen zwischen 0,54 und 0,96 kg CO2 eq kg ECM-1. Die unterschiedlichen Annahmen von REPRO und GAS-EM zur Futterung fuhren z.T. zu deutlichen Abweichungen zwischen beiden Modellen in den Futtermengen (bis zu 5 kg TS Tier-1 d-1) und im Kraftfutteranteil (bis zu 16 Prozentpunkten). Durch die Algorithmen von GAS-EM ergeben sich zudem z.T. grose Differenzen zwischen erhobenen und kalkulierten Kraftfutteranteilen. Fur einzelbetriebliche Berechnungen ware es gut, alle auf Betriebsebene vorhandenen Daten in GAS-EM nutzen zu konnen. Die in GAS-EM berechneten verdauungsbedingten Methanemissionen liegen meist hoher (bis 16 %) als die REPRO-Werte. Die Ergebnisse beider Modelle zu den Emissionen aus dem Wirtschaftsdungermanagement stimmen bei einem Drittel der untersuchten Betriebsjahre gut uberein, in den ubrigen Fallen kommt es zu mehr oder weniger grosen (bis zu 83 %) Unterschieden. Fur eine wirklichkeitsnahe Abbildung der einzelbetrieblichen THG-Emissionen aus der Milchviehhaltung ist eine moglichst gute Abbildung der tatsachlichen Futterstrome und qualitaten wesentlich, was sowohl eine detaillierte Primardatenerfassung als auch verbesserte Modellansatze umfasst. Zudem ware eine Ableitung von Berechnungsansatzen mit geringeren Unsicherheiten wunschenswert.","PeriodicalId":49922,"journal":{"name":"Landbauforschung","volume":"1 1","pages":"229-258"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69576444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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