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Is Pitcairnia halophila really a halophyte? Evidence from a germination and growth experiment 嗜盐皮特尼亚真的是一种盐生植物吗?来自发芽和生长实验的证据
IF 1.4 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-03-04 DOI: 10.1017/s0266467422000116
G. Zotz, Calixto Rodríguez Quiel
Many bromeliads occur in habitats that are potentially affected by salt. Pitcairnia halophila is a particularly interesting case in this context due to its growing sites in the spray zone of coastal cliffs in Central America. We conducted an experimental/observational study that explored the physiological and ecological basis of the occurrence of this species. Germination of P. halophila was as affected by increasing salinity as that of congeneric species from other natural growing sites, but seedling growth was less impaired in comparison and remained positive even at exposure to half-strength seawater. Interestingly, in situ plant nutrient concentrations documented over an entire growing season suggest that this capacity to tolerate salt stress is not tested at the natural growing site – Na+ concentrations were consistently low in leaves and shoots and comparable to those of seedlings watered with distilled water in the laboratory. We conclude that P. halophila shows the physiological ability to deal with medium levels of salinity, but ecological conditions at the humid tropical growing site allow these plants to avoid salt stress entirely in spite of the close proximity to the sea.
许多凤梨科植物生长在可能受到盐影响的栖息地。在这方面,嗜盐猪笼草是一个特别有趣的案例,因为它的生长地点位于中美洲海岸悬崖的喷雾区。我们进行了一项实验/观测研究,探索了该物种发生的生理和生态基础。嗜盐P.halophila的发芽与其他自然生长地的同类物种一样,受到盐度增加的影响,但相比之下,幼苗生长受到的影响较小,即使暴露在一半强度的海水中,幼苗生长也保持良好。有趣的是,在整个生长季节记录的原位植物营养浓度表明,这种耐盐能力没有在自然生长地点进行测试——叶片和枝条中的Na+浓度一直很低,与实验室中用蒸馏水浇灌的幼苗相当。我们得出的结论是,嗜盐P.halophila表现出应对中等盐度的生理能力,但潮湿热带生长地的生态条件使这些植物能够完全避免盐胁迫,尽管它们离大海很近。
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引用次数: 0
Golden-bellied mangabeys (Cercocebus chrysogaster) consume and share mammalian prey at LuiKotale, Democratic Republic of the Congo 在刚果民主共和国的LuiKotale,金腹白头猴(Cercocebus chrysogaster)正在吞食和分享哺乳动物的猎物
IF 1.4 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.1017/s026646742200013x
E. McLester
Predator–prey dynamics are an important aspect of community ecology, but predation events are often difficult to observe. Among African primates, observations of mammal predation are particularly uncommon and generally restricted to a few ape and cercopithecoid species. I report five observations of mammal predation by golden-bellied mangabeys (Cercocebus chrysogaster) living in rainforest at the LuiKotale study site, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Over 46 all-day follows, mangabeys from one group caught and consumed four duikers (Cephalophinae spp.) and one Alexander’s cusimanse (Crossarchus alexandri). Individuals begged from the feeding individual in three of five observations. I observed one successful attempt at begging, which resulted in an adult female tolerating removal of blue duiker by a juvenile. These are the first detailed observations of mammal predation and food sharing by Cercocebus mangabeys and suggest mammals that feed alongside mangabeys may balance predation risk against social foraging benefits. Food sharing is rarely observed in most cercopithecine monkeys and could provide a useful metric to examine socio-ecological patterns of food acquisition.
捕食者-猎物动力学是群落生态学的一个重要方面,但捕食事件通常很难观察到。在非洲灵长类动物中,对哺乳动物捕食的观察尤其罕见,通常仅限于少数类人猿和类人猿。我在刚果民主共和国LuiKotale研究点报告了生活在雨林中的金腹曼加贝(Cercocebus chrysoaster)对哺乳动物捕食的五次观察。在接下来的一整天里,有46只来自一组的曼加贝捕捉并吃掉了四只小飞燕属(Cephalophinae spp.)和一只亚历山大小飞燕(Crossarchus alexandri)。在五次观察中,有三次个体向喂食个体乞讨。我观察到一次成功的乞讨尝试,结果一名成年女性容忍了一名青少年将蓝貂带走。这是首次对曼加贝Cercocebus mangabeys的哺乳动物捕食和食物共享进行详细观察,并表明与曼加贝一起觅食的哺乳动物可能会平衡捕食风险与社会觅食利益。在大多数尾猿中很少观察到食物共享,这可以为研究食物获取的社会生态模式提供一个有用的指标。
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引用次数: 2
Overcoming the regeneration barriers of tropical dry forest: effects of water stress and herbivory on seedling performance and allocation of key tree species for restoration 克服热带干旱林的更新障碍:水分胁迫和草食对幼苗性能和关键树种恢复分配的影响
IF 1.4 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-02-24 DOI: 10.1017/s0266467422000074
C. Cárdenas, Daniela Varón-García, Freddy Suárez-Rodríguez, C. Pizano
Tropical dry forests (TDF) are one of the most threatened and poorly protected ecosystems in the Americas. Although there are international efforts for the restoration of TDF, how stress factors such as herbivory or water limitation due to changes in precipitation, impact the regeneration dynamics of these forests is poorly understood. Specifically, how seedlings of key tree species for TDF restoration cope with current abiotic pressures such as the intensification of climatic events, and biotic factors like herbivory, is not yet fully understood. Here, we compared seedling performance, and allocation of biomass, and water to roots vs. shoots for three legume, and one non-legume TDF tree species, as a response to water limitation and herbivory in an 8-month greenhouse experiment. Contrary to our expectations, we found that the non-legume species, G. ulmifolia, had the best performance compared to legumes, while N-fixing and non-fixing legumes showed similar performance. Based on our findings, we suggest the use of G. ulmifolia in TDF restoration projects due to its high performance despite abiotic and biotic stress factors, its allocation of biomass and water to belowground structures. We also recommend the use of N-fixing legume species owing to their ability to fix nitrogen, which guarantees an N input to the soil, important in the first stages of succession. However, the legume species used in this experiment do not appear to resist the abiotic and biotic stressors studied. Thus, more studies exploring the response of dry forest plant species to stress factors are key for informing and assuring more effective TDF restoration efforts.
热带干林(TDF)是美洲最受威胁和保护最差的生态系统之一。尽管国际上对TDF的恢复做出了努力,但由于降水变化导致的草食或水分限制等应激因素如何影响这些森林的更新动态却知之甚少。具体来说,TDF恢复的关键树种幼苗如何应对当前的非生物压力,如气候事件的加剧,以及草食等生物因素,目前还没有完全了解。在为期8个月的温室试验中,我们比较了3种豆科植物和1种非豆科植物TDF树种的幼苗性能、生物量分配和根系与梢间水分分配情况,作为对水分限制和草食的响应。与我们的预期相反,我们发现非豆科植物ulmifolia比豆科植物表现最好,而固氮和不固氮的豆科植物表现相似。基于我们的研究结果,我们建议在TDF修复项目中使用杜鹃花,因为它在非生物和生物胁迫因素下具有较高的性能,并且它可以将生物量和水分分配给地下结构。我们还建议使用固氮豆科植物,因为它们具有固定氮的能力,这保证了土壤的氮输入,这在演替的第一阶段很重要。然而,本实验中使用的豆科植物似乎没有抵抗所研究的非生物和生物应激源。因此,研究干旱森林植物物种对胁迫因子的响应是提供和确保更有效的TDF恢复工作的关键。
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引用次数: 1
What happens to epiphytic bromeliads in a windy spot? 在有风的地方附生凤梨花会发生什么?
IF 1.4 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-02-21 DOI: 10.1017/s0266467422000037
H. Einzmann, G. Zotz, Jessica Y. L. Tay
Several studies of hurricane damage on epiphyte communities implied that epiphytes might be in danger of being blown off their host when subjected to strong wind. There is very limited knowledge about the mechanical impact that wind may have on epiphytes. Using a wind-triggered camera set-up, we observed how epiphytic tank bromeliads are affected by wind. Despite offering a relatively large area of ‘attack’ to the airflow, bromeliads moved relatively little themselves. Rather than being directly moved by wind, the bromeliads in the upper crown of tall trees moved with the sway of the branches. Only when the substrate did not move, bromeliads with long broad leaves showed considerable disturbance due to wind. Our observations underline the complexity of the system and emphasise that our current understanding of the mechanical aspects of the epiphyte–host system is still very limited.
几项关于飓风对附生植物群落破坏的研究表明,附生植物在遭受强风时可能有被吹离宿主的危险。关于风可能对附生植物产生的机械影响,目前知之甚少。使用风力触发的摄像机,我们观察了附生的凤梨是如何受到风的影响的。尽管凤梨为气流提供了相对较大的“攻击”区域,但凤梨本身的移动相对较小。高大树冠上部的凤梨并没有被风直接移动,而是随着树枝的摆动而移动。只有当基质不动时,长而宽叶的凤梨才会因风而表现出相当大的干扰。我们的观察强调了该系统的复杂性,并强调我们目前对附生-宿主系统的机械方面的理解仍然非常有限。
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引用次数: 1
Limited influence of experimentally induced predation risk on granivory in a tropical forest 热带森林中实验诱导的捕食风险对象牙的有限影响
IF 1.4 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-02-21 DOI: 10.1017/s0266467422000050
A. Granados, H. Bernard, J. Brodie
Seed predation by rodents can strongly influence plant recruitment and establishment. The extent to which predation risk indirectly alters plant survival in tropical forests via impacts on granivory is unclear, making it difficult to assess the cascading impacts of widespread predator loss on tree recruitment and species composition. Experimental field studies that manipulate predation risk can help address these knowledge gaps and reveal whether antipredator responses among small mammals influence plant survival. We used camera traps and seed predation experiments to test the effects of perceived predation risk (via predator urine gel) on foraging behaviour of and seed removal by murid rodents in an unlogged and unhunted rainforest in Malaysian Borneo. We also explored the influence of seed traits (e.g., seed size) on removal by granivores and assessed whether granivore preferences for particular species were affected by predator urine. Murid visits to seed plots were positively related to overall seed removal, but were not affected by predator scent. Granivory was the lowest for the largest-seeded (>6 g) plant in our study, but was not influenced by predation risk. Predator urine significantly affected removal of one seed taxon (Dimoocarpus, ∼0.8 g), suggesting that removal by granivores may be affected by predation risk for some seed species but not others. This could have implications for plant species composition but may not affect the overall level of granivory.
啮齿动物对种子的捕食对植物的招募和建立有很大的影响。捕食风险通过对花岗岩的影响间接改变热带森林植物生存的程度尚不清楚,因此难以评估广泛的捕食者损失对树木补充和物种组成的级联影响。操纵捕食风险的实地实验研究可以帮助解决这些知识空白,并揭示小型哺乳动物的反捕食反应是否会影响植物的生存。我们使用相机陷阱和种子捕食实验来测试感知捕食风险(通过捕食者尿凝胶)对马来西亚婆罗洲未砍伐和未狩猎雨林中鼠啮齿动物觅食行为和种子去除的影响。我们还探讨了种子性状(如种子大小)对食草动物清除的影响,并评估了食草动物对特定物种的偏好是否会受到捕食者尿液的影响。Murid访问种子地块与总体种子清除正相关,但不受捕食者气味的影响。在我们的研究中,最大种子(bb60 g)植物的颗粒象牙最低,但不受捕食风险的影响。捕食者尿液显著影响一个种子分类群(Dimoocarpus,约0.8 g)的清除,这表明对某些种子物种而言,花岗岩动物的清除可能受到捕食风险的影响,而对其他种子物种则不受影响。这可能对植物物种组成有影响,但可能不会影响颗粒象牙的总体水平。
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引用次数: 0
Influence of rhizosphere activity on litter decomposition in subtropical forest: implications of estimating soil organic matter contributions to soil respiration 亚热带森林根际活动对凋落物分解的影响:估算土壤有机质对土壤呼吸贡献的意义
IF 1.4 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-02-15 DOI: 10.1017/s0266467422000013
Xiaoqing Wu, Changjiang Huang, L. Sha, Chuansheng Wu
Litter decomposition plays an important role in the carbon cycle and is affected by many factors in forest ecosystems. This study aimed to quantify the rhizosphere priming effect on litter decomposition in subtropical forest southwestern China. A litter decomposition experiment including control and trenching treatments was conducted using the litter bag method, and the litter decomposition rate was calculated by litter dry mass loss. Trenching did not change soil temperature, but increased the soil water content by 14.5%. In this study, the interaction of soil temperature and soil water content controlled the litter decomposition rate, and explained 87.4 and 85.5% of the variation in litter decomposition in the control and trenching treatments, respectively. Considering changes in soil environmental factors due to trenching, the litter decomposition rates were corrected by regression models. After correction, the litter decomposition rates of the control and trenching treatments were 32.47 ± 3.15 and 25.71 ± 2.72% year–1, respectively, in the 2-year period. Rhizosphere activity significantly primed litter decomposition by 26.3%. Our study suggested a priming effect of rhizosphere activity on litter decomposition in the subtropical forest. Combining previous interaction effect results, we estimated the contributions of total soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition, total litter decomposition, and root respiration to soil respiration in the subtropical forest, and our new method of estimating the components of soil respiration provided basic theory for SOM decomposition research.
垃圾分解在森林生态系统的碳循环中起着重要作用,受到多种因素的影响。本研究旨在量化中国西南亚热带森林根际引发对枯枝落叶分解的影响。采用垃圾袋法进行了包括控制和挖沟处理在内的垃圾分解实验,并通过垃圾干物质损失计算了垃圾分解率。挖沟不改变土壤温度,但增加了14.5%的土壤含水量。在本研究中,土壤温度和土壤含水量的相互作用控制了枯枝落叶的分解率,并分别解释了控制和挖沟处理中枯枝落叶分解变化的87.4%和85.5%。考虑到挖沟引起的土壤环境因素的变化,通过回归模型对枯枝落叶分解率进行了校正。校正后,在2年的时间里,对照和挖沟处理的枯枝落叶分解率分别为32.47±3.15和25.71±2.72%。根际活性对枯枝落叶分解的促进作用达26.3%。结合以往的相互作用效应结果,估算了亚热带森林土壤总有机质(SOM)分解、凋落物总分解和根系呼吸对土壤呼吸的贡献,为SOM分解研究提供了基础理论。
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引用次数: 1
Environmental correlates of some selected fish species in the Jebba Dam, North-Central Nigeria 尼日利亚中北部杰巴大坝某些选定鱼类的环境相关性
IF 1.4 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-01-26 DOI: 10.1017/s0266467421000511
S. O. Oladipo, L. M. Nneji, A. V. Adeniyi, O. A. Adeyemi-Ale, K. Adelakun
There is a lack of comprehensive understanding of environmental factors influencing fish species’ abundance and distribution in some Nigerian freshwater ecosystems. Our study investigated the environmental factors that drive the abundance and distribution of three economically important fishes – Lates niloticus, Citharinus citharus, and Distichondus rostratus – in Jebba Hydroelectric power dam in Northcentral Nigeria. The species catch abundance was determined using gillnets of different mesh sizes, each measuring 50 m length and 20 m deep. The physicochemical parameters were also assessed following standard methods. A total relative abundance of 47.49%, 27.74%, 24.77% were observed for C. citharus, L. niloticus, and D. rostratus, respectively. The canonical correspondence analysis showed that the catch abundance of L. niloticus associates with water volume, turbidity, phosphate, and hydrogen carbonate. Analysis showed that water hardness, biological oxygen demand (BOD), dissolved oxygen (DO), and chloride levels drive the catch abundance of D. rostratus, while C. citharus associates with temperature and depth. The linear Pearson correlation showed a strong positive relationship of the abundance of L. niloticus with turbidity, phosphate, total suspended solids, hydrogen carbonate, water depth, temperature, and water volume. Our result showed a strong positive association of the abundance of C. citharus with water volume, total dissolved solids, temperature, and water depth. A strong positive relationship of the abundance of D. rostratus with conductivity, water depth, and total dissolved solids was reported. Our study improved knowledge on the environmental factors affecting the abundance of three economically important freshwater fishes in Jebba Hydroelectric dam. Further study is needed to investigate the impact of global climate change on the future distribution of these freshwater fish species.
对尼日利亚一些淡水生态系统中影响鱼类丰度和分布的环境因素缺乏全面的了解。我们的研究调查了尼日利亚中北部杰巴水电站大坝中三种经济上重要鱼类——尼罗河Lates niloticus、Citharinus和Distichondus rostratus——丰度和分布的环境因素。使用不同网目大小的刺网测定物种捕获量,每个刺网长50米,深20米。理化参数也按照标准方法进行评估。C.citharus、L.niloticus和D.rostratus的总相对丰度分别为47.49%、27.74%和24.77%。典型对应分析表明,尼罗罗非鱼的渔获物丰度与水量、浊度、磷酸盐和碳酸氢盐有关。分析表明,水硬度、生物需氧量(BOD)、溶解氧(DO)和氯离子水平驱动着罗汉藻的渔获物丰度,而罗汉藻则与温度和深度有关。线性Pearson相关表明,尼罗菌的丰度与浊度、磷酸盐、总悬浮物、碳酸氢盐、水深、温度和水量呈正相关。我们的结果表明,C.citharus的丰度与水量、总溶解固体、温度和水深呈正相关。据报道,D.rostratus的丰度与电导率、水深和总溶解固体呈正相关。我们的研究提高了对影响杰巴水电站大坝三种重要经济淡水鱼类丰度的环境因素的认识。需要进一步研究全球气候变化对这些淡水鱼类未来分布的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Local environmental context determines the colonisation of leaf shelters by arthropods: an experimental study 当地的环境背景决定了节肢动物的叶庇护所的殖民化:一项实验研究
IF 1.4 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-01-14 DOI: 10.1017/s0266467421000523
S. Novais, V. Hernández‐Ortiz, K. Rodríguez-Hernández, M. Quesada, G. Fernandes, Carolina Bañol-Pérez, E. A. Sánchez-García, Fabian A. Aldaba-Núñez, L. J. Méndez-Vázquez, Manuel Ochoa, Marisol A. Zurita-Solís, A. Aguirre‐Jaimes
The magnitude of facilitation by shelter-building engineers on community structure is expected to be greater when they increase limited resources in the environment. We evaluated the influence of local environmental context on the colonisation of leaf shelters by arthropods in a Mexican evergreen tropical rainforest. We compared the species richness and abundance of arthropods (total and for different guilds) colonising artificially rolled leaves in habitats differing in understory heterogeneity (forest edge > old-growth forests > living fences). Arthropod abundance of the most representative arthropod taxa (i.e., Araneae, Blattodea, Collembola and Psocoptera) colonising the rolled leaves was greater at forest edge, a trend also observed for average arthropod abundance, and for detritivore and predator guilds. In addition, fewer arthropod species and individuals colonised the rolled leaves in the living fence habitat, a trend also observed for most arthropod guilds. As forest edge is expected to have a greater arthropod diversity and stronger density-dependent interactions, a greater limitation of refuges from competitors or predators may have determined the higher colonisation of the rolled leaves in this habitat. Our results demonstrate that local environment context is an important factor that affects the colonisation of arthropods in leaf shelters.
当庇护所建筑工程师增加环境中有限的资源时,他们对社区结构的便利程度预计会更大。我们评估了当地环境背景对节肢动物在墨西哥常绿热带雨林中建立叶棚的影响。我们比较了在林下异质性不同的栖息地(森林边缘>古老森林>生活围栏)人工卷叶定居的节肢动物(总节肢动物和不同群落)的物种丰富度和丰度。在卷叶上定居的最具代表性的节肢动物类群(即Araneae、Blattodea、Collembola和Psocoptera)的节肢动物丰度在森林边缘更高,这也是节肢动物平均丰度以及碎屑动物和捕食者群落的趋势。此外,在围栏栖息地的卷叶上定居的节肢动物物种和个体越来越少,大多数节肢动物群落也观察到了这一趋势。由于森林边缘预计有更大的节肢动物多样性和更强的密度依赖性相互作用,竞争对手或捕食者对避难所的更大限制可能决定了卷叶在该栖息地的更高定居率。我们的研究结果表明,当地环境背景是影响节肢动物在叶棚定居的重要因素。
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引用次数: 3
Evaluating the utility of protected area status and conservation legislation in tropical forest conservation using satellite data: a case study of the great hornbill in Thailand 利用卫星数据评估保护区现状和保护立法在热带森林保护中的效用:以泰国大犀鸟为例
IF 1.4 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-01-07 DOI: 10.1017/s0266467421000560
Naparat Suttidate
Preserving wildlife and their environment from anthropogenic activities requires identification and establishment of protected areas, and monitoring of their long-term effects on wildlife and habitat. Tropical forests are one of the most at-risk habitats and many tropical species have become extinct recently due to human activity. It is imperative to monitor habitat in protected areas and without in order to identify strategies and legislative policies that optimize conservation outcomes. To this end, I quantified habitat fragmentation for the great hornbill (Buceros bicornis) in Om Koi Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand, pre- and post-establishment, within and outside the protected area, from 1973, 1985, and 1992, to assess the effectiveness of the protected area status, established in 1978, and a national logging ban, established in 1989, in preserving and restoring hornbill habitat. The results demonstrate that the establishment of Om Koi Wildlife Sanctuary did not decrease the rate of hornbill habitat fragmentation relative to areas outside the protected area. While the protected area had less fragmentation to begin with, protection status did not affect the rate of loss. Fragmentation increased significantly both inside and outside the protected area between the first and second time points (p < 0.05), after the protected area was first established. However, the national logging ban policy implemented in 1985 seems to have successfully halted the fragmentation of habitat within the protected area and surrounding unprotected areas, with all areas showing no significant change (p > 0.05). While not significant, the rate of fragmentation outside the protected area was greater. This suggests that the establishment of a protected area alone may not be sufficient to stop or reverse anthropogenic damage to endangered habitat and the species that utilize these environments. The incorporation of multiple strategies for management is likely needed to increase the ability of protected areas to preserve tropical forest species and habitats. The assessment of protected areas via satellite and ground-level data is an essential tool for evaluating the effectiveness of conservation strategies and improving outcomes.
保护野生动物及其环境不受人为活动的影响,需要确定和建立保护区,并监测其对野生动物及其栖息地的长期影响。热带森林是最危险的栖息地之一,由于人类活动,许多热带物种最近已经灭绝。必须监测保护区内外的栖息地,以便确定优化保护成果的战略和立法政策。为此,我量化了1973年、1985年和1992年泰国Om Koi野生动物保护区大犀鸟(Buceros bicornis)在保护区建立前后和保护区内外的栖息地破碎化,以评估1978年建立的保护区状况和1989年建立的国家伐木禁令在保护和恢复犀鸟栖息地方面的有效性。结果表明,与保护区外相比,严溪野生动物保护区的建立并没有降低犀鸟栖息地的破碎化率。虽然保护区开始时碎片化程度较低,但保护状态并不影响损失率。在保护区建立后的第一个时间点和第二个时间点之间,保护区内外破碎化程度均显著增加(p < 0.05)。然而,1985年实施的国家禁止采伐政策似乎成功地阻止了保护区内和周围未保护区内栖息地的破碎化,所有地区都没有明显变化(p > 0.05)。虽然不显著,但保护区外的破碎化率更高。这表明,仅仅建立保护区可能不足以阻止或扭转对濒危栖息地和利用这些环境的物种的人为破坏。可能需要结合多种管理战略,以提高保护区保护热带森林物种和生境的能力。通过卫星和地面数据对保护区进行评估是评估保护策略有效性和改善结果的重要工具。
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引用次数: 2
Females restrict the position of domatia and suffer more herbivory than hermaphrodites in Myriocarpa longipes, a neotropical facultative myrmecophyte 在新热带兼性桃生植物Myriocarpa longipes中,雌性限制了domatia的位置,并且比雌雄同体遭受更多的食草性
IF 1.4 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-12-28 DOI: 10.1017/s0266467421000584
M. A. Sandoval-Molina, Bernardo Rafael Lugo-García, Alan Daniel Mendoza-Mendoza, M. Janczur
Domatia are hollow structures in plants occupied by ant colonies, in turn ants provide protection against herbivores. In plants, competition for resources has driven sex-related changes in the patterns of resource allocation to life-history traits and defence traits. The resource-competition hypothesis (RCH) proposes that female plants due to their higher investment in reproduction will allocate fewer resources to defence production, showing greater herbivore damage than other sexual forms. We hypothesise the existence of sex-related differences in defensive traits of domatia-bearing plants, being female plants less defended due to differences in domatia traits, such as size, number of domatia and their position, exhibiting more herbivore damage than hermaphrodite plants of Myriocarpa longipes, a facultative neotropical myrmecophyte. We found eight species of ants inhabiting domatia; some species co-inhabited the same plant, even the same branch. Our results are consistent with the predictions of RCH, as female plants had ant-inhabited domatia restricted to the middle position of their branches and exhibited greater herbivore damage in leaves than hermaphrodites. However, we did not find differences in domatia size and leaf area between sexual forms. Our study provides evidence for intersexual differences in domatia position and herbivory in a facultative ant–plant mutualism in M. longipes. We highlight the importance of considering the plant sex in ant–plant interactions. Differences in resource allocation related to sexual reproduction could influence the outcome of ant–plant interactions.
Domatia是由蚁群占据的植物中的中空结构,反过来蚂蚁可以保护自己免受食草动物的攻击。在植物中,对资源的竞争促使资源分配模式发生了与性别相关的变化,即生活史特征和防御特征。资源竞争假说(RCH)提出,雌性植物由于其在繁殖方面的更高投资,将更少的资源分配给防御生产,表现出比其他性形式更大的食草动物伤害。我们假设携带domatia的植物在防御性状上存在性别相关的差异,由于domatia性状的差异,如domatia大小、数量和位置,雌性植物防御较少,与兼性新热带桃金娘植物Myriocarpa longipes的两性植物相比,表现出更多的食草动物损伤。我们发现八种蚂蚁栖息在domatia;有些物种共同生活在同一种植物上,甚至是同一个枝条上。我们的结果与RCH的预测一致,因为雌性植物的蚂蚁居住的domatia被限制在其枝条的中间位置,并且在叶片中表现出比雌雄同体更大的食草动物损伤。然而,我们并没有发现不同性形态的多马氏菌大小和叶面积的差异。我们的研究提供了证据,证明了长柄蚁兼性蚂蚁-植物互利共生中多马的位置和草食性的两性差异。我们强调了在蚂蚁与植物的相互作用中考虑植物性别的重要性。与有性生殖相关的资源分配差异可能会影响蚂蚁与植物相互作用的结果。
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Journal of Tropical Ecology
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