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Two faces of the teacher: Comparing editions of Charcot's Leçons du mardi. 老师的两张脸:比较夏柯的《游猎记》的版本。
IF 0.5 3区 哲学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-10-01 Epub Date: 2022-03-22 DOI: 10.1080/0964704X.2022.2036579
Christopher G Goetz, Emmanuel Drouin
ABSTRACT Jean-Martin Charcot, renowned teacher and clinical neurologist of the nineteenth century, held a unique set of impromptu “show and tell” case presentations that were transcribed as professor–patient dialogues. These lessons, known as the Leçons du mardi, were hand transcribed by his students and published as a limited-edition lithograph in 1887–1888, but reprinted for wider circulation with modifications in 1892, one year before Charcot died. This study highlights several important differences between the two versions of the work, with interpretative commentary on the importance of studying them side by side to more completely understand Charcot, his career, and the development of early clinical neurology.
19世纪著名的教师和临床神经学家Jean-Martin Charcot举行了一套独特的即兴“展示和讲述”案例演示,这些演示被转录为教授与患者的对话。这些课程,被称为leons du mardi,由他的学生手工抄写,并于1887年至1888年作为限量版石版出版,但在1892年,即沙可去世前一年,经过修改,重新印刷以广泛传播。这项研究强调了两个版本的工作之间的几个重要差异,并对并排研究它们的重要性进行了解释性评论,以更全面地了解Charcot,他的职业生涯,以及早期临床神经学的发展。
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引用次数: 0
Ernst Brücke and Sigmund Freud: Physiological roots of psychoanalysis. 恩斯特·布鲁克和西格蒙德·弗洛伊德:精神分析的生理根源。
IF 0.5 3区 哲学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-10-01 Epub Date: 2022-06-23 DOI: 10.1080/0964704X.2022.2074280
Yunus Anıl Yılmaz

Ernst Brücke was one of the most influential figures in Sigmund Freud's life and work. Freud studied under him for around six years during his student years, and he never turned his back on Brücke's fundamental teachings. Brücke was a member of the strictly materialist and reductionist movement called the School of Helmholtz. This article will interpret how this physiological movement influenced Freud's psychoanalysis and how its understanding of science was embedded in Freud's theory. For this purpose, I will focus on the relationship between Brücke and Freud, and then will demonstrate how Brücke's influence appears in Freud's psychoanalytical theory. Despite the common practice of evaluating Project for a Scientific Psychology as the last attempt of Freud's physiological commitment, I will take Freud's ontology and epistemology as a product of his interaction with Ernst Brücke. In this conjunction, I will discuss psychoanalysis's essential physiological and neurological components, such as the conservation of energy, the principle of constancy, the pleasure principle, and dual-aspect monism. For this purpose, I will apply the methodology of Randall Collins, the so-called sociology of philosophy. This method allows us to analyze personal contacts between master and pupil and the results of this interaction. This method will help to demonstrate why Brücke's influence was more prevalent in Freud's psychoanalysis than any other neuroscientific master of Freud.

Ernst brcke是西格蒙德·弗洛伊德生活和工作中最有影响力的人物之一。弗洛伊德在他的学生时代跟随他学习了大约六年,他从来没有背弃过br cke的基本教义。br克是被称为亥姆霍兹学派的严格唯物主义和还原论运动的成员。本文将解释这种生理运动如何影响弗洛伊德的精神分析,以及它对科学的理解如何嵌入弗洛伊德的理论。为此,我将重点关注br cke与弗洛伊德之间的关系,然后将展示br cke的影响如何出现在弗洛伊德的精神分析理论中。尽管通常将《科学心理学计划》评价为弗洛伊德生理承诺的最后尝试,但我将把弗洛伊德的本体论和认识论作为他与恩斯特·布尔 cke互动的产物。在此结合,我将讨论精神分析的基本生理和神经的组成部分,如能量守恒,恒常原则,快乐原则,和双重性一元论。为此,我将运用兰德尔·柯林斯的方法论,即所谓的哲学社会学。这种方法使我们能够分析师徒之间的个人接触以及这种互动的结果。这种方法将有助于证明为什么br cke的影响在弗洛伊德的精神分析中比弗洛伊德的任何其他神经科学大师都更普遍。
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引用次数: 0
The early history of the knee-jerk reflex in neurology. 神经学中膝跳反射的早期历史。
IF 0.5 3区 哲学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-10-01 Epub Date: 2022-01-07 DOI: 10.1080/0964704X.2021.1980965
J Wayne Lazar

Medical interest in the knee-jerk reflex began in about 1875 with simultaneous and independent publications by Wilhelm Heinrich Erb (1840-1921) and Carl Friedrich Otto Westphal (1833-1890) contending that the knee jerk was absent (and the ankle clonus was present) in all clear cases of locomotor ataxia (tabes dorsalis). Physicians in the medical communities of Europe, Great Britain, and North America responded with case and large group studies that tested this contention. These studies revealed the usefulness of the knee jerk and other myotatic reflexes, but also unexpected characteristics. The knee jerk, apparently so simple, proved to be a complex phenomenon depending the strength of the strike on the patella, induced muscle tension, and inhibition from the brain. Was it a reflex with afferent and efferent nerves and an intervening process in the spinal cord, or was it a local phenomenon confined to the muscle itself? Experimental studies directed at the reflex issue investigated latencies from patella strike to leg extension or muscle contraction and compared them with latencies from direct muscle strikes and theoretical calculations based on reflex components. Such studies were unable to resolve the reflex issue during the nineteenth century. The physicians were shown to be limited, like all scientific explorers of the unknown, by their knowledge, methodology, and technology.

医学界对膝跳反射的兴趣始于1875年,Wilhelm Heinrich Erb(1840-1921)和Carl Friedrich Otto Westphal(1833-1890)同时发表了独立的论文,认为在所有明显的运动性共济失调(背侧表)病例中,膝跳不存在(踝关节阵挛存在)。欧洲、英国和北美医学界的医生们用案例和大型群体研究来验证这一观点。这些研究揭示了膝跳和其他肌张力反射的有用性,但也揭示了意想不到的特征。膝跳,看起来如此简单,被证明是一个复杂的现象,这取决于打击髌骨的力量,引起的肌肉紧张和大脑的抑制。它是传入神经和传出神经的反射以及脊髓的干预过程,还是局限于肌肉本身的局部现象?针对反射问题的实验研究调查了髌骨撞击到腿部伸展或肌肉收缩的潜伏期,并将其与直接肌肉撞击和基于反射成分的理论计算的潜伏期进行了比较。在19世纪,这种研究无法解决反射问题。就像所有探索未知领域的科学探险家一样,医生们的知识、方法和技术都是有限的。
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引用次数: 0
Historical forerunners of neuropsychiatry: The psychiatric works of Albert W. Adamkiewicz (1850-1921). 神经精神病学的历史先驱:Albert W. Adamkiewicz(1850-1921)的精神病学著作。
IF 0.5 3区 哲学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-10-01 Epub Date: 2022-07-22 DOI: 10.1080/0964704X.2022.2097012
Fabian-Alexander Tietze, Marcin Orzechowski, Moritz E Wigand, Florian Steger

Albert Wojciech Adamkiewicz (1850-1821) was a Polish neurologist and researcher who is best known for his description of the so-called Adamkiewicz-artery. In contrast to his achievements in neurology, his research in psychiatry from his time in Vienna (1891-1921) is commonly overlooked. We examined all titles of his publications from 1891 to 1921 and provided a close reading of those works that were related to his research on the neural basis of mental phenomena and disorders. We demonstrate that, in later stages of his scientific career, Adamkiewicz critically engaged with contemporary positions in psychiatry and the psychogenic explanation of mental disorders. He developed a theory based on his neurological research, correlating central theorems of late-nineteenth-century psychiatry to neural networks in the human cortex. These achievements make him a historical forerunner of neuropsychiatric concepts of mental phenomena and disorders.

Albert Wojciech Adamkiewicz(1850-1821)是一位波兰神经学家和研究者,他最出名的是他对所谓Adamkiewicz动脉的描述。与他在神经学方面的成就相比,他在维也纳期间(1891-1921)在精神病学方面的研究通常被忽视。我们检查了他从1891年到1921年出版的所有作品的标题,并对那些与他关于精神现象和疾病的神经基础的研究有关的作品进行了仔细的阅读。我们证明,在他科学生涯的后期阶段,Adamkiewicz批判性地参与了精神病学和精神障碍的心理成因解释的当代立场。他在神经学研究的基础上发展了一个理论,将19世纪晚期精神病学的中心定理与人类皮层的神经网络联系起来。这些成就使他成为精神现象和精神障碍的神经精神病学概念的历史先驱。
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引用次数: 0
Echoes of William Gowers's concept of abiotrophy. 这与威廉·高尔斯的无生物战利品概念相呼应。
IF 0.5 3区 哲学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-10-01 Epub Date: 2021-12-14 DOI: 10.1080/0964704X.2021.1989649
Gilberto Levy, Bruce Levin, Eliasz Engelhardt

Among William Gowers's many contributions to neurology, the concept of abiotrophy ("an essential failure of vitality") has been relatively overlooked. In this article, we review the echoes of Gowers's concept in neurology, ophthalmology, and aging research. We also argue that abiotrophy is broader than both heredodegeneration and neurodegeneration. Unlike the common view that it simply means premature aging, abiotrophy currently can be understood as a progressive degenerative process of a mature specialized tissue, which is nonsynchronous with normal aging and may affect organs or systems early in life, resulting from the age-dependent effects of genetic mutations or variants, even if environmental factors may also causally contribute to the process. Although the term has largely fallen out of use, there are likely to be everlasting echoes of Gowers's concept, through which he is to be considered a source of the modern thinking about the etiology and nosology of neurological diseases.

在威廉·高尔斯(William Gowers)对神经学的诸多贡献中,“失活”(abiotrophy)的概念相对来说被忽视了。在这篇文章中,我们回顾了高尔斯的概念在神经病学、眼科学和衰老研究中的反响。我们还认为,无生物萎缩比椎体变性和神经变性更广泛。与通常认为它仅仅意味着过早衰老的观点不同,无生物萎缩目前可以理解为成熟的特化组织的进行性退行性过程,与正常衰老不同步,可能在生命早期影响器官或系统,这是由基因突变或变异的年龄依赖效应引起的,即使环境因素也可能导致这一过程。尽管这个词在很大程度上已经不再使用,但高尔斯的概念可能会永远回响,通过这个概念,他被认为是现代神经疾病病因学和病源学思想的源泉。
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引用次数: 0
E. H. Sieveking and his cephalalgia epileptica. e。h。sievking和他的癫痫性头痛症。
IF 0.5 3区 哲学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-10-01 Epub Date: 2022-06-20 DOI: 10.1080/0964704X.2022.2072174
Mervyn J Eadie

Edward Henry Sieveking (1816-1904) was a professionally successful and well respected nineteenth-century London physician who, over the span of some half a century, continuously held appointment to British royalty, including Queen Victoria and King Edward VII. In 1858, he published a monograph On Epilepsy and Epileptiform Seizures, with a second edition in 1861. In both editions, he described an entity cephalalgia epileptica that comprised the occurrence of headache in association with phenomena that resembled the premonitory symptom of some epileptic seizures. However, the sufferers did not have epilepsy, in that they did not experience generalized convulsions. Sieveking, like most of his British contemporaries, had little awareness of the existence of the variety of migraine phenomena apart from headache itself. In retrospect, it seems likely that migraine with aura probably was the main basis of the disorder Sieveking designated, one that later may have been termed migralepsy.

爱德华·亨利·西韦金(Edward Henry sievking, 1816-1904)是19世纪伦敦一位专业成功且备受尊敬的医生,在大约半个世纪的时间里,他一直担任英国皇室成员的职务,包括维多利亚女王和国王爱德华七世。1858年,他出版了一本关于癫痫和癫痫样发作的专著,1861年再版。在这两个版本中,他描述了一种实体癫痫性头痛,包括头痛的发生与一些类似癫痫发作的前兆症状的现象有关。然而,患者没有癫痫,因为他们没有经历全身抽搐。和他同时代的大多数英国人一样,除了头痛本身之外,他几乎没有意识到偏头痛的各种现象的存在。回想起来,有先兆的偏头痛可能是sievking指定的疾病的主要基础,这种疾病后来可能被称为偏头痛。
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引用次数: 1
The Dome of Thought: Phrenology and the Nineteenth-Century Popular Imagination 思想的穹顶:Phrenology与19世纪的大众想象
IF 0.5 3区 哲学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-08-03 DOI: 10.1080/0964704x.2022.2105115
S. Finger
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引用次数: 0
The Birth of Modern Neuroscience in Turin. 现代神经科学在都灵的诞生。
IF 0.5 3区 哲学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-06-27 DOI: 10.1080/0964704X.2022.2076506
D. Lanska
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引用次数: 0
“All Manner of Industry and Ingenuity”: A Bio-Bibliography of Dr Thomas Willis 1621–1675 “一切形式的工业和独创性”:托马斯·威利斯博士的生物参考书目1621–1675
IF 0.5 3区 哲学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-06-22 DOI: 10.1080/0964704X.2022.2076503
D. Lanska
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引用次数: 1
Radical Treatment: Wilder Penfield’s Life in Neuroscience 彻底治疗:Wilder Penfield的神经科学生活
IF 0.5 3区 哲学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-06-20 DOI: 10.1080/0964704x.2022.2076502
D. Lanska
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引用次数: 5
期刊
Journal of the History of the Neurosciences
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