N. Pretto, Nadir Dalla Pozza, Alberto Padoan, Anthony Chmiel, K. Werner, Alessandra Micalizzi, E. Schubert, A. Rodà, Simone Milani, S. Canazza
{"title":"A Workflow and Digital Filters for Correcting Speed and Equalization Errors on Digitized Audio Open-Reel Magnetic Tapes","authors":"N. Pretto, Nadir Dalla Pozza, Alberto Padoan, Anthony Chmiel, K. Werner, Alessandra Micalizzi, E. Schubert, A. Rodà, Simone Milani, S. Canazza","doi":"10.17743/jaes.2022.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17743/jaes.2022.0009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50008,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Audio Engineering Society","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44996821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Quantifying Loudspeakers’ Power Consumption","authors":"S. Bouchet, Valentin Mouton","doi":"10.17743/jaes.2022.0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17743/jaes.2022.0019","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50008,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Audio Engineering Society","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42797405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The cylindrical radial filters refer to the discrete-time realizations of the radially dependent parts in cylindrical harmonic expansions, which are commonly described by the cylindrical Bessel functions. An efficient and accurate design of the radial filters is crucial in spatial signal processing applications, such as sound field synthesis and active noise control. This paper presents a radial filter design method where the filter coefficients are analytically derived from the time-domain representations. Time-domain sampling of the cylindrical radial functions typically leads to spectral aliasing artifacts and degrades the accuracy of the filter, which is mainly attributed to the unbounded discontinuities exhibited by the time-domain radial functions. This problem is coped with by exploiting an approximation where the cylindrical radial function is represented as a weighted sum of the radial functions in spherical harmonic expansions. Although the spherical radial functions also exhibit discontinuities in the time domain, the amplitude remains finite, which allows application of a recently introduced aliasing reduction method. The proposed cylindrical radial filter is thus designed by linearly combining the spherical radial filters with improved accuracy. The performance of the proposed cylindrical radial filters is demonstrated by examining the spectral deviations from the original spectrum.
{"title":"Cylindrical Radial Filter Design With Application to Local Wave Field Synthesis","authors":"Nara Hahn, Frank Schultz, S. Spors","doi":"10.17743/jaes.2022.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17743/jaes.2022.0013","url":null,"abstract":"The cylindrical radial filters refer to the discrete-time realizations of the radially dependent parts in cylindrical harmonic expansions, which are commonly described by the cylindrical Bessel functions. An efficient and accurate design of the radial filters is crucial in spatial signal processing applications, such as sound field synthesis and active noise control. This paper presents a radial filter design method where the filter coefficients are analytically derived from the time-domain representations. Time-domain sampling of the cylindrical radial functions typically leads to spectral aliasing artifacts and degrades the accuracy of the filter, which is mainly attributed to the unbounded discontinuities exhibited by the time-domain radial functions. This problem is coped with by exploiting an approximation where the cylindrical radial function is represented as a weighted sum of the radial functions in spherical harmonic expansions. Although the spherical radial functions also exhibit discontinuities in the time domain, the amplitude remains finite, which allows application of a recently introduced aliasing reduction method. The proposed cylindrical radial filter is thus designed by linearly combining the spherical radial filters with improved accuracy. The performance of the proposed cylindrical radial filters is demonstrated by examining the spectral deviations from the original spectrum.","PeriodicalId":50008,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Audio Engineering Society","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43446480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Majdak, F. Zotter, F. Brinkmann, Julien De Muynke, M. Mihocic, M. Noisternig
Spatially oriented acoustic data can range from a simple set of impulse responses, such as head-related transfer functions, to a large set of multiple-input multiple-output spatial room impulse responses obtained in complex measurements with a microphone array ex- cited by a loudspeaker array at various conditions. The spatially oriented format for acoustics (SOFA), which was standardized by AES Standard 69 provides a format to store and share such data. SOFA takes into account geometric representations of many acoustic scenarios, data compression, network transfer, and a link to complex room geometries and aims at simplifying the development of interfaces for many programming languages. With the recent advancement of SOFA, the format offers new continuous-direction representation of data by means of spherical harmonics and novel conventions representing many measurement scenarios, such as source directivity and multiple-input multiple-output spatial room impulse responses. This article reviews SOFA by first providing an introduction to SOFA and then describing examples that demonstrate the most recent features of the SOFA 2.1 ( AES Standard 69-2022 ).
{"title":"Spatially Oriented Format for Acoustics 2.1: Introduction and Recent Advances","authors":"P. Majdak, F. Zotter, F. Brinkmann, Julien De Muynke, M. Mihocic, M. Noisternig","doi":"10.17743/jaes.2022.0026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17743/jaes.2022.0026","url":null,"abstract":"Spatially oriented acoustic data can range from a simple set of impulse responses, such as head-related transfer functions, to a large set of multiple-input multiple-output spatial room impulse responses obtained in complex measurements with a microphone array ex- cited by a loudspeaker array at various conditions. The spatially oriented format for acoustics (SOFA), which was standardized by AES Standard 69 provides a format to store and share such data. SOFA takes into account geometric representations of many acoustic scenarios, data compression, network transfer, and a link to complex room geometries and aims at simplifying the development of interfaces for many programming languages. With the recent advancement of SOFA, the format offers new continuous-direction representation of data by means of spherical harmonics and novel conventions representing many measurement scenarios, such as source directivity and multiple-input multiple-output spatial room impulse responses. This article reviews SOFA by first providing an introduction to SOFA and then describing examples that demonstrate the most recent features of the SOFA 2.1 ( AES Standard 69-2022 ).","PeriodicalId":50008,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Audio Engineering Society","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43209100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Välimäki, Leonardo Fierro, Sebastian J. Schlecht, J. Backman
Two filtering methods for reducing the peak value of audio signals are studied. Both methods essentially warp the signal phase while leaving its magnitude spectrum unchanged. The first technique, originally proposed by Lynch in 1988, consists of a wideband linear chirp. The listening test presented here shows that the chirp must not be longer than 4 ms, so as not to cause any audible change in timbre. The second method, called the phase rotator, put forward in 2001 by Orban and Foti is based on a cascade of second-order all-pass filters. This work proposes extensions to improve the performance of the methods, including rules to choose the parameter values. A comparison with previous methods in terms of achieved peak reduction, using a collection of short audio signals, is presented. The computational load of both methods is sufficiently low for real-time application. The extended phase rotator method is found to be superior to the linear chirp method and comparable to the other search methods. The practical peak reduction obtained with the proposed methods spans from 0 to about 3.5 dB. The signal processing methods presented in this work can increase loudness or save power in audio playback.
{"title":"Audio Peak Reduction Using Ultra-Short Chirps","authors":"V. Välimäki, Leonardo Fierro, Sebastian J. Schlecht, J. Backman","doi":"10.17743/jaes.2022.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17743/jaes.2022.0011","url":null,"abstract":"Two filtering methods for reducing the peak value of audio signals are studied. Both methods essentially warp the signal phase while leaving its magnitude spectrum unchanged. The first technique, originally proposed by Lynch in 1988, consists of a wideband linear chirp. The listening test presented here shows that the chirp must not be longer than 4 ms, so as not to cause any audible change in timbre. The second method, called the phase rotator, put forward in 2001 by Orban and Foti is based on a cascade of second-order all-pass filters. This work proposes extensions to improve the performance of the methods, including rules to choose the parameter values. A comparison with previous methods in terms of achieved peak reduction, using a collection of short audio signals, is presented. The computational load of both methods is sufficiently low for real-time application. The extended phase rotator method is found to be superior to the linear chirp method and comparable to the other search methods. The practical peak reduction obtained with the proposed methods spans from 0 to about 3.5 dB. The signal processing methods presented in this work can increase loudness or save power in audio playback.","PeriodicalId":50008,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Audio Engineering Society","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46979620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In audio signal processing, the aim is the best possible sound quality for a given computational complexity. For this, taking into account the logarithmic frequency resolution of hearing is a good starting point. The present paper provides an overview on warped, Kautz, and fixed-pole parallel filters and demonstrates that they are all capable of achieving logarithmiclike frequency resolution, providing much more efficient filtering or equalization compared to straightforward finite impulse response (FIR) or infinite impulse response (IIR) filters. Besides presenting the historical development of the three methods, the paper discusses their relations and provides a comparison in terms of accuracy, computational requirements, and design complexity. The comparison includes loudspeaker–room response modeling and equalization examples.
{"title":"Warped, Kautz, and Fixed-Pole Parallel Filters: A Review","authors":"B. Bank","doi":"10.17743/jaes.2022.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17743/jaes.2022.0016","url":null,"abstract":"In audio signal processing, the aim is the best possible sound quality for a given computational complexity. For this, taking into account the logarithmic frequency resolution of hearing is a good starting point. The present paper provides an overview on warped, Kautz, and fixed-pole parallel filters and demonstrates that they are all capable of achieving logarithmiclike frequency resolution, providing much more efficient filtering or equalization compared to straightforward finite impulse response (FIR) or infinite impulse response (IIR) filters. Besides presenting the historical development of the three methods, the paper discusses their relations and provides a comparison in terms of accuracy, computational requirements, and design complexity. The comparison includes loudspeaker–room response modeling and equalization examples.","PeriodicalId":50008,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Audio Engineering Society","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42782846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pedro Lladó, Thomas McKenzie, Nils Meyer-Kahlen, Sebastian J. Schlecht
Acoustically transparent head-worn devices are a key component of auditory augmented reality systems, in which both real and virtual sound sources are presented to a listener simultaneously. Head-worn devices can exhibit a high transparency simply through their physical design but in practice will always obstruct the sound field to some extent. In this study, a method for predicting the perceptual transparency of head-worn devices is presented using numerical analysis of device measurements, testing both coloration and localization in the horizontal and median plane. Firstly, listening experiments are conducted to assess perceived coloration and localization impairments. Secondly, head-related transfer functions of a dummy head wearing the head-worn devices are measured, and auditory models are used to numerically quantify the introduced perceptual effects. The results show that the tested auditory models are capable of predicting perceptual transparency and are therefore robust in applications that they were not initially designed for.
{"title":"Predicting Perceptual Transparency of Head-Worn Devices","authors":"Pedro Lladó, Thomas McKenzie, Nils Meyer-Kahlen, Sebastian J. Schlecht","doi":"10.17743/jaes.2022.0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17743/jaes.2022.0024","url":null,"abstract":"Acoustically transparent head-worn devices are a key component of auditory augmented reality systems, in which both real and virtual sound sources are presented to a listener simultaneously. Head-worn devices can exhibit a high transparency simply through their physical design but in practice will always obstruct the sound field to some extent. In this study, a method for predicting the perceptual transparency of head-worn devices is presented using numerical analysis of device measurements, testing both coloration and localization in the horizontal and median plane. Firstly, listening experiments are conducted to assess perceived coloration and localization impairments. Secondly, head-related transfer functions of a dummy head wearing the head-worn devices are measured, and auditory models are used to numerically quantify the introduced perceptual effects. The results show that the tested auditory models are capable of predicting perceptual transparency and are therefore robust in applications that they were not initially designed for.","PeriodicalId":50008,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Audio Engineering Society","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67642375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents a systematic review of semantic music production, including a meta- analysis of three studies into how individuals use words to describe audio effects within music production. Each study followed different methodologies and stimuli. The SAFE project
{"title":"Semantic Music Production: A Meta-Study","authors":"D. Moffat, Brecht De Man, J. Reiss","doi":"10.17743/jaes.2022.0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17743/jaes.2022.0023","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a systematic review of semantic music production, including a meta- analysis of three studies into how individuals use words to describe audio effects within music production. Each study followed different methodologies and stimuli. The SAFE project","PeriodicalId":50008,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Audio Engineering Society","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43930595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Tuning the Nonlinear Acoustic Damping of Helmholtz Resonators Used in Loudspeaker Systems","authors":"Jie Huang, Xingchen Tian, Xuelei Feng, Yong Shen","doi":"10.17743/jaes.2022.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17743/jaes.2022.0007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50008,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Audio Engineering Society","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67641981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Riccardo Giampiccolo, Antonino Natoli, A. Bernardini, A. Sarti
{"title":"Parallel Wave Digital Filter Implementations of Audio Circuits with Multiple Nonlinearities","authors":"Riccardo Giampiccolo, Antonino Natoli, A. Bernardini, A. Sarti","doi":"10.17743/jaes.2022.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17743/jaes.2022.0012","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50008,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Audio Engineering Society","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44449932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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