Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-10-28DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2025.09.025
Kimi Sato MD, PhD, Bo Xu MD
{"title":"Utility of Pulmonic Regurgitation Velocity in Suspected Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension","authors":"Kimi Sato MD, PhD, Bo Xu MD","doi":"10.1016/j.echo.2025.09.025","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.echo.2025.09.025","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50011,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography","volume":"39 3","pages":"Page 325"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145410713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-10-13DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2025.10.004
Nicola Benjamin Dr Sc Hum, Veronika Schiffer, Ekkehard Grünig MD
{"title":"Reply to “Could Sex Differences Refine Risk Stratification in Pulmonary Hypertension?”","authors":"Nicola Benjamin Dr Sc Hum, Veronika Schiffer, Ekkehard Grünig MD","doi":"10.1016/j.echo.2025.10.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.echo.2025.10.004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50011,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography","volume":"39 3","pages":"Pages 324-325"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145304360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2025.11.014
Raymond F. Stainback MD, Cynthia C. Taub MD, MBA
{"title":"Reply to “Performing and Reporting Duration of the Optimal Echocardiographic Exam in Current Clinical Practice: Time to Turn the Page?”","authors":"Raymond F. Stainback MD, Cynthia C. Taub MD, MBA","doi":"10.1016/j.echo.2025.11.014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.echo.2025.11.014","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50011,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography","volume":"39 3","pages":"Page 331"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145670231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2025.10.019
Luca Dell’Angela MD, Andrea Sonaglioni MD, Gian Luigi Nicolosi MD
{"title":"Performing and Reporting Duration of the Optimal Echocardiographic Exam in Current Clinical Practice: Time to Turn the Page?","authors":"Luca Dell’Angela MD, Andrea Sonaglioni MD, Gian Luigi Nicolosi MD","doi":"10.1016/j.echo.2025.10.019","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.echo.2025.10.019","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50011,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography","volume":"39 3","pages":"Pages 329-330"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145670203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-26DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2026.02.011
Alexander Suchodolski, Mariola Szulik, Jacek Kowalczyk, Tomasz Niklewski
{"title":"Prevalence and Demographic Characteristics of Left-Sided Mixed Valve Disease: Insights from the Z-TRACK Registry.","authors":"Alexander Suchodolski, Mariola Szulik, Jacek Kowalczyk, Tomasz Niklewski","doi":"10.1016/j.echo.2026.02.011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2026.02.011","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50011,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147322278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-19DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2026.02.008
João L Cavalcante, Davide Margonato
{"title":"Evolving the Understanding of Quantifying Tricuspid Regurgitation: From Doppler Assumptions to Volumetric Accuracy.","authors":"João L Cavalcante, Davide Margonato","doi":"10.1016/j.echo.2026.02.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.echo.2026.02.008","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50011,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146777140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-19DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2026.02.010
Johan T M Tol, Sharida Mohamedhoesein, Susanne Eberl, Denise P Veelo, S Matthijs Boekholdt, Nina Ajmone Marsan, Henning Hermanns
Echocardiography is a cornerstone of diagnosis and management of heart disease. Its ability to provide real-time, detailed images of cardiac anatomy and function is essential for guiding both surgical and percutaneous cardiac interventions, the majority of which require the use of general anesthesia. The profound cardiac physiological changes that accompany general anesthesia can affect echocardiographic parameters and thereby potentially hamper accurate assessment. Next to anesthesia, mechanical ventilation also introduces hemodynamic changes in atrial, ventricular, and valvular function that further complicate echocardiographic interpretation. Of particular concern are changes in valvular regurgitant flow patterns and transvalvular gradients, which are critical for correct clinical diagnosis and treatment. Understanding the nuanced effects of anesthesia and mechanical ventilation on echocardiographic parameters is paramount for clinicians involved in cardiac care, including cardiologists, echocardiographers, anesthesiologists, intensivists and cardiac surgeons. Appropriate echocardiographic assessment under these conditions not only ensures accurate diagnosis, but also informs therapeutic strategies and guides intraoperative decision making and procedural planning. This narrative review highlights the complex interplay between general anesthesia, mechanical ventilation, and echocardiographic evaluation. By elucidating the physiological changes induced by these interventions, it aims to enhance clinical understanding and ultimately improve patient outcomes.
{"title":"The Effect of General Anesthesia and Mechanical Ventilation on the Echocardiographic Evaluation of Cardiac Function.","authors":"Johan T M Tol, Sharida Mohamedhoesein, Susanne Eberl, Denise P Veelo, S Matthijs Boekholdt, Nina Ajmone Marsan, Henning Hermanns","doi":"10.1016/j.echo.2026.02.010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2026.02.010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Echocardiography is a cornerstone of diagnosis and management of heart disease. Its ability to provide real-time, detailed images of cardiac anatomy and function is essential for guiding both surgical and percutaneous cardiac interventions, the majority of which require the use of general anesthesia. The profound cardiac physiological changes that accompany general anesthesia can affect echocardiographic parameters and thereby potentially hamper accurate assessment. Next to anesthesia, mechanical ventilation also introduces hemodynamic changes in atrial, ventricular, and valvular function that further complicate echocardiographic interpretation. Of particular concern are changes in valvular regurgitant flow patterns and transvalvular gradients, which are critical for correct clinical diagnosis and treatment. Understanding the nuanced effects of anesthesia and mechanical ventilation on echocardiographic parameters is paramount for clinicians involved in cardiac care, including cardiologists, echocardiographers, anesthesiologists, intensivists and cardiac surgeons. Appropriate echocardiographic assessment under these conditions not only ensures accurate diagnosis, but also informs therapeutic strategies and guides intraoperative decision making and procedural planning. This narrative review highlights the complex interplay between general anesthesia, mechanical ventilation, and echocardiographic evaluation. By elucidating the physiological changes induced by these interventions, it aims to enhance clinical understanding and ultimately improve patient outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":50011,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146777131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-19DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2026.02.009
Azin Vakilpour, Michael G Levin, Emeka C Anyanwu, Srinivas Denduluri, Krishna Ravindra, Ellen Boakye, Estherland Duqueney, Jamey A Cutts, Liam C Giffin, Ian K Weber, Jennifer N Lee, Srinath Adusumalli, John Ndicu, Avi Patel, Jackson Stromberg, Juan Lopez-Mattei, Jesse Chittams, David B Jones, Kathleen Weiss, Carlton Hartwell, Michael Bolooki, Jamieson M Bourque, Marielle Scherrer-Crosbie
Background: Undertreatment of severe aortic stenosis (AS) including absence and delays in referral to cardiac specialty care remains common, particularly when patients are followed by non-cardiac specialty providers. Electronic health record (EHR)-based nudges improve adherence to treatment but have not been widely evaluated in valvular heart disease.
Methods: In this multicenter study across three diverse U.S. health systems, an automated, non-interruptive EHR-embedded nudge was implemented within the echocardiography report of patients with a first diagnosis (index echo) of severe AS. The study primarily targeted patients whose index echo was ordered by non-cardiac specialty providers. The primary endpoint was referral to a cardiac specialist within 90 days. Secondary endpoints were a composite of completed cardiac specialty visit or aortic valve replacement (AVR) within 90 days, and AVR within 6 months. Analyses compared pre- and post-nudge cohorts using propensity score matching and multivariable logistic regression models. A difference-in-difference analysis was conducted to evaluate whether the nudge's effect differed by referring provider specialty (cardiac vs. non-cardiac).
Results: 5,009 patients (mean age 78±11 years, 57% men, 88% White, 69% symptomatic) were identified. After propensity score matching (Total n=3,840, Pre-nudge: 2,560 patients, post-nudge: 1,280 patients), referral to cardiac specialty care increased from 94% pre-nudge to 97% post-nudge (p<0.001), and the composite outcome improved from 89% to 93% post-nudge (p=0.003). Among non-cardiac specialty providers, all three outcomes of referral (89% to 96%, p<0.001), composite outcome (83% to 88%, p=0.017) and AVR within 6 months were higher post-nudge (33% to 39%, p=0.016). In the multivariable logistic regression model of the full-cohort, the nudge was independently associated with higher odds of referral (aOR 1.62, 95% CI 1.15-2.30; p=0.006) and composite outcome (aOR 1.40, 95% CI 1.10-1.79; p=0.007), with a significant interaction indicating that the effect was most pronounced among non-cardiac specialty providers (p<0.001).
Conclusion: A non-interruptive, scalable, EHR-embedded nudge within echocardiography reports improved referral to cardiac specialty care and treatment in patients with newly diagnosed severe AS, particularly among non-cardiac specialty providers. These findings support the role of non-interruptive, automated nudges in standardizing guidelines-based care in severe AS.
{"title":"Impact of a Non-interruptive Echocardiogram Report-Embedded Nudge on Rates of Referral to Cardiac Specialty Care and Aortic Valve Replacement in Patients with Severe Aortic Stenosis: A Multicenter Intervention.","authors":"Azin Vakilpour, Michael G Levin, Emeka C Anyanwu, Srinivas Denduluri, Krishna Ravindra, Ellen Boakye, Estherland Duqueney, Jamey A Cutts, Liam C Giffin, Ian K Weber, Jennifer N Lee, Srinath Adusumalli, John Ndicu, Avi Patel, Jackson Stromberg, Juan Lopez-Mattei, Jesse Chittams, David B Jones, Kathleen Weiss, Carlton Hartwell, Michael Bolooki, Jamieson M Bourque, Marielle Scherrer-Crosbie","doi":"10.1016/j.echo.2026.02.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2026.02.009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Undertreatment of severe aortic stenosis (AS) including absence and delays in referral to cardiac specialty care remains common, particularly when patients are followed by non-cardiac specialty providers. Electronic health record (EHR)-based nudges improve adherence to treatment but have not been widely evaluated in valvular heart disease.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this multicenter study across three diverse U.S. health systems, an automated, non-interruptive EHR-embedded nudge was implemented within the echocardiography report of patients with a first diagnosis (index echo) of severe AS. The study primarily targeted patients whose index echo was ordered by non-cardiac specialty providers. The primary endpoint was referral to a cardiac specialist within 90 days. Secondary endpoints were a composite of completed cardiac specialty visit or aortic valve replacement (AVR) within 90 days, and AVR within 6 months. Analyses compared pre- and post-nudge cohorts using propensity score matching and multivariable logistic regression models. A difference-in-difference analysis was conducted to evaluate whether the nudge's effect differed by referring provider specialty (cardiac vs. non-cardiac).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>5,009 patients (mean age 78±11 years, 57% men, 88% White, 69% symptomatic) were identified. After propensity score matching (Total n=3,840, Pre-nudge: 2,560 patients, post-nudge: 1,280 patients), referral to cardiac specialty care increased from 94% pre-nudge to 97% post-nudge (p<0.001), and the composite outcome improved from 89% to 93% post-nudge (p=0.003). Among non-cardiac specialty providers, all three outcomes of referral (89% to 96%, p<0.001), composite outcome (83% to 88%, p=0.017) and AVR within 6 months were higher post-nudge (33% to 39%, p=0.016). In the multivariable logistic regression model of the full-cohort, the nudge was independently associated with higher odds of referral (aOR 1.62, 95% CI 1.15-2.30; p=0.006) and composite outcome (aOR 1.40, 95% CI 1.10-1.79; p=0.007), with a significant interaction indicating that the effect was most pronounced among non-cardiac specialty providers (p<0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>A non-interruptive, scalable, EHR-embedded nudge within echocardiography reports improved referral to cardiac specialty care and treatment in patients with newly diagnosed severe AS, particularly among non-cardiac specialty providers. These findings support the role of non-interruptive, automated nudges in standardizing guidelines-based care in severe AS.</p>","PeriodicalId":50011,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146777099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-18DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2026.02.007
Tasneem Z Naqvi
{"title":"Grades 1 and 2 Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction: Early Right Ventricular Involvement and the Case for a Biventricular Paradigm.","authors":"Tasneem Z Naqvi","doi":"10.1016/j.echo.2026.02.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.echo.2026.02.007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50011,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146259808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-13DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2026.02.006
Haley Sherburne, Rahul Kanade, Jonathan N Johnson, Elizabeth H Stephens, Frank Cetta, Hector I Michelena, Donald J Hagler, Talha Niaz
<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is one of the most common congenital heart defects (CHDs). However, guidelines for imaging surveillance frequency are not well established among young children, particularly those diagnosed during infancy without hemodynamically significant associated congenital lesions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The Mayo Clinic echocardiography database was retrospectively searched for infants (age <1 year) diagnosed with BAV from 2001 to 2019. We initially identified 307 patients, and of these, 204 (66%) patients with BAV and concomitant significant CHD were excluded. Therefore, 103 (34%) patients with isolated BAV without critical valvulopathy and/or BAV with simple CHD (atrial septal defects, muscular ventricular septal defects, and/or patent ductus arteriosus) were included for further analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, 103 infants (68% male) with isolated BAV or BAV with simple CHD underwent their first echocardiogram at a median age of 8 days (interquartile range [IQR], 2-84 days; range, 0-349 days). A total of 92 (89%) subjects had at least 1 follow-up visit and most recent echocardiogram at a median age of 8.6 years (IQR, 3.7-13.6 years) with a total clinical follow-up of 791 patient-years. Bicuspid aortic valve was present as an isolated lesion in 43% (44/103), while concomitant simple CHD was present in 57% (59/103) of infants. The most common indication for an echocardiogram was presence of a murmur (68%, 70/103). The first echocardiogram demonstrated aortic regurgitation (AR) in 4% (4/92) and aortic stenosis (AS) in 30% (28/92). A total of 10 aortic valve procedures were performed in 8 patients (9%), with AS (P < .001) and ascending aortic Z score ≥2 (P = .006) on the index echocardiogram significantly associated with risk of aortic valve intervention. Among 61 infants without AS or AR on their first echocardiogram (61/92), none required any valvular intervention at a median follow-up age of 6.0 years (IQR, 2.1-10.8 years). Among 28 infants who had AS (any degree) on their first echocardiogram, 8 (29%) required valvular intervention by a median age of 12.4 years (IQR, 7.2-17.7 years) and all had at least moderate AS at the baseline echocardiogram. Aortic stenosis on the baseline echocardiogram was predictive of not only aortic valve intervention (P < .001) but also progression of AR (P = .007) and ascending aorta dilation (P = .0002) at last follow-up. Among 35 infants with aortopathy at their first echocardiogram, none required intervention on the aorta at a median age of 8.8 years (IQR, 4.0-14.2 years). Overall, 4 patients died, with no deaths related to cardiac disease.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Infants with normally functioning BAV without severe CHD did not develop significant valvulopathy or aortopathy over the first few years of life and required no interventions on the aortic valve or aorta. Conversely, those with more than mild AS or ascending aortic
{"title":"Bicuspid Aortic Valve in Infants without Severe Congenital Heart Defects: Early Echocardiographic Findings Guide Surveillance Strategies.","authors":"Haley Sherburne, Rahul Kanade, Jonathan N Johnson, Elizabeth H Stephens, Frank Cetta, Hector I Michelena, Donald J Hagler, Talha Niaz","doi":"10.1016/j.echo.2026.02.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.echo.2026.02.006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is one of the most common congenital heart defects (CHDs). However, guidelines for imaging surveillance frequency are not well established among young children, particularly those diagnosed during infancy without hemodynamically significant associated congenital lesions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The Mayo Clinic echocardiography database was retrospectively searched for infants (age <1 year) diagnosed with BAV from 2001 to 2019. We initially identified 307 patients, and of these, 204 (66%) patients with BAV and concomitant significant CHD were excluded. Therefore, 103 (34%) patients with isolated BAV without critical valvulopathy and/or BAV with simple CHD (atrial septal defects, muscular ventricular septal defects, and/or patent ductus arteriosus) were included for further analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, 103 infants (68% male) with isolated BAV or BAV with simple CHD underwent their first echocardiogram at a median age of 8 days (interquartile range [IQR], 2-84 days; range, 0-349 days). A total of 92 (89%) subjects had at least 1 follow-up visit and most recent echocardiogram at a median age of 8.6 years (IQR, 3.7-13.6 years) with a total clinical follow-up of 791 patient-years. Bicuspid aortic valve was present as an isolated lesion in 43% (44/103), while concomitant simple CHD was present in 57% (59/103) of infants. The most common indication for an echocardiogram was presence of a murmur (68%, 70/103). The first echocardiogram demonstrated aortic regurgitation (AR) in 4% (4/92) and aortic stenosis (AS) in 30% (28/92). A total of 10 aortic valve procedures were performed in 8 patients (9%), with AS (P < .001) and ascending aortic Z score ≥2 (P = .006) on the index echocardiogram significantly associated with risk of aortic valve intervention. Among 61 infants without AS or AR on their first echocardiogram (61/92), none required any valvular intervention at a median follow-up age of 6.0 years (IQR, 2.1-10.8 years). Among 28 infants who had AS (any degree) on their first echocardiogram, 8 (29%) required valvular intervention by a median age of 12.4 years (IQR, 7.2-17.7 years) and all had at least moderate AS at the baseline echocardiogram. Aortic stenosis on the baseline echocardiogram was predictive of not only aortic valve intervention (P < .001) but also progression of AR (P = .007) and ascending aorta dilation (P = .0002) at last follow-up. Among 35 infants with aortopathy at their first echocardiogram, none required intervention on the aorta at a median age of 8.8 years (IQR, 4.0-14.2 years). Overall, 4 patients died, with no deaths related to cardiac disease.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Infants with normally functioning BAV without severe CHD did not develop significant valvulopathy or aortopathy over the first few years of life and required no interventions on the aortic valve or aorta. Conversely, those with more than mild AS or ascending aortic","PeriodicalId":50011,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146203629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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