Pub Date : 2024-09-11DOI: 10.1101/2024.09.10.24313352
Eric Vidoni, George Grove, Amanda Szabo-Reed, Mickeal N Key, Haiqing Huang, Jeffrey M Burns, Charles H Hillman, John Jakicic, Chaeryon Kang, Arthur F Kramer, Edward McAuley, Lu Wan, Tera Hawes, Sydney S White, Kirk I Erickson
Purpose: This study aimed to assess the incidence of adverse events (AE) in older adults participating in a year-long exercise intervention, investigating potential dose-response relationships between exercise intensity and AE frequency, and identifying demographic factors associated with AE risk. Methods: A total of 648 older adults were randomized into one of three exercise groups: low-intensity stretching and toning (S&T), 150 minutes of aerobic exercise per week (150Ex), or 225 minutes of aerobic exercise per week (225Ex). Adverse events were tracked during the intervention, with event rates calculated based on participant adherence and time in the study. Generalized linear models were employed to compare AE incidence across groups. Post hoc comparisons were used to calculate incidence rate ratios (IRRs) for AE between groups, adjusting for multiple comparisons. Results: Overall, 306 AE were reported, with 44% related to the intervention. No significant dose-response relationship was observed for all-cause AE between groups. However, intervention-related AE were more frequent in the aerobic exercise groups. Participants in the 150Ex group had a 77% higher rate of intervention-related AE compared to the S&T group, and the 225Ex group had an 88% higher rate. Higher adherence was associated with fewer all-cause AE, and greater comorbid burden was associated with more AE. Conclusions: While aerobic exercise increased the risk of intervention-related AE, the overall risk remained low. Higher adherence to the exercise regimen was associated with fewer AE. These findings suggest aerobic exercise is generally safe in older adults, with the benefits outweighing the risks.
{"title":"Adverse Events During a 12-month Multi-Site and Dose-Response Aerobic Exercise Intervention","authors":"Eric Vidoni, George Grove, Amanda Szabo-Reed, Mickeal N Key, Haiqing Huang, Jeffrey M Burns, Charles H Hillman, John Jakicic, Chaeryon Kang, Arthur F Kramer, Edward McAuley, Lu Wan, Tera Hawes, Sydney S White, Kirk I Erickson","doi":"10.1101/2024.09.10.24313352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.09.10.24313352","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: This study aimed to assess the incidence of adverse events (AE) in older adults participating in a year-long exercise intervention, investigating potential dose-response relationships between exercise intensity and AE frequency, and identifying demographic factors associated with AE risk.\u0000Methods: A total of 648 older adults were randomized into one of three exercise groups: low-intensity stretching and toning (S&T), 150 minutes of aerobic exercise per week (150Ex), or 225 minutes of aerobic exercise per week (225Ex). Adverse events were tracked during the intervention, with event rates calculated based on participant adherence and time in the study. Generalized linear models were employed to compare AE incidence across groups. Post hoc comparisons were used to calculate incidence rate ratios (IRRs) for AE between groups, adjusting for multiple comparisons.\u0000Results: Overall, 306 AE were reported, with 44% related to the intervention. No significant dose-response relationship was observed for all-cause AE between groups. However, intervention-related AE were more frequent in the aerobic exercise groups. Participants in the 150Ex group had a 77% higher rate of intervention-related AE compared to the S&T group, and the 225Ex group had an 88% higher rate. Higher adherence was associated with fewer all-cause AE, and greater comorbid burden was associated with more AE.\u0000Conclusions: While aerobic exercise increased the risk of intervention-related AE, the overall risk remained low. Higher adherence to the exercise regimen was associated with fewer AE. These findings suggest aerobic exercise is generally safe in older adults, with the benefits outweighing the risks.","PeriodicalId":501122,"journal":{"name":"medRxiv - Sports Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142199996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose Pre-muscle contraction improves sports performance because post-activation potentiation (PAP), induced by a previous intense voluntary contraction (conditioning contraction), amplifies the subsequent target muscle contraction. This study aims to examine the influence of conditioning contraction on the performance of ballistic motion, particularly on the stretch-shortening cycle (SSC).
{"title":"Effect of maximum voluntary isometric contraction of the triceps surae muscle on a subsequent drop jump","authors":"Taiki Ino, Keita Ogawara, Shuichi Uchiyama, Shinya Endo, Seiji Miyazaki, Hiroshi Yamada","doi":"10.1101/2024.09.04.24312972","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.09.04.24312972","url":null,"abstract":"<strong>Purpose</strong> Pre-muscle contraction improves sports performance because post-activation potentiation (PAP), induced by a previous intense voluntary contraction (conditioning contraction), amplifies the subsequent target muscle contraction. This study aims to examine the influence of conditioning contraction on the performance of ballistic motion, particularly on the stretch-shortening cycle (SSC).","PeriodicalId":501122,"journal":{"name":"medRxiv - Sports Medicine","volume":"81 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142200018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-28DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.27.24312381
Ignacio Contreras-Hernandez, Deborah Falla, Michail Arvanitidis, Francesco Negro, David Jimenez-Grande, Eduardo Martinez-Valdes
Non-insertional Achilles tendinopathy (NIAT) induces morpho-mechanical changes to the Achilles tendon (AT). However, evidence on how triceps surae motor unit firing properties are influenced by altered tendon mechanics in NIAT is limited. This study investigated motor unit firing properties (mean discharge rate (DR), recruitment and de-recruitment thresholds, and discharge rate variability (COVisi)), motor unit firing-torque relationships (cross-correlation coefficient between cumulative spike train (CST) and torque, and neuromechanical delay), and neural drive distribution (connectivity strength and functional networks) of the medial gastrocnemius (MG), lateral gastrocnemius (LG), and soleus (SO) muscles during isometric plantarflexion contractions at 10%, 40%, and 70% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) using high-density surface electromyography on 26 individuals with NIAT and 25 healthy controls. Furthermore, AT’s morpho-mechanical properties (thickness, cross-sectional area, length and stiffness) were assessed via ultrasound imaging. NIAT individuals showed reduced tendon stiffness and increased thickness (p<0.01). Motor unit properties changed in a load and muscle-dependent manner. LG DR increased (p=0.002) and de-recruitment threshold decreased (p=0.039) at 70%MVC in the NIAT group compared to controls. The CST-torque cross-correlation coefficient of the LG decreased at 10%MVC (p<0.0001) and increased at 70%MVC (p=0.013) in the NIAT group. Connectivity strength for the 0-5 Hz and 5-15 Hz frequency bands decreased (p<0.01) in the NIAT group at 10%MVC. This study shows that individuals with NIAT exhibit load-dependent changes in motor unit firing properties, motor unit-torque relationships, and neural drive distribution to the triceps surae. These alterations may be due to muscle-specific compensations for the modified mechanical properties of the AT.
{"title":"Load and muscle dependent changes in triceps surae motor unit firing properties and motor unit firing-torque relationships in individuals with non-insertional Achilles tendinopathy","authors":"Ignacio Contreras-Hernandez, Deborah Falla, Michail Arvanitidis, Francesco Negro, David Jimenez-Grande, Eduardo Martinez-Valdes","doi":"10.1101/2024.08.27.24312381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.08.27.24312381","url":null,"abstract":"Non-insertional Achilles tendinopathy (NIAT) induces morpho-mechanical changes to the Achilles tendon (AT). However, evidence on how triceps surae motor unit firing properties are influenced by altered tendon mechanics in NIAT is limited. This study investigated motor unit firing properties (mean discharge rate (DR), recruitment and de-recruitment thresholds, and discharge rate variability (COVisi)), motor unit firing-torque relationships (cross-correlation coefficient between cumulative spike train (CST) and torque, and neuromechanical delay), and neural drive distribution (connectivity strength and functional networks) of the medial gastrocnemius (MG), lateral gastrocnemius (LG), and soleus (SO) muscles during isometric plantarflexion contractions at 10%, 40%, and 70% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) using high-density surface electromyography on 26 individuals with NIAT and 25 healthy controls. Furthermore, AT’s morpho-mechanical properties (thickness, cross-sectional area, length and stiffness) were assessed via ultrasound imaging. NIAT individuals showed reduced tendon stiffness and increased thickness (p<0.01). Motor unit properties changed in a load and muscle-dependent manner. LG DR increased (p=0.002) and de-recruitment threshold decreased (p=0.039) at 70%MVC in the NIAT group compared to controls. The CST-torque cross-correlation coefficient of the LG decreased at 10%MVC (p<0.0001) and increased at 70%MVC (p=0.013) in the NIAT group. Connectivity strength for the 0-5 Hz and 5-15 Hz frequency bands decreased (p<0.01) in the NIAT group at 10%MVC. This study shows that individuals with NIAT exhibit load-dependent changes in motor unit firing properties, motor unit-torque relationships, and neural drive distribution to the triceps surae. These alterations may be due to muscle-specific compensations for the modified mechanical properties of the AT.","PeriodicalId":501122,"journal":{"name":"medRxiv - Sports Medicine","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142200019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-26DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.26.24312465
Dimakatso Ramagole, Dina Christa Janse van Rensburg, Charlotte Cowie, Ritan Mehta, Gopika Ramkilawon, Babette Pluim, Gino Kerkhoffs, Vincent Gouttebarge
Abstract Aims: To explore health patterns in female professional football players in the domains of gynaecological health patterns, contraceptive use, body perception and motherhood experiences, including return to play after childbirth. Methods: An online questionnaire was emailed to active female professional football players via email. Participants were asked about their menstrual cycle,contraception use and motherhood. Validated questionnaires were used to assess body dissatisfaction (BD) and drive for thinness (DT). Results: A total of 74 female professional football players were enrolled. The mean age at menarche was 13.5 years, average cycle length of 26 days and a bleeding period of 5 days. Cycle irregularities were experienced by 30% of participants, and menstrual symptoms by 74%. Half of the participants used contraceptives, with 60% using hormonal contraceptives, primarily oral contraceptive pills (38%), followed by implants (20%). Participants had a normal BD score, but a higher-than-expected DT score. The motherhood rate was low (1%), with normal conception, vaginal delivery, return to training after 6 weeks, and return to competition after 12 weeks. Conclusion: Cycle irregularities are common in female professional football players, with a significant number of cycle-related symptoms. The majority on contraceptives preferred hormonal contraceptives, especially oral contraceptive pills (OCP) followed by implants, reflecting trends seen in elite athletes gynaecological health. While body satisfaction scores were normal, there was an unexpectedly high drive-for-thinness score, similar to that observed in lean or weight-category sports. The rate of motherhood was low, consistent with previous findings in professional football players.
{"title":"Gynaecological health patterns and motherhood experiences of female professional football players","authors":"Dimakatso Ramagole, Dina Christa Janse van Rensburg, Charlotte Cowie, Ritan Mehta, Gopika Ramkilawon, Babette Pluim, Gino Kerkhoffs, Vincent Gouttebarge","doi":"10.1101/2024.08.26.24312465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.08.26.24312465","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000Aims: To explore health patterns in female professional football players in the domains of gynaecological health patterns, contraceptive use, body perception and motherhood experiences, including return to play after childbirth.\u0000Methods: An online questionnaire was emailed to active female professional football players via email. Participants were asked about their menstrual cycle,contraception use and motherhood. Validated questionnaires were used to assess body dissatisfaction (BD) and drive for thinness (DT).\u0000Results: A total of 74 female professional football players were enrolled. The mean age at menarche was 13.5 years, average cycle length of 26 days and a bleeding period of 5 days. Cycle irregularities were experienced by 30% of participants, and menstrual symptoms by 74%. Half of the participants used contraceptives, with 60% using hormonal contraceptives, primarily oral contraceptive pills (38%), followed by implants (20%). Participants had a normal BD score, but a higher-than-expected DT score. The motherhood rate was low (1%), with normal conception, vaginal delivery, return to training after 6 weeks, and return to competition after 12 weeks.\u0000Conclusion: Cycle irregularities are common in female professional football players, with a significant number of cycle-related symptoms. The majority on contraceptives preferred hormonal contraceptives, especially oral contraceptive pills (OCP) followed by implants, reflecting trends seen in elite athletes gynaecological health. While body satisfaction scores were normal, there was an unexpectedly high drive-for-thinness score, similar to that observed in lean or weight-category sports. The rate of motherhood was low, consistent with previous findings in professional football players.","PeriodicalId":501122,"journal":{"name":"medRxiv - Sports Medicine","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142200020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-26DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.24.24312375
Silvia Giagio, Stephane Bermon, Frederic Garrandes, Tamara Rial Rebullido, Paolo Pillastrini, Marco Vecchiato, Paolo Emilio Adami
Objectives: This study aims to investigate various aspects of pelvic floor health among male and female athletes participating in the Lima World Athletics U20 Championships. Methods: This observational, cross-sectional study will be conducted through a web-based survey via SurveyMonkey. The survey will collect demographic and anthropometric data, as well as medical history, including any injuries to the lower abdomen or pelvic area and history of urinary tract infections. It will also gather information on athletics-related characteristics, such as event specialization, training intensity, and competition volume. Additionally, the survey will explore pelvic floor health by assessing athletes' knowledge of pelvic floor function and dysfunctions, as well as related behaviors. The prevalence rates of pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD) - including urinary and anal incontinence, pelvic pain, overactive bladder, and pelvic organ prolapse - will be assessed, along with their impact on sports participation and potential risk factors. Urinary incontinence will be further evaluated using the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-UI Short-Form (ICIQ-UI-SF), with a focus on identifying specific triggers related to athletic activities. Participants will also provide information about their experiences with pelvic floor screening, discussions about these issues, symptom management strategies, and any medical assessments or treatments they have received. Data will be analyzed using descriptive statistics and subgroup analyses. Correlation between collected variables and the presence of PFD will be investigated using correlation analyses. Conclusion: The findings from this study will provide valuable insights into the unique challenges faced by young elite athletes concerning pelvic floor health. This research represents an initial step toward an international initiative, promoted by World Athletics, to enhance pelvic floor health surveillance and promote overall well-being in athletics.
{"title":"Pelvic floor health in athletics: a cross-sectional study at the Lima World Athletics U20 Championships","authors":"Silvia Giagio, Stephane Bermon, Frederic Garrandes, Tamara Rial Rebullido, Paolo Pillastrini, Marco Vecchiato, Paolo Emilio Adami","doi":"10.1101/2024.08.24.24312375","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.08.24.24312375","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: This study aims to investigate various aspects of pelvic floor health among male and female athletes participating in the Lima World Athletics U20 Championships.\u0000Methods: This observational, cross-sectional study will be conducted through a web-based survey via SurveyMonkey. The survey will collect demographic and anthropometric data, as well as medical history, including any injuries to the lower abdomen or pelvic area and history of urinary tract infections. It will also gather information on athletics-related characteristics, such as event specialization, training intensity, and competition volume. Additionally, the survey will explore pelvic floor health by assessing athletes' knowledge of pelvic floor function and dysfunctions, as well as related behaviors. The prevalence rates of pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD) - including urinary and anal incontinence, pelvic pain, overactive bladder, and pelvic organ prolapse - will be assessed, along with their impact on sports participation and potential risk factors. Urinary incontinence will be further evaluated using the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-UI Short-Form (ICIQ-UI-SF), with a focus on identifying specific triggers related to athletic activities. Participants will also provide information about their experiences with pelvic floor screening, discussions about these issues, symptom management strategies, and any medical assessments or treatments they have received. Data will be analyzed using descriptive statistics and subgroup analyses. Correlation between collected variables and the presence of PFD will be investigated using correlation analyses.\u0000Conclusion: The findings from this study will provide valuable insights into the unique challenges faced by young elite athletes concerning pelvic floor health. This research represents an initial step toward an international initiative, promoted by World Athletics, to enhance pelvic floor health surveillance and promote overall well-being in athletics.","PeriodicalId":501122,"journal":{"name":"medRxiv - Sports Medicine","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142225694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-26DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.23.24312521
John W. Orchard, Nathan Luies, Robert J. Buckley, Adam Castricum
Introduction: Western Pacific nations have experienced lower excess mortality compared to rest of the world since 2020 and recently performed exceptionally well on the medal tally at the 2024 Paris Olympics. This study aimed to analyse any possible connection between these factors. Methods: The top performing 18 nations from 2012, 2016 and 2020 Olympics (after Russia and Ukraine were excluded) had their relative Gold medals, total medals and medal points (Gold =3, Silver=2, Bronze=1) for Paris 2024 analysed using a backward stepwise linear regression model. Initial input factors included previous medal tallies, home city advantage, time zone effects, national excess deaths 2020-2023, average GDP growth 2020-2023 and number of country signatories to the Great Barrington Declaration (GBD), with factors >P=0.10 removed sequentially. Results: Total medals were best predicted by previous total medals (t=21.0, P<0.001) and home city advantage (t=4.1, P<0.001). Gold medals were best predicted by previous Gold medals (t=10.3, P<0.001), low national excess deaths (t=-3.2, P<0.007) and low signatories to the GBD (t=-2.2, P<0.05). Medal points were best predicted by previous medal points (t=18.1, P<0.001), home city advantage (t=3.2, P<0.007) and low national excess deaths (t=-1.8, P<0.09). Discussion: The Western Pacific countries with a COVID-cautious national perspective (Australia, China, Japan, New Zealand, South Korea) tended to win more Gold medals than expected in Paris, compared to countries with a COVID-stoical national perspective (e.g. Great Britain, United States) which won fewer Golds than expected. This suggests that a COVID-cautious mentality may have contributed to better performance than a COVID-stoical approach. It is unclear whether any mechanism was physiological (less infectious disease impact before or during the Olympics) or psychological. If this effect existed for Golds, it did not appear to have any effect on Silver and Bronze medals.
{"title":"Possible impact of national responses to the COVID pandemic on medal tallies at the Paris 2024 Olympics","authors":"John W. Orchard, Nathan Luies, Robert J. Buckley, Adam Castricum","doi":"10.1101/2024.08.23.24312521","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.08.23.24312521","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Western Pacific nations have experienced lower excess mortality compared to rest of the world since 2020 and recently performed exceptionally well on the medal tally at the 2024 Paris Olympics. This study aimed to analyse any possible connection between these factors.\u0000Methods: The top performing 18 nations from 2012, 2016 and 2020 Olympics (after Russia and Ukraine were excluded) had their relative Gold medals, total medals and medal points (Gold =3, Silver=2, Bronze=1) for Paris 2024 analysed using a backward stepwise linear regression model. Initial input factors included previous medal tallies, home city advantage, time zone effects, national excess deaths 2020-2023, average GDP growth 2020-2023 and number of country signatories to the Great Barrington Declaration (GBD), with factors >P=0.10 removed sequentially.\u0000Results: Total medals were best predicted by previous total medals (t=21.0, P<0.001) and home city advantage (t=4.1, P<0.001). Gold medals were best predicted by previous Gold medals (t=10.3, P<0.001), low national excess deaths (t=-3.2, P<0.007) and low signatories to the GBD (t=-2.2, P<0.05). Medal points were best predicted by previous medal points (t=18.1, P<0.001), home city advantage (t=3.2, P<0.007) and low national excess deaths (t=-1.8, P<0.09).\u0000Discussion: The Western Pacific countries with a COVID-cautious national perspective (Australia, China, Japan, New Zealand, South Korea) tended to win more Gold medals than expected in Paris, compared to countries with a COVID-stoical national perspective (e.g. Great Britain, United States) which won fewer Golds than expected. This suggests that a COVID-cautious mentality may have contributed to better performance than a COVID-stoical approach. It is unclear whether any mechanism was physiological (less infectious disease impact before or during the Olympics) or psychological. If this effect existed for Golds, it did not appear to have any effect on Silver and Bronze medals.","PeriodicalId":501122,"journal":{"name":"medRxiv - Sports Medicine","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142199905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-14DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.14.24311967
Timo Eronen, Jukka A. Lipponen, Vesa Hyrylä, Saana Kupari, Jaakko Mursu, Mika Venojärvi, Heikki O. Tikkanen, Mika P. Tarvainen
Ventilatory thresholds (VT1 and VT2) are critical in exercise prescription and athletic training, delineating the transitions from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism. More specifically, VT1 signifies the onset of lactate accumulation whilst VT2 signifies the onset of metabolic acidosis. Accurate determination of these thresholds is vital for optimizing training intensity. Fractal correlation properties of heart rate variability (HRV), particularly the short-term scaling exponent alpha 1 of Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA-α1), have demonstrated potential for this purpose. This study validates the accuracy of commercial ventilatory threshold estimation algorithm (VT-algorithm) developed by Kubios. The VT-algorithm employs instantaneous heart rate (HR) relative to HR reserve and respiratory rate (RF), along with the DFA-α1. Sixty-four physically active participants underwent an incremental cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) with inter-beat interval (RR) measurements. DFA-α1 and the Kubios VT-algorithm were used to assess HR and oxygen uptake (VO2) at ventilatory thresholds. On average VO2 at true VT, DFA-α1, and VT-algorithm derived ventilatory thresholds were 1.74, 2.00 and 1.89 l/min (VT1) and 2.40, 2.41 and 2.40 l/min (VT2), respectively. Correspondingly, average HRs at the true VT, DFA-α1, and VT-algorithm thresholds were 141, 151 and 142 bpm (VT1) and 169, 168 and 170 bpm (VT2), respectively. When compared to the true thresholds, Bland-Altman error statistics (bias ± standard deviation of error) for the DFA-α1 thresholds were -0.26±0.41 l/min or -10±16 bpm at VT1 and 0.00±0.34 l/min or 1±10 bpm at VT2, whereas the VT-algorithm errors were -0.15±0.28 l/min or -1±11 bpm at VT1 and 0.01±0.20 l/min or -1±7 bpm at VT2. HRV based VT determination algorithms accurately estimate ventilatory thresholds, offering insights into training zones, internal loading, and metabolic transitions during exercise without the need of laboratory equipment. The Kubios VT-algorithm, which incorporates instantaneous HR and RF along with DFA-α1, provided higher accuracy for VO2 and HR values for both VT1 and VT2.
{"title":"Heart Rate Variability Based Ventilatory Threshold Estimation - Validation of a Commercially Available Algorithm","authors":"Timo Eronen, Jukka A. Lipponen, Vesa Hyrylä, Saana Kupari, Jaakko Mursu, Mika Venojärvi, Heikki O. Tikkanen, Mika P. Tarvainen","doi":"10.1101/2024.08.14.24311967","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.08.14.24311967","url":null,"abstract":"Ventilatory thresholds (VT1 and VT2) are critical in exercise prescription and athletic training, delineating the transitions from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism. More specifically, VT1 signifies the onset of lactate accumulation whilst VT2 signifies the onset of metabolic acidosis. Accurate determination of these thresholds is vital for optimizing training intensity. Fractal correlation properties of heart rate variability (HRV), particularly the short-term scaling exponent alpha 1 of Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA-α1), have demonstrated potential for this purpose. This study validates the accuracy of commercial ventilatory threshold estimation algorithm (VT-algorithm) developed by Kubios. The VT-algorithm employs instantaneous heart rate (HR) relative to HR reserve and respiratory rate (RF), along with the DFA-α1. Sixty-four physically active participants underwent an incremental cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) with inter-beat interval (RR) measurements. DFA-α1 and the Kubios VT-algorithm were used to assess HR and oxygen uptake (VO2) at ventilatory thresholds. On average VO2 at true VT, DFA-α1, and VT-algorithm derived ventilatory thresholds were 1.74, 2.00 and 1.89 l/min (VT1) and 2.40, 2.41 and 2.40 l/min (VT2), respectively. Correspondingly, average HRs at the true VT, DFA-α1, and VT-algorithm thresholds were 141, 151 and 142 bpm (VT1) and 169, 168 and 170 bpm (VT2), respectively. When compared to the true thresholds, Bland-Altman error statistics (bias ± standard deviation of error) for the DFA-α1 thresholds were -0.26±0.41 l/min or -10±16 bpm at VT1 and 0.00±0.34 l/min or 1±10 bpm at VT2, whereas the VT-algorithm errors were -0.15±0.28 l/min or -1±11 bpm at VT1 and 0.01±0.20 l/min or -1±7 bpm at VT2. HRV based VT determination algorithms accurately estimate ventilatory thresholds, offering insights into training zones, internal loading, and metabolic transitions during exercise without the need of laboratory equipment. The Kubios VT-algorithm, which incorporates instantaneous HR and RF along with DFA-α1, provided higher accuracy for VO2 and HR values for both VT1 and VT2.","PeriodicalId":501122,"journal":{"name":"medRxiv - Sports Medicine","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142200021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-12DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.11.24310302
Nolan J Hoffman, Jamie Whitfield, Di Xiao, Bridget E Radford, Veronika Suni, Ronnie Blazev, Pengyi Yang, Benjamin L Parker, John A Hawley
In response to exercise, protein kinases and signaling networks are rapidly engaged in skeletal muscle to maintain energy homeostasis. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) induces superior or similar health-promoting skeletal muscle and whole-body adaptations compared to prolonged, moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT). However, the exercise intensity-specific signaling pathways underlying HIIT versus MICT are unknown. Ten healthy male participants completed bouts of work- and duration-matched HIIT and MICT cycling in randomized crossover trials. Mass spectrometry-based phosphoproteomic analysis of human muscle biopsies mapped acute signaling responses to HIIT and MICT, identifying 14,931 phosphopeptides and 8,509 phosphosites. Bioinformatics uncovered >1,000 phosphosites significantly regulated by HIIT and/or MICT, including 92 and 348 respective HIIT-specific phosphosites after 5 and 10 min and >3,000 total phosphosites significantly correlated with plasma lactate. This first human muscle HIIT signaling network map has revealed rapid exercise intensity-specific regulation of kinases, substrates and pathways that may contribute to HIIT's unique health-promoting effects.
{"title":"Phosphoproteomics uncovers exercise intensity-specific signaling networks underlying high-intensity interval training in human skeletal muscle","authors":"Nolan J Hoffman, Jamie Whitfield, Di Xiao, Bridget E Radford, Veronika Suni, Ronnie Blazev, Pengyi Yang, Benjamin L Parker, John A Hawley","doi":"10.1101/2024.07.11.24310302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.07.11.24310302","url":null,"abstract":"In response to exercise, protein kinases and signaling networks are rapidly engaged in skeletal muscle to maintain energy homeostasis. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) induces superior or similar health-promoting skeletal muscle and whole-body adaptations compared to prolonged, moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT). However, the exercise intensity-specific signaling pathways underlying HIIT versus MICT are unknown. Ten healthy male participants completed bouts of work- and duration-matched HIIT and MICT cycling in randomized crossover trials. Mass spectrometry-based phosphoproteomic analysis of human muscle biopsies mapped acute signaling responses to HIIT and MICT, identifying 14,931 phosphopeptides and 8,509 phosphosites. Bioinformatics uncovered >1,000 phosphosites significantly regulated by HIIT and/or MICT, including 92 and 348 respective HIIT-specific phosphosites after 5 and 10 min and >3,000 total phosphosites significantly correlated with plasma lactate. This first human muscle HIIT signaling network map has revealed rapid exercise intensity-specific regulation of kinases, substrates and pathways that may contribute to HIIT's unique health-promoting effects.","PeriodicalId":501122,"journal":{"name":"medRxiv - Sports Medicine","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141614376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-11DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.10.24309042
Kaitlyn Marie Dybing, Thomas W. McAllister, Yu-Chien Wu, Brenna C. McDonald, Steven P. Broglio, Jason P. Mihalik, Kevin M. Guskiewicz, Joshua T. Goldman, Jonathan C. Jackson, Shannon L. Risacher, Andrew J. Saykin, Kelly N. H. Nudelman
Identification of genetic alleles associated with both Alzheimer's disease (AD) and concussion severity/recovery could help explain the association between concussion and elevated dementia risk. However, there has been little investigation into whether AD risk genes associate with concussion severity/recovery, and the limited findings are mixed. We used AD polygenic risk scores (PRS) and APOE genotypes to investigate any such associations in the NCAA-DoD Grand Alliance CARE Consortium (CARE) dataset. We assessed six outcomes in 931 total participants. The outcomes were two concussion recovery measures (number of days to asymptomatic status, number of days to return to play (RTP)) and four concussion severity measures (scores on SAC and BESS, SCAT symptom severity, and total number of symptoms). We calculated PRS using a published score [1] and performed multiple linear regression (MLR) to assess the relationship of PRS with the outcomes. We also used t-tests and chi-square tests to examine outcomes by APOE genotype, and MLR to analyze outcomes in European and African genetic ancestry subgroups. Higher PRS was associated with longer injury to RTP in the normal RTP (<24 days) subgroup (p = 0.024), and one standard deviation increase in PRS resulted in a 9.89 hour increase to the RTP interval. There were no other consistently significant effects, suggesting that high AD genetic risk is not strongly associated with more severe concussions or poor recovery in young adults. Future studies should attempt to replicate these findings in larger samples with longer follow-up using PRS calculated from diverse populations.
{"title":"Association of Alzheimer's disease polygenic risk score with concussion severity and recovery metrics","authors":"Kaitlyn Marie Dybing, Thomas W. McAllister, Yu-Chien Wu, Brenna C. McDonald, Steven P. Broglio, Jason P. Mihalik, Kevin M. Guskiewicz, Joshua T. Goldman, Jonathan C. Jackson, Shannon L. Risacher, Andrew J. Saykin, Kelly N. H. Nudelman","doi":"10.1101/2024.07.10.24309042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.07.10.24309042","url":null,"abstract":"Identification of genetic alleles associated with both Alzheimer's disease (AD) and concussion severity/recovery could help explain\u0000the association between concussion and elevated dementia risk. However, there has been little investigation into whether AD risk\u0000genes associate with concussion severity/recovery, and the limited findings are mixed. We used AD polygenic risk scores (PRS) and\u0000APOE genotypes to investigate any such associations in the NCAA-DoD Grand Alliance CARE Consortium (CARE) dataset. We\u0000assessed six outcomes in 931 total participants. The outcomes were two concussion recovery measures (number of days to\u0000asymptomatic status, number of days to return to play (RTP)) and four concussion severity measures (scores on SAC and BESS,\u0000SCAT symptom severity, and total number of symptoms). We calculated PRS using a published score [1] and performed multiple\u0000linear regression (MLR) to assess the relationship of PRS with the outcomes. We also used t-tests and chi-square tests to examine\u0000outcomes by APOE genotype, and MLR to analyze outcomes in European and African genetic ancestry subgroups. Higher PRS was\u0000associated with longer injury to RTP in the normal RTP (<24 days) subgroup (p = 0.024), and one standard deviation increase in PRS\u0000resulted in a 9.89 hour increase to the RTP interval. There were no other consistently significant effects, suggesting that high AD\u0000genetic risk is not strongly associated with more severe concussions or poor recovery in young adults. Future studies should attempt to\u0000replicate these findings in larger samples with longer follow-up using PRS calculated from diverse populations.","PeriodicalId":501122,"journal":{"name":"medRxiv - Sports Medicine","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141609435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-03DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.02.24309871
Catherine Yuh, Philip Malloy, Steven P Mell, Zeeshan Khan, Shane J Nho, Robin Pourzal, Jorge Chahla, Deborah J Hall
Introduction: Cam-type femoroacetabular impingement syndrome (FAIS) is a pre-arthritic hip condition, defined as a bony growth on the proximal femur that causes abnormal joint contact. The tissue presentation of the cam deformity and capsule in FAIS remains understudied. The purpose of this study was to 1) evaluate histopathological features in cam deformity and capsule from FAIS patients, 2) assess the extent of local inflammation within the capsule, and 3) determine relationships between cam deformity tissue composition versus α angle and patient factors. Methods: Cam deformity and capsular tissues were collected from FAIS patients undergoing arthroscopic surgery. Samples were histologically processed, imaged using light and polarized light microscopy, and assessed with point counting. Correlation-based statistics were performed to identify features correlated with α angle and patient factors. Results: Across 21 cam deformity samples assessed, a total of 16,259 points were counted. The tissue within the cam deformity was observed to be heterogeneous between specimens, comprised of 16 distinct structures spanning different states of viability. In samples with articular cartilage, the tissue was highly disrupted and/or calcified. The presence of fibrocartilage, necrotic cartilage, and vasculature had significant low-moderate correlations with α angle. During assessment of capsular tissue quality, synovitis was observed in most samples. Conclusion: The cam deformity is complex and heterogeneous, both within individual cam deformities and between individuals with FAIS. Several cam deformity tissue features were correlated with α angle, age, sex, and BMI. The heterogeneity observed in these samples indicates that tissue properties within the cam deformity varies between patients with FAIS, which may contribute to outcomes of hip arthroscopic surgery and a patient's level of risk for the subsequent development of osteoarthritis. Our findings suggest distinct tissue phenotypes of FAIS exist, which may be an important consideration for FAIS treatment strategies.
{"title":"Tissue expression in surgically retrieved cam deformity and capsule from patient hips with Cam-type Femoroacetabular Impingement Syndrome","authors":"Catherine Yuh, Philip Malloy, Steven P Mell, Zeeshan Khan, Shane J Nho, Robin Pourzal, Jorge Chahla, Deborah J Hall","doi":"10.1101/2024.07.02.24309871","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.07.02.24309871","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Cam-type femoroacetabular impingement syndrome (FAIS) is a pre-arthritic hip condition, defined as a bony growth on the proximal femur that causes abnormal joint contact. The tissue presentation of the cam deformity and capsule in FAIS remains understudied. The purpose of this study was to 1) evaluate histopathological features in cam deformity and capsule from FAIS patients, 2) assess the extent of local inflammation within the capsule, and 3) determine relationships between cam deformity tissue composition versus α angle and patient factors. Methods: Cam deformity and capsular tissues were collected from FAIS patients undergoing arthroscopic surgery. Samples were histologically processed, imaged using light and polarized light microscopy, and assessed with point counting. Correlation-based statistics were performed to identify features correlated with α angle and patient factors. Results: Across 21 cam deformity samples assessed, a total of 16,259 points were counted. The tissue within the cam deformity was observed to be heterogeneous between specimens, comprised of 16 distinct structures spanning different states of viability. In samples with articular cartilage, the tissue was highly disrupted and/or calcified. The presence of fibrocartilage, necrotic cartilage, and vasculature had significant low-moderate correlations with α angle. During assessment of capsular tissue quality, synovitis was observed in most samples. Conclusion: The cam deformity is complex and heterogeneous, both within individual cam deformities and between individuals with FAIS. Several cam deformity tissue features were correlated with α angle, age, sex, and BMI. The heterogeneity observed in these samples indicates that tissue properties within the cam deformity varies between patients with FAIS, which may contribute to outcomes of hip arthroscopic surgery and a patient's level of risk for the subsequent development of osteoarthritis. Our findings suggest distinct tissue phenotypes of FAIS exist, which may be an important consideration for FAIS treatment strategies.","PeriodicalId":501122,"journal":{"name":"medRxiv - Sports Medicine","volume":"106 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141552708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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