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Persistent threat avoidance following negative reinforcement is not associated with elevated state anxiety. 负强化后的持续威胁回避与状态焦虑升高无关。
IF 4.4 2区 医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-11-06 DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0815-24.2024
E A Crummy, B L Chamberlain, J P Gamboa, J L Pierson, S E Ahmari

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a debilitating illness consisting of obsessions and compulsions. OCD severity and treatment response are correlated with avoidant behaviors thought be performed to alleviate obsession-related anxiety. However, little is known about either the role of avoidance in the development of OCD or the interplay between anxiety states and avoidance behaviors. We have developed an instrumental negative reinforcement (i.e. active avoidance) paradigm in which mice must lever-press to avoid upcoming foot shocks. We show that mice (both sexes) can learn this task with high acquisition rates (75%) and that this behavior is largely stable when introducing uncertainty and modifying task structure. Furthermore, mice continue to perform avoidance responses on trials where lever pressing is not reinforced and increase response rates as they are maintained on this paradigm. With this paradigm, we did not find a relationship between negative reinforcement history and anxiety-related behaviors in well-established anxiety assays. Finally, we performed exploratory analyses to identify candidate regions involved in well-trained negative reinforcement using expression of the immediate early gene c-Fos. We detected correlated c-Fos expression in 1) cortico-striatal regions which regulate active avoidance in other paradigms and 2) amygdala circuits known to regulate conditioned defensive behaviors.Significance Statement Studies in patients with OCD suggest that compulsions are performed to avoid perceived threats and modulate anxiety tied to obsessions and/or compulsions. The negative reinforcement of avoidance and alleviated anxiety could therefore be a key driver of compulsive behaviors. However, there are still outstanding questions concerning the relationship between these two behaviors and the neural circuits involved in mediating negative reinforcement. We have developed an operant negative reinforcement paradigm in mice with discrete avoid and escape behaviors that can be learned without prior reward training with high throughput (75% acquisition) with responding that persists during nonreinforced trials. However, no differences were observed between negative reinforcement vs. unshocked and inescapably shocked controls, suggesting that continued negative reinforcement did not impact anxiety.

强迫症(OCD)是一种由强迫观念和强迫行为组成的使人衰弱的疾病。强迫症的严重程度和治疗反应与回避行为有关,回避行为被认为是为了减轻与强迫症相关的焦虑。然而,人们对回避在强迫症发展过程中的作用或焦虑状态与回避行为之间的相互作用知之甚少。我们开发了一种工具性负强化(即主动回避)范例,在该范例中,小鼠必须通过按压杠杆来避免即将到来的脚震。我们的研究表明,小鼠(雌雄均可)能以较高的习得率(75%)学会这项任务,而且当引入不确定性和改变任务结构时,这种行为在很大程度上是稳定的。此外,小鼠在不强化按压杠杆的试验中会继续做出回避反应,并且在该范式中的反应率会不断提高。通过这种范式,我们在成熟的焦虑试验中没有发现负强化历史与焦虑相关行为之间的关系。最后,我们利用即时早期基因 c-Fos 的表达进行了探索性分析,以确定参与训练有素的负强化的候选区域。我们在以下两个区域检测到了相关的 c-Fos 表达:1)在其他范式中调节主动回避的皮质纹状体区域;2)已知调节条件性防御行为的杏仁核回路。因此,回避和减轻焦虑的负强化可能是强迫行为的主要驱动力。然而,关于这两种行为之间的关系以及介导负强化的神经回路,仍然存在悬而未决的问题。我们在小鼠中开发了一种操作性负强化范式,该范式具有离散的回避和逃避行为,无需事先进行奖赏训练即可学习,且学习效率高(75% 的习得率),反应在非强化试验期间持续存在。然而,在负强化与未电击和不可避免电击的对照组之间没有观察到差异,这表明持续的负强化不会影响焦虑。
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引用次数: 0
The scope and limits of fine-grained image and category information in the ventral visual pathway. 腹侧视觉通路中细粒度图像和类别信息的范围和局限。
IF 4.4 2区 医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-11-06 DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0936-24.2024
Markus W Badwal, Johanna Bergmann, Johannes Roth, Christian F Doeller, Martin N Hebart

Humans can easily abstract incoming visual information into discrete semantic categories. Previous research employing functional MRI (fMRI) in humans has identified cortical organizing principles that allow not only for coarse-scale distinctions such as animate versus inanimate objects but also more fine-grained distinctions at the level of individual objects. This suggests that fMRI carries rather fine-grained information about individual objects. However, most previous work investigating fine-grained category representations either additionally included coarse-scale category comparisons of objects, which confounds fine-grained and coarse-scale distinctions, or only used a single exemplar of each object, which confounds visual and semantic information. To address these challenges, here we used multisession human fMRI (female and male) paired with a broad yet homogenous stimulus class of 48 terrestrial mammals, with 2 exemplars per mammal. Multivariate decoding and representational similarity analysis (RSA) revealed high image-specific reliability in low- and high-level visual regions, indicating stable representational patterns at the image level. In contrast, analyses across exemplars of the same animal yielded only small effects in the lateral occipital complex (LOC), indicating rather subtle category effects in this region. Variance partitioning with a deep neural network and shape model showed that across exemplar effects in EVC were largely explained by low-level visual appearance, while representations in LOC appeared to also contain higher category-specific information. These results suggest that representations typically measured with fMRI are dominated by image-specific visual or coarse-grained category information but indicate that commonly employed fMRI protocols may reveal subtle yet reliable distinctions between individual objects.Significance Statement While it has been suggested that functional MRI (fMRI) responses in ventral visual cortex carry fine-grained information about individual objects, much previous research has confounded fine-grained with coarse-scale category information or only used individual visual exemplars, which potentially confounds semantic and visual object information. Here we address these challenges in a multisession fMRI study where participants viewed a highly homogenous stimulus set of 48 land mammals with 2 exemplars per animal. Our results reveal a strong dominance of image-specific effects and additionally indicate subtle yet reliable category-specific effects in lateral occipital complex, underscoring the capacity of commonly employed fMRI protocols to uncover fine-grained visual information.

人类可以轻松地将接收到的视觉信息抽象为离散的语义类别。此前对人类进行的功能性核磁共振成像(fMRI)研究发现,大脑皮层的组织原则不仅允许粗略区分有生命和无生命的物体,还允许在单个物体的层次上进行更精细的区分。这表明,fMRI 可携带有关单个物体的精细信息。然而,之前大多数研究细粒度类别表征的工作要么额外包含了物体的粗尺度类别比较,从而混淆了细粒度和粗尺度的区分;要么只使用了每个物体的单个示例,从而混淆了视觉和语义信息。为了应对这些挑战,我们在这里使用了多期人类 fMRI(女性和男性)与广泛但同质的刺激类别(48 种陆生哺乳动物)配对,每种哺乳动物使用 2 个示例。多变量解码和表征相似性分析(RSA)显示,在低级和高级视觉区域中,特定图像的可靠性很高,这表明图像水平上的表征模式是稳定的。与此相反,对同一动物的不同示例进行的分析仅在侧枕复合体(LOC)中产生了微小的影响,这表明该区域存在相当微妙的类别效应。利用深度神经网络和形状模型进行的方差划分表明,EVC 中的跨范例效应主要是由低级视觉外观解释的,而 LOC 中的表征似乎也包含较高的特定类别信息。这些结果表明,通常用fMRI测量的表征是由图像特异性视觉或粗粒度类别信息主导的,但也表明,常用的fMRI方案可能会揭示单个物体之间微妙而可靠的区别。意义声明 虽然有人认为,腹侧视觉皮层的功能磁共振成像(fMRI)反应携带着关于单个物体的细粒度信息,但之前的许多研究都将细粒度和粗粒度类别信息混为一谈,或者只使用单个视觉范例,这可能会混淆语义和视觉物体信息。在这里,我们通过一项多期 fMRI 研究来解决这些难题。在这项研究中,参与者观看了由 48 种陆地哺乳动物组成的高度同质化的刺激集,每种动物有 2 个范例。我们的研究结果表明,图像特异性效应占主导地位,此外,外侧枕叶复合体还显示出微妙但可靠的类别特异性效应,这突出表明常用的 fMRI 方案有能力揭示细粒度的视觉信息。
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引用次数: 0
Selective Vulnerability of GABAergic Inhibitory Interneurons to Bilirubin Neurotoxicity in the Neonatal Brain. 新生儿大脑中 GABA 能抑制性中间神经元对胆红素神经毒性的选择脆弱性
IF 4.4 2区 医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-11-06 DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0442-24.2024
Li-Na Gong, Han-Wei Liu, Ke Lai, Zhen Zhang, Lin-Fei Mao, Zhen-Qi Liu, Ming-Xian Li, Xin-Lu Yin, Min Liang, Hai-Bo Shi, Lu-Yang Wang, Shan-Kai Yin

Hyperbilirubinemia (HB) is a key risk factor for hearing loss in neonates, particularly premature infants. Here, we report that bilirubin (BIL)-dependent cell death in the auditory brainstem of neonatal mice of both sexes is significantly attenuated by ZD7288, a blocker for hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channel-mediated current (I h), or by genetic deletion of HCN1. GABAergic inhibitory interneurons predominantly express HCN1, on which BIL selectively acts to increase their intrinsic excitability and mortality by enhancing HCN1 activity and Ca2+-dependent membrane targeting. Chronic BIL elevation in neonatal mice in vivo increases the fraction of spontaneously active interneurons and their firing frequency, I h, and death, compromising audition at the young adult stage in HCN1+/+, but not in HCN1-/- genotype. We conclude that HB preferentially targets HCN1 to injure inhibitory interneurons, fueling a feedforward loop in which lessening inhibition cascades hyperexcitability, Ca2+ overload, neuronal death, and auditory impairments. These findings rationalize HCN1 as a potential target for managing HB encephalopathy.

高胆红素血症(HB)是新生儿,尤其是早产儿听力损失的一个关键风险因素。在此,我们报告了胆红素(BIL)依赖性细胞死亡在新生小鼠听性脑干(雌雄均有)中的表现,ZD7288(一种超极化激活环核苷酸门控(HCN)通道介导电流(Ih)的阻断剂)或遗传性HCN1缺失可显著减轻这种细胞死亡。GABA 能抑制性中间神经元主要表达 HCN1,BIL 通过增强 HCN1 活性和 Ca2+ 依赖性膜靶向作用,选择性地增加其内在兴奋性和死亡率。在体内对新生小鼠进行慢性 BIL 升高会增加自发活跃中间神经元的比例及其发射频率、Ih 和死亡,从而损害 HCN1+/+ 基因型小鼠在幼年期的听觉,但不会损害 HCN1-/- 基因型小鼠的听觉。我们的结论是,HB 优先靶向 HCN1,伤害抑制性中间神经元,形成一个前馈循环,在这个循环中,抑制作用的减弱会导致过度兴奋、Ca2+ 过载、神经元死亡和听觉障碍。该研究表明,胆红素优先靶向 GABA 能中间神经元,它不仅促进 HCN1 通道的门控,还以钙依赖方式将细胞内 HCN1 靶向质膜,导致神经元过度兴奋、损伤和感觉功能障碍。这些发现表明,HCN1 通道不仅是新生儿胆红素脑病患者听觉异常的潜在驱动因素,也是临床治疗与严重黄疸相关的神经损伤的潜在干预目标。中间神经元对神经毒性的选择性脆弱性可能对理解其他形式的脑损伤具有普遍意义。
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引用次数: 0
Targeting Endogenous Tau in Seeded Tauopathy Models Inhibits Tau Spread. 在种子型 Tauopathy 模型中靶向内源性 Tau 可抑制 Tau 的扩散。
IF 4.4 2区 医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-11-05 DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0877-24.2024
Elliot Jang, Kevt'her Hoxha, Damian Mozier, Abigail Insana, Ethan Farber, Lakshmi Changolkar, Bin Zhang, Tak-Ian Chio, Alex Crowe, Richard Chen, Marc Mercken, Edward B Lee, Kelvin C Luk, Kurt R Brunden, Virginia M-Y Lee, Hong Xu

The transmission of tau pathology has been proposed as one of the major mechanisms for the spatiotemporal spreading of tau pathology in neurodegenerative diseases. Over the last decade, studies have demonstrated that targeting total or pathological tau using tau antibodies can mitigate the development of tau pathology in tauopathy or Alzheimer's disease (AD) mouse models, and multiple tau immunotherapy agents have progressed to clinical trials. Tau antibodies are believed to inhibit the internalization of pathologic seeds and/or block seed elongation after seed internalization. To further address the mechanism of tau antibody inhibition of pathological spread, we conducted immunotherapy studies in mouse primary neurons and wild-type mice (females) seeded with AD patient-derived tau to induce the formation and spreading of tau pathology. Notably, we evaluated the effect of a mouse tau-specific antibody (mTau8) which does not interact with AD-tau seeds in these models. Our results show that mTau8 crosses the blood-brain barrier at levels similar to other antibodies and effectively decreases AD-tau-seeded tau pathology in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, our data suggest that mTau8 binds to endogenous intraneuronal mouse tau, thereby inhibiting the elongation of internalized tau seeds. These findings provide valuable insights into the possible mechanism underlying antibody-based therapies for treating tauopathies.Significance Statement The transmission of tau pathology plays key role in the pathoclinical progression of tauopathy. Studies have shown that tau antibody treatment can mitigate tau pathology in transgenic and spreading models of tauopathy. To explore the mechanisms involved in this procedure, we conducted immunotherapy studies on human tau seeds induced tau spreading models using a mouse tau-specific antibody (mTau8), which does not interact with human-tau seeds. Our findings in the study enhance our understanding of antibody-based therapies for tauopathies.

tau病理学的传递被认为是神经退行性疾病中tau病理学时空扩散的主要机制之一。在过去的十年中,研究表明,使用tau抗体靶向总tau或病理tau可以缓解tau病或阿尔茨海默病(AD)小鼠模型中tau病理学的发展,多种tau免疫疗法药物已进入临床试验阶段。Tau抗体被认为能抑制病理种子的内化和/或阻止种子内化后的伸长。为了进一步研究 tau 抗体抑制病理扩散的机制,我们在小鼠原始神经元和野生型小鼠(雌性)的免疫疗法研究中播下了 AD 患者来源的 tau 种子,以诱导 tau 病理的形成和扩散。值得注意的是,我们评估了小鼠tau特异性抗体(mTau8)在这些模型中的效果,该抗体与AD-tau种子没有相互作用。我们的结果表明,mTau8能穿过血脑屏障,其水平与其他抗体相似,并能在体外和体内有效减少AD-tau种子的tau病理变化。重要的是,我们的数据表明,mTau8能与小鼠内源性神经元内tau结合,从而抑制内化tau种子的伸长。这些发现为基于抗体的治疗方法治疗tau病的可能机制提供了有价值的见解。 意义声明 tau病理学的传播在tau病的病理进展中起着关键作用。研究表明,在tau病的转基因模型和扩散模型中,tau抗体治疗可减轻tau病理变化。为了探索这一过程的相关机制,我们使用小鼠tau特异性抗体(mTau8)对人tau种子诱导的tau扩散模型进行了免疫治疗研究,该抗体与人tau种子没有相互作用。我们的研究结果加深了我们对基于抗体的tau病疗法的理解。
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引用次数: 0
Input / Output Relationships for the Primary Hippocampal Circuit. 初级海马回路的输入/输出关系
IF 4.4 2区 医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-11-05 DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0130-24.2024
B G Gunn, B S Pruess, C M Gall, G Lynch

The hippocampus is the most studied brain region but little is known about signal throughput -- the simplest, yet most essential of circuit operations -- across its multiple stages from perforant path input to CA1 output. Using hippocampal slices derived from male mice, we have found that single-pulse lateral perforant path (LPP) stimulation produces a two-part CA1 response generated by LPP projections to CA3 ('direct path') and the dentate gyrus ('indirect path'). The latter, indirect path was far more potent in driving CA1 but did so only after a lengthy delay. Rather than operating as expected from the much discussed trisynaptic circuit argument, the indirect path used the massive CA3 recurrent collateral system to trigger a high frequency sequence of fEPSPs and spikes. The latter events promoted reliable signal transfer to CA1 but the mobilization time for the stereotyped, CA3 response resulted in surprisingly slow throughput. The circuit transmitted theta (5Hz) but not gamma (50Hz) frequency input, thus acting as a low-pass filter. It reliably transmitted short bursts of gamma input separated by the period of theta wave - CA1 spiking output under these conditions closely resembled the input signal. In all, the primary hippocampal circuit does not behave as a linear, three-part system but instead uses novel filtering and amplification steps to shape throughput and restrict effective input to select patterns. We suggest that the operations described here constitute a default mode for processing cortical inputs with other types of functions being enabled by projections from outside the extended hippocampus.Significance statement Despite intense interest in hippocampal contributions to behavior, surprisingly little is known about how signals are processed across the network linking cortical input to CA1 output. Here, we describe the first input/output relationship for the system with results challenging the traditional tri-synaptic circuit concept. Signal throughput requires mobilization of recurrent activity within CA3 to amplify sparse input from the dentate gyrus into an unexpectedly stereotyped composite response. Potent low-pass filters determine effective input patterns. These results open the way to new analyses of how variables such as aging affect hippocampus and its contributions to behavior while providing material needed for biologically realistic models of the structure.

海马是研究最多的脑区,但人们对海马从穿孔路径输入到CA1输出的多个阶段的信号吞吐量却知之甚少。利用雄性小鼠的海马切片,我们发现单脉冲外侧穿孔路径(LPP)刺激会产生两部分 CA1 反应,分别由 LPP 投射到 CA3("直接路径")和齿状回("间接路径")产生。后一种间接路径对 CA1 的驱动力要强得多,但要经过长时间的延迟才能实现。间接路径并不像人们讨论较多的三突触回路论点所预期的那样,而是利用大规模的 CA3 循环旁路系统来触发高频率的 fEPSPs 和尖峰序列。后一事件促进了向 CA1 的可靠信号转移,但 CA3 定型反应的动员时间导致吞吐量出奇地缓慢。该电路能传输θ(5Hz)频率输入信号,但不能传输γ(50Hz)频率输入信号,因此起到了低通滤波器的作用。它能可靠地传输由θ波周期分隔的伽马输入短脉冲--在这些条件下,CA1尖峰输出与输入信号非常相似。总之,初级海马回路并不是一个线性的三部分系统,而是利用新颖的过滤和放大步骤来塑造吞吐量,并将有效输入限制在选择的模式上。我们认为,这里描述的操作构成了处理大脑皮层输入的默认模式,而其他类型的功能则由来自扩展海马外部的投射启用。意义声明 尽管人们对海马对行为的贡献有着浓厚的兴趣,但令人惊讶的是,人们对连接大脑皮层输入和CA1输出的整个网络是如何处理信号的知之甚少。在这里,我们首次描述了该系统的输入/输出关系,其结果对传统的三突触回路概念提出了挑战。信号吞吐需要调动 CA3 中的递归活动,将来自齿状回的稀疏输入放大为出乎意料的刻板复合反应。有效的低通滤波器决定了有效的输入模式。这些结果为分析衰老等变量如何影响海马及其对行为的贡献开辟了新的途径,同时也为该结构的生物现实模型提供了所需的材料。
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引用次数: 0
Role of the medial posterior parietal cortex in orchestrating attention and reaching. 内侧后顶叶皮层在协调注意力和伸手方面的作用
IF 4.4 2区 医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-11-05 DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0659-24.2024
Rossella Breveglieri, Riccardo Brandolani, Stefano Diomedi, Markus Lappe, Claudio Galletti, Patrizia Fattori

The interplay between attention, alertness and motor planning is crucial for our manual interactions. To investigate the neural bases of this interaction, and challenging the views that attention cannot be disentangled from motor planning, we instructed human volunteers of both sexes to plan and execute reaching movements while attending to the target, while attending elsewhere, or without constraining attention. We recorded reaction times to reach initiation and pupil diameter and interfered with the functions of the medial posterior parietal cortex (mPPC) with online repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to test the causal role of this cortical region in the interplay between spatial attention and reaching. We found that mPPC plays a key role in the spatial association of reach planning and covert attention. Moreover, we have found that alertness, measured by pupil size, is a good predictor of the promptness of reach initiation only if we plan a reach to attended targets, and mPPC is causally involved in this coupling. Different from previous understanding, we suggest that mPPC is neither involved in reach planning per se, nor in sustained covert attention in absence of a reach plan, but it is specifically involved in attention functional to reaching.Significance Statement Attention is required to perform dexterous arm movements. In this work we show the neural bases of the interplay between attention and reaching preparation, with the aim to provide information useful to address effective rehabilitation strategies to treat functional deficits observed in attention-related diseases. We discuss how brain areas are involved in orchestrating attention and reaching by signaling the alignment of their spatial coordinates. Moreover, we found that pupil size changes during reach preparation are related to reach initiation, suggesting a coordination between vigilance and reach promptness when preparing a reach to attended targets.

注意力、警觉性和运动规划之间的相互作用对我们的手动互动至关重要。为了研究这种相互作用的神经基础,并对注意力不能与运动规划相分离的观点提出质疑,我们指导男女志愿者在注意目标、注意其他地方或不限制注意力的情况下计划和执行伸手动作。我们记录了伸手开始的反应时间和瞳孔直径,并通过在线重复经颅磁刺激干扰了内侧后顶叶皮层(mPPC)的功能,以测试该皮层区域在空间注意和伸手之间的相互作用中的因果作用。我们发现,mPPC 在伸手计划和隐蔽注意的空间关联中起着关键作用。此外,我们还发现,只有当我们计划将手伸向被注意的目标时,用瞳孔大小测量的警觉性才能很好地预测伸手的及时性,而 mPPC 在这种耦合中起着因果作用。与以往的理解不同,我们认为 mPPC 既不参与伸手计划本身,也不参与没有伸手计划时的持续隐蔽注意,但它特别参与对伸手的功能性注意。在这项研究中,我们展示了注意力与伸手准备之间相互作用的神经基础,目的是提供有用的信息,以制定有效的康复策略,治疗与注意力相关疾病的功能障碍。我们讨论了脑区是如何通过空间坐标的一致性信号来协调注意力和伸手准备的。此外,我们还发现,在准备伸手过程中瞳孔大小的变化与伸手的启动有关,这表明在准备伸手到注意目标时,警觉性和伸手的及时性之间存在协调。
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引用次数: 0
Restoring Compromised Cl- in D2 Neurons of a HD Mouse Model Rescues Motor Disability. 恢复 HD 小鼠模型 D2 神经元中受损的 Cl- 恢复运动障碍
IF 4.4 2区 医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-11-05 DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0215-24.2024
Melissa Serranilla, Jessica C Pressey, Melanie A Woodin

Huntington's disease (HD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with no cure, characterized by significant neurodegeneration of striatal GABAergic medium spiny neurons (MSNs). Early stages of the disease are characterized by the loss of dopamine 2 receptor-expressing MSNs (D2 MSNs) followed by degeneration of dopamine 1 receptor-expressing MSNs (D1 MSNs), leading to aberrant basal ganglia signaling. While the early degeneration of D2 MSNs and impaired GABAergic transmission are well-documented, potassium chloride cotransporter 2 (KCC2), a key regulator of intracellular chloride (Cl-), and therefore GABAergic signaling, has not been characterized in D1 and D2 MSNs in HD. We aimed to investigate whether Cl- regulation was differentially altered in D1 and D2 MSNs and may contribute to the early degeneration of D2 MSNs in male and female symptomatic R6/2 mice. We used electrophysiology to record the reversal potential for GABAA receptors (EGABA), a read-out for the efficacy of Cl- regulation, in striatal D1 and D2 MSNs and their corresponding output structures. During the early symptomatic phase (P55-P65), Cl- impairments were observed in D2 MSNs in R6/2 mice, with no change in D1 MSNs. Cl- regulation was also dysfunctional in the globus pallidus externa, resulting in GABA-mediated excitation. When we overexpressed KCC2 in D2 MSNs using AAV-mediated delivery, we delayed the onset of motor impairments in R6/2 mice. We demonstrate that Cl- homeostasis is differentially altered in D1 and D2 MSNs and may contribute to the enhanced susceptibility of D2 MSNs during HD progression.Significance Statement Huntington's Disease is an inherited neurodegenerative disease caused by a repeat expansion in the Huntingtin gene and characterized by the sequential loss of dopamine 2 and dopamine 1 receptor-expressing medium spiny neurons (D2 and D1 MSNs) of the striatum. MSNs release GABA, which depends on proper Cl- regulation for inhibition. We asked whether Cl- homeostasis is differentially altered in D1 and D2 MSNs and their output structures, and whether this altered expression contributes to the pattern of degeneration between these two principal striatal cell types. Using electrophysiology, biochemistry, and fluorescence imaging, we determined that Cl- regulation was impaired in D2 MSNs in R6/2 mice, with no change in D1 MSNs. Cl- was also dysregulated in the globus pallidus externa resulting in excitatory GABA.

亨廷顿氏病(Huntington's disease,HD)是一种无法治愈的进行性神经退行性疾病,其特征是纹状体 GABA 能中棘神经元(MSNs)发生显著的神经变性。该病早期的特征是表达多巴胺 2 受体的 MSNs(D2 MSNs)丧失,随后表达多巴胺 1 受体的 MSNs(D1 MSNs)退化,导致基底节信号异常。虽然D2 MSNs的早期退化和GABA能传导受损已得到充分证实,但氯化钾共转运体2(KCC2)是细胞内氯化物(Cl-)的关键调节因子,因此也是GABA能信号传导的关键因子,但该因子在HD的D1和D2 MSNs中的特性尚未得到证实。我们的目的是研究 Cl- 调节是否在 D1 和 D2 MSNs 中发生了不同程度的改变,并可能导致雄性和雌性症状 R6/2 小鼠 D2 MSNs 的早期退化。我们用电生理学方法记录了纹状体D1和D2 MSN及其相应输出结构中GABAA受体(EGABA)的反转电位,这是Cl-调节功效的读数。在早期症状阶段(P55-P65),R6/2小鼠D2 MSN的Cl-调节功能受损,而D1 MSN则无变化。球状苍白球外侧的 Cl- 调节功能也出现障碍,导致 GABA 介导的兴奋。当我们使用 AAV 介导的递送在 D2 MSN 中过表达 KCC2 时,我们推迟了 R6/2 小鼠运动障碍的发生。意义声明 亨廷顿舞蹈症是一种遗传性神经退行性疾病,由亨廷丁基因重复扩增引起,其特征是纹状体中表达多巴胺2和多巴胺1受体的中刺神经元(D2和D1 MSNs)依次丧失。MSNs 释放 GABA,而 GABA 的抑制依赖于适当的 Cl- 调节。我们的问题是,D1 和 D2 MSNs 及其输出结构中的 Cl- 平衡是否发生了不同程度的改变,以及这种表达的改变是否导致了这两种主要纹状体细胞类型之间的退化模式。利用电生理学、生物化学和荧光成像技术,我们确定 R6/2 小鼠 D2 MSN 的 Cl- 调节功能受损,而 D1 MSN 则无变化。在球状苍白球外侧,Cl-的调节也失调,导致兴奋性GABA。
{"title":"Restoring Compromised Cl<sup>-</sup> in D2 Neurons of a HD Mouse Model Rescues Motor Disability.","authors":"Melissa Serranilla, Jessica C Pressey, Melanie A Woodin","doi":"10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0215-24.2024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0215-24.2024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Huntington's disease (HD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with no cure, characterized by significant neurodegeneration of striatal GABAergic medium spiny neurons (MSNs). Early stages of the disease are characterized by the loss of dopamine 2 receptor-expressing MSNs (D2 MSNs) followed by degeneration of dopamine 1 receptor-expressing MSNs (D1 MSNs), leading to aberrant basal ganglia signaling. While the early degeneration of D2 MSNs and impaired GABAergic transmission are well-documented, potassium chloride cotransporter 2 (KCC2), a key regulator of intracellular chloride (Cl<sup>-</sup>), and therefore GABAergic signaling, has not been characterized in D1 and D2 MSNs in HD. We aimed to investigate whether Cl<sup>-</sup> regulation was differentially altered in D1 and D2 MSNs and may contribute to the early degeneration of D2 MSNs in male and female symptomatic R6/2 mice. We used electrophysiology to record the reversal potential for GABA<sub>A</sub> receptors (E<sub>GABA</sub>), a read-out for the efficacy of Cl<sup>-</sup> regulation, in striatal D1 and D2 MSNs and their corresponding output structures. During the early symptomatic phase (P55-P65)<sub>,</sub> Cl<sup>-</sup> impairments were observed in D2 MSNs in R6/2 mice, with no change in D1 MSNs. Cl<sup>-</sup> regulation was also dysfunctional in the globus pallidus externa, resulting in GABA-mediated excitation. When we overexpressed KCC2 in D2 MSNs using AAV-mediated delivery, we delayed the onset of motor impairments in R6/2 mice. We demonstrate that Cl<sup>-</sup> homeostasis is differentially altered in D1 and D2 MSNs and may contribute to the enhanced susceptibility of D2 MSNs during HD progression.<b>Significance Statement</b> Huntington's Disease is an inherited neurodegenerative disease caused by a repeat expansion in the Huntingtin gene and characterized by the sequential loss of dopamine 2 and dopamine 1 receptor-expressing medium spiny neurons (D2 and D1 MSNs) of the striatum. MSNs release GABA, which depends on proper Cl<sup>-</sup> regulation for inhibition. We asked whether Cl<sup>-</sup> homeostasis is differentially altered in D1 and D2 MSNs and their output structures, and whether this altered expression contributes to the pattern of degeneration between these two principal striatal cell types. Using electrophysiology, biochemistry, and fluorescence imaging, we determined that Cl<sup>-</sup> regulation was impaired in D2 MSNs in R6/2 mice, with no change in D1 MSNs. Cl<sup>-</sup> was also dysregulated in the globus pallidus externa resulting in excitatory GABA.</p>","PeriodicalId":50114,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142584693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Color and Spatial Frequency Provide Functional Signatures of Retinotopic Visual Areas. 颜色和空间频率提供视网膜视区的功能特征
IF 4.4 2区 医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1673-23.2024
Spencer R Loggia, Stuart J Duffield, Kurt Braunlich, Bevil R Conway

Primate vision relies on retinotopically organized cortical parcels defined by representations of hemifield (upper versus lower visual field), eccentricity (fovea versus periphery), and area (V1, V2, V3, V4). Here we test for functional signatures of these organizing principles. We used fMRI to measure responses to gratings varying in spatial frequency, color, and saturation across retinotopically defined parcels in two macaque monkeys, and we developed a Sparse Supervised Embedding (SSE) analysis to identify stimulus features that best distinguish cortical parcels from each other. Constraining the SSE model to distinguish just eccentricity representations of the voxels revealed the expected variation of spatial frequency and S-cone modulation with eccentricity. Constraining the model according to the dorsal-ventral location and retinotopic area of each voxel provided unexpected functional signatures, which we investigated further with standard univariate analyses. Posterior parcels (V1) were distinguished from anterior parcels (V4) by differential responses to chromatic and luminance contrast, especially of low spatial frequency gratings. Meanwhile, ventral parcels were distinguished from dorsal parcels by differential responses to chromatic and luminance contrast, especially of colors that modulate all three cone types. The dorsal-ventral asymmetry not only resembled differences between candidate dorsal and ventral subdivisions of human V4, but also extended to include all retinotopic visual areas, starting in V1 and increasing from V1 to V4. The results provide insight into the functional roles of different retinotopic areas and demonstrate the utility of Sparse Supervised Embedding as a data-driven tool for generating hypotheses about cortical function and behavior.Significance Statement This study demonstrates a new analysis, Sparse Supervised Embedding (SSE), which promises to be useful for visualizing and understanding complex neuroimaging datasets. The paper uses SSE to explore the functional roles of retinotopic visual areas (V1, V2, V3, V4, V3a, MT). The results show that retinotopic areas parcellated by representations for eccentricity and upper/lower visual hemifield have functional signatures, which are defined by unique combinations of responses to color, spatial frequency, and contrast. The functional signatures provide hypotheses for the different roles that the parcels play in vision and help resolve apparent differences between human and macaque visual cortex organization.

灵长类动物的视觉依赖于视网膜视图组织的皮层区块,这些区块由半场(上视野与下视野)、偏心率(眼窝与周边)和区域(V1、V2、V3、V4)的表征所定义。在此,我们测试了这些组织原则的功能特征。我们使用fMRI测量了两只猕猴视网膜区块内不同空间频率、颜色和饱和度光栅的反应,并开发了一种稀疏监督嵌入(SSE)分析方法,以确定最能区分皮层区块的刺激特征。对 SSE 模型进行约束,以区分仅有偏心率表征的体素,结果表明空间频率和 S 锥调制随偏心率的变化在意料之中。根据每个体素的背腹位置和视网膜视位区对模型进行约束后,我们发现了意想不到的功能特征,并通过标准的单变量分析进行了进一步研究。通过对色度和亮度对比的不同反应,尤其是对低空间频率光栅的不同反应,我们将后方区块(V1)与前方区块(V4)区分开来。同时,腹侧旁区与背侧旁区的区别在于对色度和亮度对比的不同反应,尤其是对调节所有三种锥体类型的颜色的不同反应。背腹不对称不仅类似于人类 V4 的候选背侧和腹侧细分区之间的差异,而且还扩展到包括所有视网膜视区,从 V1 开始,并从 V1 增加到 V4。研究结果深入揭示了不同视网膜视区的功能作用,并证明了稀疏监督嵌入作为一种数据驱动工具的实用性,可用于生成有关大脑皮层功能和行为的假设。论文利用 SSE 探索视网膜视区(V1、V2、V3、V4、V3a、MT)的功能作用。结果表明,由偏心率和上/下视觉半场表征所划分的视网膜视区具有功能特征,这些特征由对颜色、空间频率和对比度的独特反应组合所定义。这些功能特征为这些区块在视觉中发挥不同作用提供了假设,并有助于解决人类和猕猴视觉皮层组织之间的明显差异。
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引用次数: 0
Self-awareness from whole-body movements. 从全身运动中获得自我意识
IF 4.4 2区 医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0478-24.2024
Akila Kadambi, Gennady Erlikhman, Micah Johnson, Martin M Monti, Marco Iacoboni, Hongjing Lu

Humans can recognize their whole-body movements even when displayed as dynamic dot patterns. The sparse depiction of whole-body movements, coupled with a lack of visual experience watching ourselves in the world, has long implicated non-visual mechanisms to self-action recognition. We aimed to identify the neural systems for this ability. Using general linear modeling and multivariate analyses on human brain imaging data from male and female participants, we first found that cortical areas linked to motor processes, including frontoparietal and primary somatomotor cortices, exhibit greater engagement and functional connectivity when recognizing self-generated versus other-generated actions. Next, we show that these regions encode self-identity based on motor familiarity, even after regressing out idiosyncratic visual cues using multiple regression representational similarity analysis. Last, we found the reverse pattern for unfamiliar individuals: encoding localized to occipito-temporal visual regions. These findings suggest that self-awareness from actions emerges from the interplay of motor and visual processes.Significance Statement: We report for the first time that self-recognition from visual observation of our whole-body actions implicates brain regions associated with motor processes. On functional neuroimaging data, we found greater activity and unique representational patterns in brain areas and networks linked to motor processes when viewing our own actions relative to viewing the actions of others. These findings introduce an important role of motor mechanisms in distinguishing the self from others.

即使显示为动态点图案,人类也能识别自己的全身动作。由于对全身运动的描述稀少,再加上人类缺乏观察自己的视觉经验,因此长期以来一直认为非视觉机制与自我动作识别有关。我们的目标是确定这种能力的神经系统。通过对男性和女性参与者的人脑成像数据进行一般线性建模和多变量分析,我们首先发现,与运动过程相关的皮层区域,包括额顶和初级躯体运动皮层,在识别自我产生的动作和他人产生的动作时,表现出更大的参与性和功能连接性。接下来,我们表明,即使在使用多元回归表征相似性分析法去除特异性视觉线索后,这些区域仍能根据运动熟悉程度编码自我认同。最后,我们发现了陌生个体的相反模式:编码集中在枕颞视觉区域。这些发现表明,行动的自我意识来自于运动和视觉过程的相互作用:我们首次报道了通过视觉观察我们的全身动作而产生的自我意识牵涉到与运动过程相关的脑区。通过功能神经影像学数据,我们发现在观察自己的动作时,与观察他人的动作相比,与运动过程相关的脑区和网络具有更强的活动性和独特的表征模式。这些发现介绍了运动机制在区分自我与他人方面的重要作用。
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引用次数: 0
Corti fluid is a medium for outer hair cell force transmission. Corti 液是外毛细胞传力的介质。
IF 4.4 2区 医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1033-24.2024
Mohammad Shokrian, Wei-Ching Lin, Anes Macić, Jong-Hoon Nam

The mammalian cochlea amplifies sounds selectively to improve frequency resolution. However, vibrations around the outer hair cells (OHCs) are amplified non-selectively. The mechanism of the selective or non-selective amplification is unknown. This study demonstrates that active force transmission through the extracellular fluid in the organ of Corti (Corti fluid) can explain how the cochlea achieves selective sound amplification despite the non-frequency-selective action of OHCs. Computational model simulations and experiments with excised cochleae from young gerbils of both sexes were exploited. OHC motility resulted in characteristic off-axis motion of the joint between the OHC and Deiters cell (ODJ). Incorporating the Corti fluid dynamics was critical to account for the ODJ motion due to OHC motility. The incorporation of pressure transmission through the Corti fluid resulted in three distinct frequency tuning patterns depending on sites in the organ of Corti. In the basilar membrane, the responses were amplified near the best-responding frequency (BF). In the ODJ region, the responses were amplified non-selectively. In the reticular lamina, the responses were amplified near the BF but suppressed in lower frequencies. The suppressive effect of OHCs was further examined by observing the changes in tuning curves due to local inhibition of OHC motility. The frequency response of the reticular lamina resembled neural tuning, such as the hypersensitivity of tuning-curve tails after hair cell damage. Our results demonstrate how active OHCs exploit the elastic frame and viscous fluid in the organ of Corti to amplify and suppress cochlear vibrations for better frequency selectivity.Significance Statement Active outer hair cells have been considered to selectively amplify the basilar membrane vibrations near the sound's tonotopic location. However, recent observations from different labs showed that outer hair cells' action is non-selective-it spreads over the broad span of traveling waves. These observations challenge the existing theory pegged to basilar-membrane mechanics. The motion at the joint between the outer hair cell and the Deiters (ODJ) cell holds the key to account for the non-selective action of outer hair cells. We show that the characteristic motions at the ODJ are explained coherently when Corti fluid acts as the medium for outer hair cell force transmission. Our results demonstrate how non-selective outer hair cell action produces selective neural responses.

哺乳动物的耳蜗会选择性地放大声音,以提高频率分辨率。然而,外毛细胞(OHC)周围的振动会被非选择性放大。选择性或非选择性放大的机制尚不清楚。本研究证明,通过柯蒂器官细胞外液(柯蒂液)的主动力传递可以解释耳蜗是如何在外毛细胞非频率选择性作用的情况下实现选择性声音放大的。我们利用计算模型模拟和从幼年沙鼠(雌雄均有)身上切除的耳蜗进行了实验。OHC的运动导致OHC和Deiters细胞(ODJ)之间的关节产生特征性离轴运动。结合 Corti 流体动力学是解释 OHC 运动导致 ODJ 运动的关键。通过 Corti 流体进行压力传递会产生三种不同的频率调谐模式,具体取决于 Corti 器官中的不同部位。在基底膜,反应在最佳反应频率(BF)附近被放大。在 ODJ 区域,反应呈非选择性放大。在网状薄层,反应在最佳响应频率附近被放大,但在较低频率时受到抑制。通过观察局部抑制 OHC 运动导致的调谐曲线变化,进一步检验了 OHC 的抑制作用。网状薄层的频率响应类似于神经调谐,如毛细胞损伤后调谐曲线尾部的超敏反应。我们的研究结果表明,活跃的外毛细胞如何利用科蒂器官中的弹性框架和粘性液体来放大和抑制耳蜗振动,从而获得更好的频率选择性。 意义声明 活跃的外毛细胞一直被认为会选择性地放大声音声调位置附近的基底膜振动。然而,最近来自不同实验室的观察结果表明,外毛细胞的作用是非选择性的--它在广泛的行波范围内扩散。这些观察结果对基底膜力学的现有理论提出了挑战。外毛细胞和 Deiters(ODJ)细胞之间的连接处的运动是解释外毛细胞非选择性作用的关键。我们的研究表明,当 Corti 流体作为外毛细胞力传递的介质时,ODJ 处的特征运动可以得到连贯的解释。我们的研究结果证明了外毛细胞的非选择性作用是如何产生选择性神经反应的。
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