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Computational and neural evidence for altered fast and slow learning from losses in problem gambling. 计算和神经证据表明,从问题赌博的损失中学习的快慢发生了改变。
IF 4.4 2区 医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-11-18 DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0080-24.2024
Kiyohito Iigaya, Tobias Larsen, Timothy Fong, John P O'Doherty

Learning occurs across multiple timescales, with fast learning crucial for adapting to sudden environmental changes, and slow learning beneficial for extracting robust knowledge from multiple events. Here we asked if miscalibrated fast vs slow learn-ing can lead to maladaptive decision-making in individuals with problem gambling. We recruited participants with problem gambling (PG; N=20; 9 female and 11 male) and a recreational gambling control group without any symptoms associated with problem gambling (N=20; 10 female and 10 male) from the community in Los Ange-les, CA. Participants performed a decision-making task involving reward-learning and loss-avoidance while being scanned with fMRI. Using computational model fitting, we found that individuals in the PG group showed evidence for an excessive dependence on slow timescales and a reduced reliance on fast timescales during learning. fMRI data implicated the putamen, an area associated with habit, and medial prefrontal cortex (PFC) in slow loss-value encoding, with significantly more robust encoding in medial PFC in the PG group compared to controls. The PG group also exhibited stronger loss prediction error encoding in the insular cortex. These findings suggest that individuals with PG have an impaired ability to adjust their predictions following losses, manifested by a stronger influence of slow value learning. This impairment could contribute to the behavioral inflexibility of problem gamblers, particularly the persistence in gambling behavior typically observed in those individuals after incur-ring loss outcomes.Significance Statement Over five million American adults are considered to experience problem gambling, leading to financial and social devastation. Yet the neural basis of problem gambling remains elusive, impeding the development of effective treatments. We apply computational modeling and neuroimaging to understand the mechanisms underlying problem gambling. In a decision-making task involving reward-learning and loss-avoidance, individuals with problem gambling show an impaired behavioral adjustment following losses. Computational model-driven analyses suggest that, while all participants relied on learning over both fast and slow timescales, individuals with problem gambling showed increased reliance on slow-learning from losses. Neuroimaging identified the putamen, medial prefrontal cortex, and insula as key brain regions in this learning disparity. This research offers new insights into the altered neural computations underlying problem gambling.

学习跨越多个时间尺度,快速学习对于适应突如其来的环境变化至关重要,而缓慢学习则有利于从多个事件中提取稳健的知识。在此,我们想知道,快速学习与慢速学习的误差是否会导致问题赌博者做出不适应的决策。我们从加利福尼亚州洛斯安吉莱斯的社区招募了问题赌博参与者(PG;N=20;9名女性和11名男性)和无任何问题赌博相关症状的娱乐赌博对照组(N=20;10名女性和10名男性)。参与者在接受fMRI扫描的同时完成了一项涉及奖励学习和损失规避的决策任务。通过计算模型拟合,我们发现 PG 组的个体在学习过程中过度依赖慢速时间尺度,而减少了对快速时间尺度的依赖。fMRI 数据表明,与习惯有关的区域--普鲁士门和内侧前额叶皮层(PFC)与慢速损失价值编码有关,与对照组相比,PG 组的内侧前额叶皮层的编码能力明显更强。PG 组的岛叶皮层也表现出更强的损失预测错误编码。这些研究结果表明,PG 患者在损失后调整预测的能力受损,表现为更强的慢值学习影响。这种障碍可能导致问题赌徒的行为缺乏灵活性,特别是在这些人身上通常观察到的在发生环比损失结果后赌博行为的持续性。然而,问题赌博的神经基础仍然难以捉摸,阻碍了有效治疗方法的开发。我们运用计算建模和神经成像技术来了解问题赌博的内在机制。在一项涉及奖励学习和损失规避的决策任务中,问题赌博患者在损失后表现出行为调整能力受损。计算模型驱动的分析表明,虽然所有参与者都依赖于快速和慢速时间尺度的学习,但问题赌博者表现出更多地依赖于从损失中的慢速学习。神经影像学发现,在这种学习差异中,丘脑、内侧前额叶皮层和岛叶是关键的脑区。这项研究为了解问题赌博背后的神经计算改变提供了新的视角。
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引用次数: 0
A data-driven analysis of the perceptual and neural responses to natural objects reveals organising principles of human visual cognition. 对自然物体的感知和神经反应进行数据驱动分析,揭示人类视觉认知的组织原则。
IF 4.4 2区 医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-11-18 DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1318-24.2024
David M Watson, Timothy J Andrews

A key challenge in understanding the functional organisation of visual cortex stems from the fact that only a small proportion of the objects experienced during natural viewing can be presented in a typical experiment. This constraint often leads to experimental designs that compare responses to objects from experimenter-defined stimulus conditions, potentially limiting the interpretation of the data. To overcome this issue, we used images from the THINGS initiative, which provides a systematic sampling of natural objects. A data-driven analysis was then applied to reveal the functional organisation of the visual brain, incorporating both perceptual and neural responses to these objects. Perceptual properties of the objects were taken from an analysis of similarity judgements, and neural properties were taken from whole brain fMRI responses to the same objects. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) was then used to predict neural responses across the brain from the perceptual properties while simultaneously applying dimensionality reduction. The PLSR model accurately predicted neural responses across visual cortex using only a small number of components. These components revealed smooth, graded neural topographies, which were similar in both hemispheres, and captured a variety of object properties including animacy, real-world size, and object category. However, they did not accord in any simple way with previous theoretical perspectives on object perception. Instead, our findings suggest that visual cortex encodes information in a statistically efficient manner, reflecting natural variability among objects.Significance statement The ability to recognise objects is fundamental to how we interact with our environment, yet the organising principles underlying neural representations of visual objects remain contentious. In this study, we sought to address this question by analysing perceptual and neural responses to a large, unbiased sample of objects. Using a data-driven approach, we leveraged perceptual properties of objects to predict neural responses using a small number of components. This model predicted neural responses with a high degree of accuracy across visual cortex. The components did not directly align with previous explanations of object perception. Instead, our findings suggest the organisation of the visual brain is based on the statistical properties of objects in the natural world.

了解视觉皮层功能组织的一个主要挑战来自于这样一个事实,即在典型的实验中只能呈现一小部分在自然观看过程中体验到的物体。这种限制往往导致实验设计只能比较实验者定义的刺激条件下物体的反应,从而限制了对数据的解释。为了克服这一问题,我们使用了 THINGS 计划中的图片,该计划提供了系统的自然物体样本。然后,通过数据驱动分析,结合对这些物体的感知和神经反应,揭示视觉大脑的功能组织。物体的感知属性来自于对相似性判断的分析,而神经属性则来自于对相同物体的全脑 fMRI 反应。然后,利用偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)从感知属性预测整个大脑的神经反应,同时进行降维处理。PLSR 模型仅使用少量成分就能准确预测整个视觉皮层的神经反应。这些成分揭示了平滑、分级的神经拓扑图,在两个大脑半球中相似,并捕捉到了各种物体属性,包括动物性、真实世界大小和物体类别。然而,它们与之前关于物体感知的理论观点并不一致。意义声明 识别物体的能力是我们与环境互动的基础,但视觉物体神经表征的组织原理仍存在争议。在这项研究中,我们试图通过分析对大量无偏见物体样本的感知和神经反应来解决这个问题。通过数据驱动法,我们利用物体的感知特性,使用少量成分预测神经反应。该模型能高度准确地预测整个视觉皮层的神经反应。这些成分与之前对物体感知的解释并不直接一致。相反,我们的研究结果表明,视觉大脑的组织是基于自然世界中物体的统计特性。
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引用次数: 0
Disruption of the autism-associated Pcdh9 gene leads to transcriptional alterations, synapse overgrowth, and defective network activity in the CA1. 自闭症相关 Pcdh9 基因的破坏会导致 CA1 的转录改变、突触过度生长和网络活动缺陷。
IF 4.4 2区 医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-11-18 DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0491-24.2024
Federico Miozzo, Luca Murru, Greta Maiellano, Ilaria di Iasio, Antonio G Zippo, Annalaura Zambrano Avendano, Verjinia D Metodieva, Sara Riccardi, Deborah D'Aliberti, Silvia Spinelli, Tamara Canu, Linda Chaabane, Shinji Hirano, Martien J H Kas, Maura Francolini, Rocco Piazza, Edoardo Moretto, Maria Passafaro

Protocadherins, a family of adhesion molecules with crucial role in cell-cell interactions, have emerged as key players in neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. In particular, growing evidence links genetic alterations in Protocadherin 9 (PCDH9) gene with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). Furthermore, Pcdh9 deletion induces neuronal defects in the mouse somatosensory cortex, accompanied by sensorimotor and memory impairment. However, the synaptic and molecular mechanisms of PCDH9 in the brain remain largely unknown, particularly concerning its impact on brain pathology. To address this question, we conducted a comprehensive investigation of PCDH9 role in the male mouse hippocampus at the ultrastructural, biochemical, transcriptomic, electrophysiological and network level. We show that PCDH9 mainly localizes at glutamatergic synapses and its expression peaks in the first week after birth, a crucial time window for synaptogenesis. Strikingly, Pcdh9 KO neurons exhibit oversized presynaptic terminal and postsynaptic density (PSD) in the CA1. Synapse overgrowth is sustained by the widespread up-regulation of synaptic genes, as revealed by single-nucleus RNA-seq (snRNA-seq), and the dysregulation of key drivers of synapse morphogenesis, including the SHANK2/CORTACTIN pathway. At the functional level, these structural and transcriptional abnormalities result into increased excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSC) and reduced network activity in the CA1 of Pcdh9 KO mice. In conclusion, our work uncovers Pcdh9 pivotal role in shaping the morphology and function of CA1 excitatory synapses, thereby modulating glutamatergic transmission within hippocampal circuits.Significance statement Converging evidence indicates that genetic alterations in Protocadherin 9 (PCDH9) gene are associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). However, our understanding of PCDH9 physiological role and molecular mechanisms in the brain, as well as its connection to synaptic dysfunction and brain pathology, remains limited. Here we demonstrate that Pcdh9 regulates the transcriptional profile, morphology and function of glutamatergic synapses in the CA1, thereby tuning hippocampal network activity. Our results elucidate the molecular and synaptic mechanisms of a gene implicated in neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders, and suggest potential hippocampal alterations contributing to the cognitive deficits associated with these conditions.

原黏附素是在细胞-细胞相互作用中起关键作用的黏附分子家族,已成为神经发育和精神疾病的关键因素。特别是,越来越多的证据表明,原黏附素 9(PCDH9)基因的遗传改变与自闭症谱系障碍(ASD)和重度抑郁障碍(MDD)有关。此外,Pcdh9 基因缺失会诱发小鼠体感皮层神经元缺陷,并伴有感觉运动和记忆障碍。然而,PCDH9 在大脑中的突触和分子机制在很大程度上仍不为人所知,尤其是它对大脑病理学的影响。针对这一问题,我们从超微结构、生物化学、转录组学、电生理学和网络水平对PCDH9在雄性小鼠海马中的作用进行了全面研究。我们发现,PCDH9主要定位于谷氨酸能突触,其表达峰值出现在出生后第一周,这是突触发生的关键时间窗口。引人注目的是,Pcdh9 KO 神经元在 CA1 中表现出突触前末端和突触后密度(PSD)过大。单核 RNA-seq(snRNA-seq)显示,突触基因的广泛上调以及突触形态发生的关键驱动因素(包括 SHANK2/CORTACTIN 通路)的失调维持了突触的过度生长。在功能水平上,这些结构和转录异常导致 Pcdh9 KO 小鼠 CA1 中兴奋性突触后电流(mEPSC)增加和网络活动减少。总之,我们的研究揭示了 Pcdh9 在塑造 CA1 兴奋性突触的形态和功能方面的关键作用,从而调节了海马回路中的谷氨酸能传导。然而,我们对 PCDH9 在大脑中的生理作用和分子机制,以及它与突触功能障碍和大脑病理学的联系的了解仍然有限。在这里,我们证明了 Pcdh9 可调节 CA1 中谷氨酸能突触的转录谱、形态和功能,从而调整海马网络的活动。我们的研究结果阐明了一个与神经发育和精神疾病有关的基因的分子和突触机制,并提出了导致与这些疾病相关的认知障碍的潜在海马改变。
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引用次数: 0
Human iPSC-derived microglia sense and dampen hyperexcitability of cortical neurons carrying the epilepsy-associated SCN2A-L1342P mutation. 人iPSC衍生的小胶质细胞能感知并抑制携带癫痫相关SCN2A-L1342P突变的皮质神经元的过度兴奋性。
IF 4.4 2区 医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-11-18 DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2027-23.2024
Zhefu Que, Maria I Olivero-Acosta, Morgan Robinson, Ian Chen, Jingliang Zhang, Kyle Wettschurack, Jiaxiang Wu, Tiange Xiao, C Max Otterbacher, Vinayak Shankar, Hope Harlow, Seoyong Hong, Benjamin Zirkle, Muhan Wang, Ningren Cui, Purba Mandal, Xiaoling Chen, Brody Deming, Manasi Halurkar, Yuanrui Zhao, Jean-Christophe Rochet, Ranjie Xu, Amy L Brewster, Long-Jun Wu, Chongli Yuan, William C Skarnes, Yang Yang

Neuronal hyperexcitability is a hallmark of epilepsy. It has been recently shown in rodent models of seizures that microglia, the brain's resident immune cells, can respond to and modulate neuronal excitability. However, how human microglia interact with human neurons to regulate hyperexcitability mediated by an epilepsy-causing genetic mutation found in patients is unknown. The SCN2A gene is responsible for encoding the voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.2, one of the leading contributors to monogenic epilepsies. Previously, we demonstrated that the recurring Nav1.2-L1342P mutation leads to hyperexcitability in a male donor (KOLF2.1) hiPSC-derived cortical neuron model. Microglia originate from a different lineage (yolk sac) and are not naturally present in hiPSCs-derived neuronal cultures. To study how microglia respond to neurons carrying a disease-causing mutation and influence neuronal excitability, we established a co-culture model comprising hiPSC-derived neurons and microglia. We found that microglia display increased branch length and enhanced process-specific calcium signal when co-cultured with Nav1.2-L1342P neurons. Moreover, the presence of microglia significantly lowered the repetitive action potential firing and current density of sodium channels in neurons carrying the mutation. Additionally, we showed that co-culturing with microglia led to a reduction in sodium channel expression within the axon initial segment of Nav1.2-L1342P neurons. Furthermore, we demonstrated that Nav1.2-L1342P neurons release a higher amount of glutamate compared to control neurons. Our work thus reveals a critical role of human iPSCs-derived microglia in sensing and dampening hyperexcitability mediated by an epilepsy-causing mutation.Significance Statement Seizure studies in mouse models have highlighted the role of microglia in modulating neuronal activity, particularly in the promotion or suppression of seizures. However, a gap persists in comprehending the influence of human microglia on intrinsically hyperexcitable neurons carrying epilepsy-associated pathogenic mutations. This research addresses this gap by investigating human microglia and their impact on neuronal functions. Our findings demonstrate that microglia exhibit dynamic morphological alterations and calcium fluctuations in the presence of neurons carrying an epilepsy-associated SCN2A mutation. Furthermore, microglia suppressed the excitability of hyperexcitable neurons, suggesting a potential beneficial role. This study underscores the role of microglia in the regulation of abnormal neuronal activity, providing insights into therapeutic strategies for neurological conditions associated with hyperexcitability.

神经元过度兴奋是癫痫的一个特征。最近在啮齿动物癫痫发作模型中显示,小胶质细胞--大脑的常驻免疫细胞--可以对神经元的兴奋性做出反应并进行调节。然而,人类小胶质细胞如何与人类神经元相互作用,调节由患者体内发现的致痫基因突变介导的过度兴奋性,目前尚不清楚。SCN2A 基因负责编码电压门控钠通道 Nav1.2,这是导致单基因癫痫的主要因素之一。此前,我们证实,在一个男性供体(KOLF2.1)hiPSC衍生的皮层神经元模型中,反复出现的Nav1.2-L1342P突变会导致过度兴奋。小胶质细胞起源于不同的血统(卵黄囊),并不自然存在于 hiPSCs 衍生的神经元培养物中。为了研究小胶质细胞如何对携带致病突变的神经元做出反应并影响神经元的兴奋性,我们建立了一个由 hiPSC 衍生神经元和小胶质细胞组成的共培养模型。我们发现,小胶质细胞与 Nav1.2-L1342P 神经元共培养时,分支长度增加,过程特异性钙信号增强。此外,小胶质细胞的存在显著降低了携带突变的神经元的重复动作电位发射和钠通道的电流密度。此外,我们还发现,与小胶质细胞共同培养会导致 Nav1.2-L1342P 神经元轴突初段内钠离子通道表达的减少。此外,我们还证明,与对照神经元相比,Nav1.2-L1342P 神经元释放的谷氨酸量更高。因此,我们的工作揭示了源于人类 iPSCs 的小胶质细胞在感知和抑制由癫痫致病突变介导的过度兴奋中的关键作用。然而,在理解人类小胶质细胞对携带癫痫相关致病突变的内在高兴奋性神经元的影响方面仍存在差距。这项研究通过研究人类小胶质细胞及其对神经元功能的影响来填补这一空白。我们的研究结果表明,当神经元携带癫痫相关的 SCN2A 突变时,小胶质细胞会表现出动态的形态改变和钙波动。此外,小胶质细胞抑制了过度兴奋神经元的兴奋性,这表明小胶质细胞具有潜在的有益作用。这项研究强调了小胶质细胞在调节异常神经元活动中的作用,为与过度兴奋相关的神经系统疾病的治疗策略提供了启示。
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引用次数: 0
Cortical areas for planning sequences before and during movement. 运动前和运动中规划序列的皮层区域
IF 4.4 2区 医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-11-14 DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1300-24.2024
Giacomo Ariani, Mahdiyar Shahbazi, Jörn Diedrichsen

Production of rapid movement sequences relies on preparation before (pre-planning) and during (online planning) movement. Here, we compared these processes and asked whether they recruit different cortical areas. Human participants performed three single-finger and three multi-finger sequences in a delayed movement paradigm while undergoing 7T functional MRI. During preparation, primary motor (M1) and somatosensory (S1) areas showed pre-activation of the first movement, even without increases in overall activation. During production, the temporal summation of activity patterns corresponding to constituent fingers explained activity in these areas (M1 and S1). In contrast, the dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) and anterior superior parietal lobule (aSPL) showed substantial activation during the preparation (pre-planning) of multi-finger compared to single-finger sequences. These regions (PMd and aSPL) were also more active during production of multi-finger sequences, suggesting that pre- and online planning may recruit the same regions. However, we observed small but robust differences between the two contrasts, suggesting distinct contributions to pre- and online planning. Multivariate analysis revealed sequence-specific representations in both PMd and aSPL, which remained stable across both preparation and production phases. Our analyses show that these areas maintain a sequence-specific representation before and during sequence production, likely guiding the execution-related areas in the production of rapid movement sequences.Significance Statement Understanding how the brain orchestrates complex behavior remains a core challenge in human neuroscience. Here, we combine high-resolution neuroimaging and a carefully crafted design to study the neural control of rapid sequential finger movements, like typing or playing the piano. Advancing prior research, we show that the brain areas involved in planning these movements maintain those representations throughout the execution of the sequence. This representational stability across planning and execution suggests an intricate connection between these processes. Our results shed light on the nuanced contributions of different cortical areas to different aspects of coordinating skilled movement. This work is well placed to inform future research in animal models and the development of targeted interventions against movement disorders.

快速运动序列的产生有赖于运动前(预规划)和运动中(在线规划)的准备。在此,我们对这些过程进行了比较,并询问它们是否征用了不同的皮层区域。人类参与者在延迟运动范式中进行了三个单指和三个多指序列,同时接受了 7T 功能磁共振成像。在准备过程中,初级运动(M1)和体感(S1)区域显示出第一个动作的预激活,即使整体激活没有增加。在制作过程中,与组成手指相对应的活动模式的时间总和解释了这些区域(M1 和 S1)的活动。相反,与单指序列相比,在多指序列的准备(预规划)过程中,背侧运动前皮层(PMd)和顶叶前上部(aSPL)显示出大量激活。在制作多指序列时,这些区域(PMd 和 aSPL)也更加活跃,这表明预规划和在线规划可能会招募相同的区域。然而,我们观察到这两种对比之间存在微小但稳健的差异,这表明预规划和在线规划有不同的贡献。多变量分析显示,PMd 和 aSPL 中的序列特异性表征在准备和制作阶段都保持稳定。我们的分析表明,这些区域在序列制作之前和期间保持着序列特异性表征,可能在快速运动序列的制作过程中对执行相关区域起到指导作用。在这里,我们结合高分辨率神经成像技术和精心设计的设计,研究了快速连续手指运动(如打字或弹钢琴)的神经控制。在之前研究的基础上,我们发现参与这些动作规划的大脑区域在序列执行的整个过程中都能保持这些表征。这种跨越计划和执行的表征稳定性表明,这些过程之间存在着错综复杂的联系。我们的研究结果揭示了不同的大脑皮层区域对协调熟练动作的不同方面的细微贡献。这项工作为未来的动物模型研究和针对运动障碍的靶向干预措施的开发提供了很好的参考。
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引用次数: 0
Non-responsive neurons improve population coding of object location. 非反应性神经元改进了群体对物体位置的编码。
IF 4.4 2区 医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-11-14 DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1068-24.2024
Myriah Haggard, Maurice J Chacron

Understanding how heterogeneous neural populations represent sensory input to give rise to behavior remains a central problem in systems neuroscience. Here we investigated how midbrain neurons within the electrosensory system of Apteronotus leptorhynchus code for object location in space. In vivo simultaneous recordings were achieved via Neuropixels probes, high-density electrode arrays, with the stimulus positioned at different locations relative to the animal. Midbrain neurons exhibited heterogeneous response profiles, with a significant proportion (65%) seemingly non-responsive to moving stimuli. Remarkably, we found that non-responsive neurons increased population coding of object location through synergistic interactions with responsive neurons by effectively reducing noise. Mathematical modeling demonstrated that increased response heterogeneity together with the experimentally observed correlations was sufficient to give rise to independent encoding by responsive neurons. Further, addition of non-responsive neurons in the model gave rise to synergistic population coding. Taken together, our findings reveal that non-responsive neurons, which are frequently excluded from analysis, can significantly improve population coding of object location through synergistic interactions with responsive neurons. Combinations of responsive and non-responsive neurons have been observed in sensory systems across taxa; it is likely that similar synergistic interactions improve population coding across modalities and behavioral tasks.Significance Statement Here we show that including the activities of non-responsive neurons with those of responsive neurons increases Fisher information about stimulus location. Further analysis revealed that this is because including non-responsive neurons led to reduced noise levels for responsive neurons. A combination of multi-unit recordings from neural populations and mathematical modeling reveals that response heterogeneity and spatially decaying correlations are necessary to observe this effect. It is likely that synergistic population coding by responsive and non-responsive neurons will be observed in other systems.

了解异质神经群如何表征感觉输入以产生行为仍然是系统神经科学的一个核心问题。在这里,我们研究了飞虱电感觉系统中的中脑神经元如何编码空间中的物体位置。我们通过 Neuropixels 探头和高密度电极阵列实现了体内同步记录,并将刺激物置于动物的不同位置。中脑神经元表现出不同的反应特征,其中很大一部分(65%)似乎对移动刺激没有反应。值得注意的是,我们发现无反应的神经元通过与有反应的神经元协同作用,有效降低了噪音,从而增加了群体对物体位置的编码。数学模型证明,反应异质性的增加以及实验观察到的相关性足以导致反应神经元的独立编码。此外,在模型中加入非响应神经元还能产生协同的群体编码。综上所述,我们的研究结果表明,经常被排除在分析之外的非反应性神经元,可以通过与反应性神经元的协同作用,显著改善对物体位置的群体编码。在不同类群的感觉系统中都观察到了反应性神经元和非反应性神经元的组合;类似的协同作用很可能会改善不同模式和行为任务的群体编码。进一步的分析表明,这是因为将非反应性神经元包括在内会降低反应性神经元的噪声水平。结合神经群的多单元记录和数学建模发现,要观察到这种效应,必须要有反应异质性和空间衰减相关性。在其他系统中也有可能观察到反应神经元和非反应神经元的协同群体编码。
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引用次数: 0
Dissecting the causal role of early inferior frontal activation in reading. 剖析早期下额叶激活在阅读中的因果作用。
IF 4.4 2区 医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-11-14 DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0194-24.2024
Tomoki Uno, Kouji Takano, Kimihiro Nakamura

Cognitive models of reading assume that speech production occurs after visual and phonological processing of written words. This traditional view is at odds with more recent magnetoencephalography studies showing that the left posterior inferior frontal cortex (pIFC) classically associated with spoken production responds to print at 100-150 ms after word-onset, almost simultaneously with posterior brain regions for visual and phonological processing. Yet the theoretical significance of this fast neural response remains open to date. We used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to investigate how the left pIFC contributes to the early stage of reading. In Experiment 1, 23 adult participants (14 females) performed three different tasks about written words (oral reading, semantic judgment and perceptual judgment) while single-pulse TMS was delivered to the left pIFC, fusiform gyrus or supramarginal gyrus at different time points (50 to 200 ms after word-onset). A robust double dissociation was found between tasks and stimulation sites - oral reading, but not other control tasks, was disrupted only when TMS was delivered to pIFC at 100 ms. This task-specific impact of pIFC stimulation was further corroborated in Experiment 2, which revealed another double dissociation between oral reading and picture naming. These results demonstrate that the left pIFC specifically and causally mediates rapid computation of speech motor codes at the earliest stage of reading and suggest that this fast sublexical neural pathway for pronunciation, although seemingly dormant, is fully functioning in literate adults. Our results further suggest that these left-hemisphere systems for reading overall act faster than known previously.Significance Statement Recent neuroimaging data suggest that left posterior inferior frontal cortex, classically associated with spoken production, responds to print simultaneously with left fusiform and supramarginal gyri, each responsible for visual and phonological processing, contrary to traditional serial cascade models of reading. While the region is now known to mediate different aspects of cognitive processing, the functional significance of this fast neural response remains unclear. Using transcranial magnetic stimulation, we show that early inferior frontal activation plays a specific and causal role in speeded oral reading at 100 ms after word-onset. This fast sublexical neural pathway for pronunciation, although seemingly dormant, is fully functioning in literate adults. We also propose that the left-hemisphere reading systems act differently and faster than known previously.

阅读认知模型认为,语音生成发生在对书面文字进行视觉和语音处理之后。这一传统观点与最近的脑磁图研究相悖,研究显示,与口语生成相关的左侧额叶下后部皮层(pIFC)在单词开始后 100-150 毫秒就对印刷文字做出了反应,几乎与视觉和语音处理的后部脑区同时做出反应。然而,这种快速神经反应的理论意义至今仍未确定。我们使用经颅磁刺激(TMS)来研究左侧 pIFC 如何对早期阅读做出贡献。在实验 1 中,23 名成年参与者(14 名女性)在不同时间点(单词开始后 50 至 200 毫秒)对左侧 pIFC、纺锤形回或边际上回进行单脉冲 TMS 刺激时,完成了三项不同的书面单词任务(口头阅读、语义判断和知觉判断)。结果发现,任务和刺激部位之间存在着强有力的双重分离:只有在 100 毫秒时将 TMS 传送到 pIFC 时,口语阅读才会受到干扰,而其他控制任务则不会。实验 2 进一步证实了 pIFC 刺激对特定任务的影响,该实验揭示了口语阅读和图片命名之间的双重分离。这些结果表明,在阅读的最初阶段,左侧 pIFC 特异性地、因果性地介导了言语运动代码的快速计算,并表明这一快速的下词汇学发音神经通路虽然看似处于休眠状态,但在识字的成年人中却能充分发挥作用。我们的研究结果进一步表明,这些左半球阅读系统的整体行动速度比以前已知的要快。 意义声明 最近的神经影像学数据表明,与传统的串行级联阅读模型相反,经典上与口语发音相关的左额叶下后部皮层与负责视觉和语音处理的左侧纺锤形回和边际上回同时对印刷品做出反应。虽然现在已知该区域介导认知加工的不同方面,但这种快速神经反应的功能意义仍不清楚。通过经颅磁刺激,我们发现在单词开始后 100 毫秒,早期额下部激活在加速口语阅读中起着特定的因果作用。这种用于发音的快速下词汇神经通路虽然看似处于休眠状态,但在识字的成年人中却能充分发挥作用。我们还提出,左半球阅读系统的作用方式和速度与之前已知的不同。
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引用次数: 0
Dynamics of Saccade Trajectory Modulation by Distractors: Neural Activity Patterns in the Frontal Eye Field. 分散视线者对慢动作轨迹的动态调节:额叶眼场的神经活动模式
IF 4.4 2区 医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-11-13 DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0635-24.2024
Hamidreza Ramezanpour, Devin Heinze Kehoe, Jeffrey D Schall, Mazyar Fallah

The sudden appearance of a visual distractor shortly before saccade initiation can capture spatial attention and modulate the saccade trajectory in spite of the ongoing execution of the initial plan to shift gaze straight to the saccade target. To elucidate the neural correlates underlying these curved saccades, we recorded from single neurons in the frontal eye field of two male rhesus monkeys shifting gaze to a target while a distractor with the same eccentricity appeared either left or right of the target at various delays after target presentation. We found that the population level of presaccadic activity of neurons representing the distractor location encoded the direction of the saccade trajectory. Stronger activity occurred when saccades curved toward the distractor, and weaker when saccades curved away. This relationship held whether the distractor was ipsilateral or contralateral to the recorded neurons. Meanwhile, visually responsive neurons showed asymmetrical patterns of excitatory responses that varied with the location of the distractor and the duration of distractor processing relating to attentional capture and distractor inhibition. During earlier distractor processing, neurons encoded curvature toward the distractor. During later distractor processing, neurons encoded curvature away from the distractor. This was observed when saccades curved away from distractors contralateral to the recording site and when saccades curved toward distractors ipsilateral to the recording site. These findings indicate that saccadic motor planning involves dynamic push-pull hemispheric interactions producing attraction or repulsion for potential but unselected saccade targets.

尽管最初的计划是将视线直接转移到囊状移动目标,但在囊状移动开始前不久突然出现的视觉干扰物会捕获空间注意力并调节囊状移动轨迹。为了阐明这些弯曲的囊状移动背后的神经相关性,我们记录了两只雄性恒河猴的额叶眼场(FEF)中的单个神经元,它们在目标出现后的不同延迟时间内将视线移向目标,同时在目标的左侧或右侧出现一个具有相同偏心率的干扰物。我们发现,代表分心物位置的神经元的共振前活动水平编码了囊状移动轨迹的方向。当囊回转向分散物时,神经元的活动较强,而当囊回转向分散物时,神经元的活动较弱。无论分心物是在记录神经元的同侧还是对侧,这种关系都成立。同时,视觉反应神经元显示出不对称的兴奋反应模式,这种模式随分心物的位置以及与注意捕捉和分心物抑制有关的分心物处理持续时间而变化。在较早的分心处理过程中,神经元对分心的曲率进行编码。在较晚的分心处理过程中,神经元编码的曲率远离分心。当囊回转向远离记录部位对侧的分心物时,以及当囊回转向记录部位同侧的分心物时,都能观察到这种情况。这些发现表明,囊回运动规划涉及半球的动态推拉相互作用,对潜在但未选定的囊回目标产生吸引或排斥作用。 重要声明 这项研究不仅促进了我们对动态环境中眼球运动功能的理解,而且对诊断和理解以异常囊回轨迹为特征的疾病具有潜在的临床意义。我们的研究阐明了囊状移动轨迹背后的神经机制,由于大脑对多种视觉线索和/或运动计划的整合,囊状移动轨迹并不总是线性的。通过分析恒河猴的额叶眼场(FEF)活动,我们发现,囊回的方向性和时间受到代表目标刺激和干扰刺激的额叶眼场视觉神经元之间相互作用的影响。FEF 的作用超出了 "赢者通吃 "的范围,它包含了能产生曲线囊回的囊回矢量平均计算。此外,同侧视觉神经元编码了分心抑制,从而使曲率远离分心。
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引用次数: 0
Monocyte Invasion into the Retina Restricts the Regeneration of Neurons from Müller Glia. 单核细胞侵入视网膜限制了神经元从 Müller 胶质再生。
IF 4.4 2区 医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-11-13 DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0938-24.2024
Nicolai Blasdel, Sucheta Bhattacharya, Phoebe C Donaldson, Thomas A Reh, Levi Todd

Endogenous reprogramming of glia into neurogenic progenitors holds great promise for neuron restoration therapies. Using lessons from regenerative species, we have developed strategies to stimulate mammalian Müller glia to regenerate neurons in vivo in the adult retina. We have demonstrated that the transcription factor Ascl1 can stimulate Müller glia neurogenesis. However, Ascl1 is only able to reprogram a subset of Müller glia into neurons. We have reported that neuroinflammation from microglia inhibits neurogenesis from Müller glia. Here we found that the peripheral immune response is a barrier to CNS regeneration. We show that monocytes from the peripheral immune system infiltrate the injured retina and negatively influence neurogenesis from Müller glia. Using CCR2 knock-out mice of both sexes, we found that preventing monocyte infiltration improves the neurogenic and proliferative capacity of Müller glia stimulated by Ascl1. Using scRNA-seq analysis, we identified a signaling axis wherein Osteopontin, a cytokine highly expressed by infiltrating immune cells is sufficient to suppress mammalian neurogenesis. This work implicates the response of the peripheral immune system as a barrier to regenerative strategies of the retina.

内源性将胶质细胞重编程为神经原祖细胞为神经元恢复疗法带来了巨大希望。利用再生物种的经验,我们开发了刺激哺乳动物 Müller 胶质在成体视网膜中再生神经元的策略。我们已经证明转录因子Ascl1可以刺激Müller神经胶质细胞神经发生。然而,Ascl1只能将一部分Müller胶质细胞重编程为神经元。我们曾报道过,小胶质细胞的神经炎症会抑制 Müller 胶质的神经发生。在这里,我们发现外周免疫反应是中枢神经系统再生的障碍。我们发现,来自外周免疫系统的单核细胞会渗入受伤的视网膜,并对来自 Müller 胶质的神经发生产生负面影响。通过使用 CCR2 基因敲除的雌雄小鼠,我们发现阻止单核细胞浸润可提高 Müller 胶质在 Ascl1 刺激下的神经发生和增殖能力。通过 scRNA-seq 分析,我们确定了一个信号轴,其中浸润免疫细胞高表达的细胞因子 Osteopontin 足以抑制哺乳动物的神经发生。这项工作表明,外周免疫系统的反应是视网膜再生策略的一个障碍。意义声明 哺乳动物中枢神经系统神经元的再生极其有限。转基因过表达朊病毒转录因子 Ascl1 能使哺乳动物视网膜胶质细胞再生出一些因损伤而丢失的神经元。我们发现,在这种对损伤的再生反应过程中,来自外周的单核细胞会侵入神经视网膜,这些炎症细胞会对 Müller 胶质重编程为神经原祖细胞的能力产生负面调节。当单核细胞浸润视网膜受到抑制时,Müller胶质细胞再生神经元的能力就会显著增强。这项研究表明,外周免疫调节是加强内源性神经元替代策略的一种工具。
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引用次数: 0
Orbitofrontal Cortex Mediates Sustained Basolateral Amygdala Encoding of Cued Reward-Seeking States. 眼眶额叶皮层介导杏仁核基底外侧对诱导奖赏寻求状态的持续编码。
IF 4.4 2区 医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-11-13 DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0013-24.2024
David J Ottenheimer, Katherine R Vitale, Frederic Ambroggi, Patricia H Janak, Benjamin T Saunders

Basolateral amygdala (BLA) neurons are engaged by emotionally salient stimuli. An area of increasing interest is how BLA dynamics relate to evolving reward-seeking behavior, especially under situations of uncertainty or ambiguity. Here, we recorded the activity of individual BLA neurons in male rats across the acquisition and extinction of conditioned reward seeking. We assessed ongoing neural dynamics in a task where long reward cue presentations preceded an unpredictable, variably time reward delivery. We found that, with training, BLA neurons discriminated the CS+ and CS- cues with sustained cue-evoked activity that correlated with behavior and terminated only after reward receipt. BLA neurons were bidirectionally modulated, with a majority showing prolonged inhibition during cued reward seeking. Strikingly, population-level analyses revealed that neurons showing cue-evoked inhibitions and those showing excitations similarly represented the CS+ and behavioral state. This sustained population code rapidly extinguished in parallel with conditioned behavior. We next assessed the contribution of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), a major reciprocal partner to the BLA. Inactivation of the OFC while simultaneously recording in the BLA revealed a blunting of sustained cue-evoked activity in the BLA that accompanied reduced reward seeking. Optogenetic disruption of BLA activity and OFC terminals in the BLA also reduced reward seeking. Our data indicate that the BLA represents reward-seeking states via sustained, bidirectional cue-driven neural encoding. This code is regulated by cortical input and is important for the maintenance of vigilant reward-seeking behavior.

基底外侧杏仁核(BLA)神经元受情绪显著刺激的影响。基底外侧杏仁核(BLA)神经元受情绪显著刺激的影响。人们越来越关注的一个领域是,基底外侧杏仁核神经元的动态如何与不断变化的寻求奖赏行为相关联,尤其是在不确定或模糊的情况下。在这里,我们记录了雄性大鼠在条件奖赏寻求的获得和消退过程中单个 BLA 神经元的活动。我们在一项任务中评估了持续的神经动态,在这项任务中,在不可预测、时间可变的奖励交付之前会出现长时间的奖励提示。我们发现,经过训练后,BLA 神经元可以通过持续的线索诱发活动来区分 CS+ 和 CS- 线索,这种活动与行为相关,并且只在获得奖励后才会终止。BLA 神经元是双向调节的,其中大部分神经元在寻找提示奖励时表现出长时间的抑制。令人震惊的是,群体水平的分析表明,表现出线索诱发抑制的神经元和表现出兴奋的神经元相似地代表了 CS+ 和行为状态。这种持续的群体编码会随着条件行为的发生而迅速消失。我们接下来评估了眶额皮层(OFC)的贡献,它是 BLA 的主要互惠伙伴。在对 BLA 进行记录的同时使 OFC 失活,发现 BLA 中的持续线索诱发活动变得迟钝,同时伴随着奖励寻求的减少。光遗传破坏BLA活动和BLA中的OFC末端也会减少寻求奖赏的行为。我们的数据表明,BLA通过持续的、双向线索驱动的神经编码来表现奖赏寻求状态。这一编码受大脑皮层输入的调控,对于维持警觉的奖励寻求行为非常重要。意义声明 适当地表达当前动机奖励寻求的需要,尤其是在不确定或模糊的情况下,对于适应行为至关重要。在这里,我们记录了大鼠在条件奖赏寻求过程中杏仁基底外侧(BLA)神经元的活动,发现了一种持续的线索诱发的群体水平代码,一旦获得奖赏,这种代码就会终止。眶额皮层(OFC)是杏仁核基外侧的一个主要输入器官,它的失活削弱了杏仁核基外侧的持续线索诱发活动,并降低了寻求奖赏的程度。光遗传破坏 BLA 活动和 BLA 中的 OFC 末端也会减少寻求奖赏的行为。这些结果共同表明,BLA以持续的神经活动代表条件动机状态--这种信号对于线索刺激的奖赏寻求至关重要,并且依赖于来自眶额皮层的功能输入。
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