Pub Date : 2024-09-03DOI: 10.1101/2024.09.02.610765
Akanksha Shah, Mike M Webster
Mixed-species groups are common in nature. Such groups are characterised by the presence of one or more majority species, and smaller numbers of minority species. Minority individuals are expected to be subject to oddity effects; by looking or behaving differently to majority members they should be disproportionately targeted by predators. Given this, why might minority species remain in mixed-species groups? To address this question, we used threespine sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) as predators and two species of virtual prey presented via videos. We compared predator attacks on solitary prey, and odd and majority grouped prey individuals in groups of different sizes. We found that solitary prey were attacked significantly more than odd and majority grouped prey, while, in fact, odd and majority grouped prey did not differ from each other in terms of attacks received. We also found that prey in smaller groups suffered significantly more attacks than prey in larger groups. These findings provide no evidence for oddity effects but suggest evidence of a confusion effect. Natural mixed-species groups persist for various reasons, for example as foraging guilds, or because some members take advantage of more effective vigilance or alarm calls of others. We suggest, based on these findings, an additional non-mutually exclusive reason; under some circumstances, odd individuals might join larger heterospecific groups because any costs of being odd are greatly outweighed by the predation risk costs of remaining alone.
{"title":"Odd prey in mixed species groups suffer fewer attacks than lone individuals","authors":"Akanksha Shah, Mike M Webster","doi":"10.1101/2024.09.02.610765","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.09.02.610765","url":null,"abstract":"Mixed-species groups are common in nature. Such groups are characterised by the presence of one or more majority species, and smaller numbers of minority species. Minority individuals are expected to be subject to oddity effects; by looking or behaving differently to majority members they should be disproportionately targeted by predators. Given this, why might minority species remain in mixed-species groups? To address this question, we used threespine sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) as predators and two species of virtual prey presented via videos. We compared predator attacks on solitary prey, and odd and majority grouped prey individuals in groups of different sizes. We found that solitary prey were attacked significantly more than odd and majority grouped prey, while, in fact, odd and majority grouped prey did not differ from each other in terms of attacks received. We also found that prey in smaller groups suffered significantly more attacks than prey in larger groups. These findings provide no evidence for oddity effects but suggest evidence of a confusion effect. Natural mixed-species groups persist for various reasons, for example as foraging guilds, or because some members take advantage of more effective vigilance or alarm calls of others. We suggest, based on these findings, an additional non-mutually exclusive reason; under some circumstances, odd individuals might join larger heterospecific groups because any costs of being odd are greatly outweighed by the predation risk costs of remaining alone.","PeriodicalId":501210,"journal":{"name":"bioRxiv - Animal Behavior and Cognition","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142211745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-03DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.31.610627
Florent Le Moël, Antoine Wystrach
The Mushroom Bodies, a prominent and evolutionary conserved structure of the insect brain, are known to be the support of olfactory memory. There is now evidence that this structure is also required for visual learning, but the hypotheses about how the view memories are encoded are still largely based on what is known of the encoding of olfactory information. The different processing steps happening along the several relays before the Mushroom Bodies is still unclear, and how the visual memories actually may allow navigation is entirely unknown. Existing models of visual learning in the Mushroom Bodies quickly fall short when used in a navigational context. We discuss how the visual world differs from the olfactory world and what processing steps are likely needed in order to form memories useful for navigation, and demonstrate it using a computational model of the Mushroom Bodies embedded in an agent moving in through a virtual 3D world.
{"title":"Vision is not olfaction: impact on the insect Mushroom Bodies connectivity","authors":"Florent Le Moël, Antoine Wystrach","doi":"10.1101/2024.08.31.610627","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.08.31.610627","url":null,"abstract":"The Mushroom Bodies, a prominent and evolutionary conserved structure of the insect brain, are known to be the support of olfactory memory. There is now evidence that this structure is also required for visual learning, but the hypotheses about how the view memories are encoded are still largely based on what is known of the encoding of olfactory information. The different processing steps happening along the several relays before the Mushroom Bodies is still unclear, and how the visual memories actually may allow navigation is entirely unknown. Existing models of visual learning in the Mushroom Bodies quickly fall short when used in a navigational context. We discuss how the visual world differs from the olfactory world and what processing steps are likely needed in order to form memories useful for navigation, and demonstrate it using a computational model of the Mushroom Bodies embedded in an agent moving in through a virtual 3D world.","PeriodicalId":501210,"journal":{"name":"bioRxiv - Animal Behavior and Cognition","volume":"114 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142226686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-02DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.31.610587
April Pilipenko, Jason Samaha, Vrishab Nukala, Jessica De La Torre
A major distinction in early visual processing is the magnocellular (MC) and parvocellular (PC) pathways. The MC pathway preferentially processes motion, transient events, and low spatial frequencies, while the PC pathway preferentially processes color, sustained events, and high spatial frequencies. Prior work has theorized that the PC pathway more strongly contributes to conscious object recognition via projections to the ventral "what" visual pathway, whereas the MC pathway underlies non-conscious, action-oriented motion and localization processing via the dorsal stream "where/how" pathway. This invites the question: Are we equally aware of activity in both pathways? And if not, do task demands interact with which pathway is more accessible to awareness? We investigated this question in a set of two studies measuring participant's metacognition for stimuli biased towards MC or PC processing. The "Steady/Pulsed Paradigm" presents brief stimuli under two conditions thought to favor either pathway. In the "pulsed" condition, the target appears atop a strong luminance pedestal which theoretically saturates the transient MC response and leaves the PC pathway to process the stimulus. In the "steady" condition, the stimulus is identical except the luminance pedestal is constant throughout the trial, rather than flashed alongside the target. This theoretically adapts the PC neurons and leaves MC for processing. Experiment 1 was a spatial localization task thought to rely on information relayed from the MC pathway. Using both a model-based and model-free approach to quantify participants' metacognitive sensitivity to their own task performance, we found greater metacognition in the steady (MC-biased) condition. Experiment 2 was a fine-grained orientation-discrimination task more reliant on PC pathway information. Our results show an abolishment of the MC pathway advantage seen in Experiment 1 and suggest that the metacognitive advantage for MC processing may hold for stimulus localization tasks only. More generally, our results highlight the need to consider the possibility of differential access to low-level stimulus properties in studies of visual metacognition.
早期视觉处理的一个主要区别是巨细胞（MC）和副巨细胞（PC）通路。MC通路优先处理运动、瞬时事件和低空间频率，而PC通路优先处理颜色、持续事件和高空间频率。先前的研究推测，PC通路通过向腹侧 "是什么 "视觉通路的投射，对有意识的物体识别做出了更大的贡献，而MC通路则通过背侧流 "在哪里/怎么做 "通路，对非有意识的、以行动为导向的运动和定位处理做出了贡献。这就引出了一个问题：我们是否能同时意识到这两条通路的活动？如果不是，任务需求是否会影响哪条通路更容易被意识到？我们通过两项研究调查了这个问题，这两项研究分别测量了受试者对偏向 MC 或 PC 处理的刺激的元认知。稳定/脉冲范式 "在两种条件下呈现简短的刺激，这两种条件被认为更倾向于其中一种途径。在 "脉冲 "条件下，目标出现在一个强亮度基座上，理论上会使瞬时 MC 反应饱和，让 PC 通路处理刺激。在 "稳定 "条件下，刺激是相同的，只是在整个试验过程中亮度基座是恒定的，而不是与目标同时闪烁。从理论上讲，这将使 PC 神经元适应刺激，而让 MC 神经元处理刺激。实验 1 是一项被认为依赖 MC 通路信息的空间定位任务。我们使用基于模型和无模型的方法来量化参与者对自身任务表现的元认知敏感性，结果发现在稳定（偏重 MC）条件下，参与者的元认知能力更强。实验 2 是一项更依赖于 PC 路径信息的细粒度方位辨别任务。我们的结果表明，实验 1 中的 MC 通路优势消失了，这表明 MC 处理的元认知优势可能只适用于刺激定位任务。更广泛地说，我们的结果突出表明，在视觉元认知研究中，有必要考虑对低级刺激属性进行不同访问的可能性。
{"title":"Metacognition in Putative Magno- and Parvocellular Vision","authors":"April Pilipenko, Jason Samaha, Vrishab Nukala, Jessica De La Torre","doi":"10.1101/2024.08.31.610587","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.08.31.610587","url":null,"abstract":"A major distinction in early visual processing is the magnocellular (MC) and parvocellular (PC) pathways. The MC pathway preferentially processes motion, transient events, and low spatial frequencies, while the PC pathway preferentially processes color, sustained events, and high spatial frequencies. Prior work has theorized that the PC pathway more strongly contributes to conscious object recognition via projections to the ventral \"what\" visual pathway, whereas the MC pathway underlies non-conscious, action-oriented motion and localization processing via the dorsal stream \"where/how\" pathway. This invites the question: Are we equally aware of activity in both pathways? And if not, do task demands interact with which pathway is more accessible to awareness? We investigated this question in a set of two studies measuring participant's metacognition for stimuli biased towards MC or PC processing. The \"Steady/Pulsed Paradigm\" presents brief stimuli under two conditions thought to favor either pathway. In the \"pulsed\" condition, the target appears atop a strong luminance pedestal which theoretically saturates the transient MC response and leaves the PC pathway to process the stimulus. In the \"steady\" condition, the stimulus is identical except the luminance pedestal is constant throughout the trial, rather than flashed alongside the target. This theoretically adapts the PC neurons and leaves MC for processing. Experiment 1 was a spatial localization task thought to rely on information relayed from the MC pathway. Using both a model-based and model-free approach to quantify participants' metacognitive sensitivity to their own task performance, we found greater metacognition in the steady (MC-biased) condition. Experiment 2 was a fine-grained orientation-discrimination task more reliant on PC pathway information. Our results show an abolishment of the MC pathway advantage seen in Experiment 1 and suggest that the metacognitive advantage for MC processing may hold for stimulus localization tasks only. More generally, our results highlight the need to consider the possibility of differential access to low-level stimulus properties in studies of visual metacognition.","PeriodicalId":501210,"journal":{"name":"bioRxiv - Animal Behavior and Cognition","volume":"256 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142211750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-02DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.30.610481
Luke Leckie, Mischa Sinha Andon, Katherine Bruce, Nathalie Stroeymeyt
In animal groups, spatial heterogeneities shape social contact networks, thereby influencing the transmission of infectious diseases. Active modifications to the spatial environment could thus be a potent tool to mitigate epidemic risk. We tested whether Lasius niger ants modify their nest architecture in response to pathogens by introducing control- or pathogen-treated individuals into nest-digging groups, and monitoring three-dimensional nest morphogenesis over time. Pathogen exposure led to an array of architectural changes including faster nest growth, increased spacing between entrances, transmission-inhibitory changes in overall nest network topology, and reduced chamber centrality. Simulations confirmed that these changes reduced disease spread. These results provide evidence for architectural immunity in a social animal and offer insights into how spatial organisation can be leveraged to decrease epidemic susceptibility.
{"title":"Architectural immunity: ants alter their nest networks to prevent epidemics","authors":"Luke Leckie, Mischa Sinha Andon, Katherine Bruce, Nathalie Stroeymeyt","doi":"10.1101/2024.08.30.610481","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.08.30.610481","url":null,"abstract":"In animal groups, spatial heterogeneities shape social contact networks, thereby influencing the transmission of infectious diseases. Active modifications to the spatial environment could thus be a potent tool to mitigate epidemic risk. We tested whether Lasius niger ants modify their nest architecture in response to pathogens by introducing control- or pathogen-treated individuals into nest-digging groups, and monitoring three-dimensional nest morphogenesis over time. Pathogen exposure led to an array of architectural changes including faster nest growth, increased spacing between entrances, transmission-inhibitory changes in overall nest network topology, and reduced chamber centrality. Simulations confirmed that these changes reduced disease spread. These results provide evidence for architectural immunity in a social animal and offer insights into how spatial organisation can be leveraged to decrease epidemic susceptibility.","PeriodicalId":501210,"journal":{"name":"bioRxiv - Animal Behavior and Cognition","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142211753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-02DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.30.610455
Kirill Smirnov, Ilya Starkov, Olga Sysoeva, Inna Midzyanovskaya
Behavioral copying is a key process in group actions, but it is challenging for individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). We investigated behavioral contagion, or instinctual replication of behaviors, in Krushinky-Molodkina (KM) rats (n=16), a new rodent model for ASD, compared to control Wistar rats (n=15). A randomly chosen healthy Wistar male ("demonstrator rat") was introduced to the homecage of experimental rats ("observers") 10-14 days before the experiments to become a member of the group. For the implementation of the behavioral contagion experiment, we used the IntelliCage system, where rats can live in a group of 5-6 rats and their water visits can be fully controlled. During the experiment, the demonstrator was taken out of IntelliCage for 24 hours of water deprivation and then placed back. As a result, a drinking behavior of the water-deprived demonstrator rat prompted activated behaviors in the whole group. Unlike the Wistar controls, KM observers showed fewer visits to the drinking bottles, particularly lacking inspection visits. The control group, in contrast, exhibited a dynamic, cascade-like visiting of the water corners. The proportion of activated observers in KM rats was significantly lower, as compared to Wistar ones, and they did not mimic other observer rats. KM rats, therefore, displayed an attenuated pattern of behavioral contagion, highlighting social deficits in this ASD model. This study suggests that measuring group dynamics of behavioral contagion in an automated, non-invasive setup offers valuable insights into social behavior in rodents, particularly for studying social deficits in ASD models.
{"title":"Novel method to assess group dynamics in rats reveals deficits in behavioral contagion in KM rats","authors":"Kirill Smirnov, Ilya Starkov, Olga Sysoeva, Inna Midzyanovskaya","doi":"10.1101/2024.08.30.610455","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.08.30.610455","url":null,"abstract":"Behavioral copying is a key process in group actions, but it is challenging for individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). We investigated behavioral contagion, or instinctual replication of behaviors, in Krushinky-Molodkina (KM) rats (n=16), a new rodent model for ASD, compared to control Wistar rats (n=15). A randomly chosen healthy Wistar male (\"demonstrator rat\") was introduced to the homecage of experimental rats (\"observers\") 10-14 days before the experiments to become a member of the group. For the implementation of the behavioral contagion experiment, we used the IntelliCage system, where rats can live in a group of 5-6 rats and their water visits can be fully controlled. During the experiment, the demonstrator was taken out of IntelliCage for 24 hours of water deprivation and then placed back. As a result, a drinking behavior of the water-deprived demonstrator rat prompted activated behaviors in the whole group. Unlike the Wistar controls, KM observers showed fewer visits to the drinking bottles, particularly lacking inspection visits. The control group, in contrast, exhibited a dynamic, cascade-like visiting of the water corners. The proportion of activated observers in KM rats was significantly lower, as compared to Wistar ones, and they did not mimic other observer rats. KM rats, therefore, displayed an attenuated pattern of behavioral contagion, highlighting social deficits in this ASD model. This study suggests that measuring group dynamics of behavioral contagion in an automated, non-invasive setup offers valuable insights into social behavior in rodents, particularly for studying social deficits in ASD models.","PeriodicalId":501210,"journal":{"name":"bioRxiv - Animal Behavior and Cognition","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142211751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-01DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.30.610528
Riddha Manna, Johanni Brea, Goncalo Vasconcelos Braga, Alireza Modirshanechi, Ivan Tomic, Ana Marija Jaksic
Genetic determinism of behavior supposes that behaviors are fundamentally defined by genetics. However, behaviors are also modified by development, environment, and learning. It is assumed that if we could control all of these factors, behavior would be genetically predictable. These factors, however, cannot be controlled in humans, and have been impervious to dissection and joint control even in animal models. How genotype and life experience16 interact to shape individual behavior through learning has been lacking experimental evidence, and thus remains only hypothesized. Here, we design an experimental platform which allowed for multi-generational control over genetics, development, environment and experience. We measure learning-dependent individuality and its sources across thousands of genetically diverse Drosophila. We show that genetics plays an essential role in shaping the distributions of individual behaviors. Further, we find that genotype-specific bias shapes individual experience, which in concert with learning, causes dynamic evolution and diversification of individual behavior, even in a uniform environment. We experimentally derive that individual past life experience, genetics, and learning, in this order, shape the momentary individual expression of behavior. Finally, while association studies frequently report the opposite, we show experimentally that life experience severely diminishes the predictive power of genetics for individual learning-dependent behavior.
{"title":"Behavioral individuality is a consequence of experience, genetics and learning","authors":"Riddha Manna, Johanni Brea, Goncalo Vasconcelos Braga, Alireza Modirshanechi, Ivan Tomic, Ana Marija Jaksic","doi":"10.1101/2024.08.30.610528","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.08.30.610528","url":null,"abstract":"Genetic determinism of behavior supposes that behaviors are fundamentally defined by genetics. However, behaviors are also modified by development, environment, and learning. It is assumed that if we could control all of these factors, behavior would be genetically predictable. These factors, however, cannot be controlled in humans, and have been impervious to dissection and joint control even in animal models. How genotype and life experience16 interact to shape individual behavior through learning has been lacking experimental evidence, and thus remains only hypothesized. Here, we design an experimental platform which allowed for multi-generational control over genetics, development, environment and experience. We measure learning-dependent individuality and its sources across thousands of genetically diverse Drosophila. We show that genetics plays an essential role in shaping the distributions of individual behaviors. Further, we find that genotype-specific bias shapes individual experience, which in concert with learning, causes dynamic evolution and diversification of individual behavior, even in a uniform environment. We experimentally derive that individual past life experience, genetics, and learning, in this order, shape the momentary individual expression of behavior. Finally, while association studies frequently report the opposite, we show experimentally that life experience severely diminishes the predictive power of genetics for individual learning-dependent behavior.","PeriodicalId":501210,"journal":{"name":"bioRxiv - Animal Behavior and Cognition","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142211755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-30DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.29.610299
Camille Coye, Kai R Caspar, Pritty Patel-Grosz
Female crested gibbons (Nomascus spp.)perform conspicuous sequences of twitching movements involving the rump and extremities. However, these dances have attracted little scientific attention and their structure and meaning remain largely obscure. Here we analyse close-range video recordings of captive crested gibbons, extracting descriptions of dance in four Nomascus species (N. annamensis, N. gabriellae, N. leucogenys, and N. siki). Additionally, we report results from a survey amongst relevant professionals clarifying behavioural contexts of dance in captive and wild crested gibbons. Our results demonstrate that dances in Nomascus represent a common and intentional form of visual communication restricted to sexually mature females. While primarily used as a proceptive signal to solicit copulation, dances occur in a wide range of contexts related to arousal and/or frustration in captivity. A linguistically informed view of this sequential behaviour demonstrates that dances follow a grouping organisation and isochronous rhythm - patterns not described for visual displays in other non-human primates. We argue that applying the concept of dance to gibbons allows us to expand our understanding of the communicative behaviours of non-human apes and develop hypotheses on the rules and regularities characterizing this behaviour. We propose that gibbons dances likely evolved from less elaborate rhythmic proceptive signals, similar to those found in siamangs. Although dance displays in humans and crested gibbons share a number of key characteristics, they cannot be assumed to be homologous. Nevertheless, gibbon dances represent a model behaviour whose investigation could be extended to the study of complex gestural signals in hominoid primates.
雌性冠长臂猿（Nomascus属）的臀部和四肢会做出一系列明显的抽动动作。然而，这些舞蹈很少引起科学界的关注，其结构和含义在很大程度上仍然模糊不清。在此，我们分析了圈养冠长臂猿的近距离视频记录，提取了四个长臂猿物种（N. annamensis、N. gabriellae、N. leucogenys 和 N. siki）的舞蹈描述。此外，我们还报告了对相关专业人员进行调查的结果，以澄清圈养和野生长臂猿舞蹈的行为背景。我们的研究结果表明，长臂猿的舞蹈是一种常见的、有意的视觉交流形式，仅限于性成熟的雌性长臂猿。虽然舞蹈主要是作为一种寻求交配的诱导信号，但在圈养条件下，舞蹈也出现在与唤醒和/或挫折有关的多种情境中。从语言学的角度来看，这种有序的行为表明舞蹈遵循一种分组组织和等时节奏--这种模式在其他非人灵长类动物的视觉展示中没有被描述过。我们认为，将舞蹈的概念应用到长臂猿身上，可以扩大我们对非人类类人猿交流行为的理解，并对这种行为的规则和规律性提出假设。我们认为，长臂猿的舞蹈很可能是由不太复杂的节奏感信号演变而来的，类似于在暹罗猿身上发现的那些信号。虽然人类和长臂猿的舞蹈表演有许多共同的主要特征，但不能认为它们是同源的。不过，长臂猿的舞蹈代表了一种行为模式，其研究可以扩展到对同类灵长类复杂手势信号的研究。
{"title":"Dance displays in gibbons: Biological and linguistic perspectives on structured, intentional and rhythmic body movement","authors":"Camille Coye, Kai R Caspar, Pritty Patel-Grosz","doi":"10.1101/2024.08.29.610299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.08.29.610299","url":null,"abstract":"Female crested gibbons (<em>Nomascus</em> spp.)perform conspicuous sequences of twitching movements involving the rump and extremities. However, these dances have attracted little scientific attention and their structure and meaning remain largely obscure. Here we analyse close-range video recordings of captive crested gibbons, extracting descriptions of dance in four <em>Nomascus</em> species (<em>N. annamensis, N. gabriellae, N. leucogenys</em>, and <em>N. siki</em>). Additionally, we report results from a survey amongst relevant professionals clarifying behavioural contexts of dance in captive and wild crested gibbons. Our results demonstrate that dances in <em>Nomascus</em> represent a common and intentional form of visual communication restricted to sexually mature females. While primarily used as a proceptive signal to solicit copulation, dances occur in a wide range of contexts related to arousal and/or frustration in captivity. A linguistically informed view of this sequential behaviour demonstrates that dances follow a grouping organisation and isochronous rhythm - patterns not described for visual displays in other non-human primates. We argue that applying the concept of dance to gibbons allows us to expand our understanding of the communicative behaviours of non-human apes and develop hypotheses on the rules and regularities characterizing this behaviour. We propose that gibbons dances likely evolved from less elaborate rhythmic proceptive signals, similar to those found in siamangs. Although dance displays in humans and crested gibbons share a number of key characteristics, they cannot be assumed to be homologous. Nevertheless, gibbon dances represent a model behaviour whose investigation could be extended to the study of complex gestural signals in hominoid primates.","PeriodicalId":501210,"journal":{"name":"bioRxiv - Animal Behavior and Cognition","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142211772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-30DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.29.610285
Thomas Wagner, Moana Vorjans, Elias Garsi, Cosmina Werneke, Tomer J. Czaczkes
Invasive ant species like Linepithema humile cause significant ecological and economic harm, making effective control strategies essential. Insecticide baits are currently the most effective approach for controlling ants. Therefore, quantifying how palatable or unpalatable baits, bait additives, or toxicants are, is critical for developing effective control methods. It has recently been demonstrated that in the comparative evaluation of foods, animals that are aware of both a test food and a comparator food exhibit greatly increased sensitivity when detecting the unpalatability of liquid baits. Here, we deploy a newly developed comparative evaluation methodology to examine the palatability to L. humile workers of three toxicants used in invasive ant control: Fipronil, spinosad, and imidacloprid, as well as egg white protein. Ants showed no significant preference between pure sucrose and sucrose-toxicant solutions, indicating that they either cannot detect the toxicants or that they do not find them distasteful. Survival tests confirmed that the toxicant concentrations used were lethal, with a survival rate of 50% or below after 72 hours. However, ants found egg protein additive unpalatable, significantly preferring pure sucrose to a sucrose-egg protein mix. These findings confirm that three major toxicants are suitable for use in baits, and that reported abandonment or avoidance of toxic baits is not due to the unpalatability of these toxicants. However, the addition of egg protein to sucrose baits, even at ratios which optimise colony growth, is likely counterproductive. Future research should investigate the relative preference of invasive ants for various bait matrixes over naturally available food, ensuring more effective pest management strategies.
入侵蚂蚁物种（如巢蚁）会对生态和经济造成严重危害，因此必须采取有效的控制策略。杀虫剂毒饵是目前控制蚂蚁最有效的方法。因此，量化诱饵、诱饵添加剂或毒剂的适口性或不适口性对于开发有效的控制方法至关重要。最近有研究表明，在对食物进行比较评估时，同时知道试验食物和比较食物的动物在检测液体毒饵的难食性时会表现出更高的灵敏度。在这里，我们采用了一种新开发的比较评估方法，来研究用于入侵蚂蚁控制的三种毒药对 L. humile 工蚁的适口性：蚂蚁对纯蔗糖和蔗糖-毒药溶液没有明显的偏好，这表明它们要么无法检测到毒药，要么不觉得它们难吃。存活率测试证实，所使用的毒物浓度是致命的，72 小时后的存活率为 50%或以下。这些发现证实，三种主要毒物都适合用于毒饵中，而且据报告，蚂蚁放弃或避免使用毒饵并不是因为这些毒物难吃。不过，在蔗糖毒饵中添加鸡蛋蛋白，即使是以最适合蚁群生长的比例添加，也可能会适得其反。未来的研究应该调查入侵蚂蚁对各种诱饵基质的相对偏好，而不是对天然食物的偏好，以确保制定更有效的害虫管理策略。
{"title":"Palatability of Insecticides and Protein in Sugar Solutions to Argentine Ants","authors":"Thomas Wagner, Moana Vorjans, Elias Garsi, Cosmina Werneke, Tomer J. Czaczkes","doi":"10.1101/2024.08.29.610285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.08.29.610285","url":null,"abstract":"Invasive ant species like Linepithema humile cause significant ecological and economic harm, making effective control strategies essential. Insecticide baits are currently the most effective approach for controlling ants. Therefore, quantifying how palatable or unpalatable baits, bait additives, or toxicants are, is critical for developing effective control methods. It has recently been demonstrated that in the comparative evaluation of foods, animals that are aware of both a test food and a comparator food exhibit greatly increased sensitivity when detecting the unpalatability of liquid baits. Here, we deploy a newly developed comparative evaluation methodology to examine the palatability to L. humile workers of three toxicants used in invasive ant control: Fipronil, spinosad, and imidacloprid, as well as egg white protein.\u0000Ants showed no significant preference between pure sucrose and sucrose-toxicant solutions, indicating that they either cannot detect the toxicants or that they do not find them distasteful. Survival tests confirmed that the toxicant concentrations used were lethal, with a survival rate of 50% or below after 72 hours. However, ants found egg protein additive unpalatable, significantly preferring pure sucrose to a sucrose-egg protein mix.\u0000These findings confirm that three major toxicants are suitable for use in baits, and that reported abandonment or avoidance of toxic baits is not due to the unpalatability of these toxicants. However, the addition of egg protein to sucrose baits, even at ratios which optimise colony growth, is likely counterproductive. Future research should investigate the relative preference of invasive ants for various bait matrixes over naturally available food, ensuring more effective pest management strategies.","PeriodicalId":501210,"journal":{"name":"bioRxiv - Animal Behavior and Cognition","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142226687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-30DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.30.610159
William Menegas, Erin Corbett, Kimberly Beliard, Haoran Xu, Shivangi Parmar, Robert Desimone, Guoping Feng
Recent advances in genetic engineering have accelerated the production of nonhuman primate models for neuropsychiatric disorders. To use these models for preclinical drug testing, behavioral screening methods will be necessary to determine how the model animals deviate from controls, and whether treatments can restore typical patterns of behavior. In this study, we collected a multimodal dataset from a large cohort of marmoset monkeys and described typical patterns in their natural behavior. We found that these behavioral measurements varied substantially across days, and that behavioral state usage was highly correlated to the behavior of cagemates and to the vocalization rate of other animals in the colony. To elicit acute behavioral responses, we presented animals with a panel of stimuli including novel, appetitive, neutral, aversive, and social stimuli. By comparing these behavioral conditions, we demonstrate that outlier detection can be used to identify atypical responses to a range of stimuli. This data will help guide the study of marmosets as models for neuropsychiatric disorders.
{"title":"High-throughput unsupervised quantification of patterns in the natural behavior of marmosets","authors":"William Menegas, Erin Corbett, Kimberly Beliard, Haoran Xu, Shivangi Parmar, Robert Desimone, Guoping Feng","doi":"10.1101/2024.08.30.610159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.08.30.610159","url":null,"abstract":"Recent advances in genetic engineering have accelerated the production of nonhuman primate models for neuropsychiatric disorders. To use these models for preclinical drug testing, behavioral screening methods will be necessary to determine how the model animals deviate from controls, and whether treatments can restore typical patterns of behavior. In this study, we collected a multimodal dataset from a large cohort of marmoset monkeys and described typical patterns in their natural behavior. We found that these behavioral measurements varied substantially across days, and that behavioral state usage was highly correlated to the behavior of cagemates and to the vocalization rate of other animals in the colony. To elicit acute behavioral responses, we presented animals with a panel of stimuli including novel, appetitive, neutral, aversive, and social stimuli. By comparing these behavioral conditions, we demonstrate that outlier detection can be used to identify atypical responses to a range of stimuli. This data will help guide the study of marmosets as models for neuropsychiatric disorders.","PeriodicalId":501210,"journal":{"name":"bioRxiv - Animal Behavior and Cognition","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142211756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-30DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.30.607436
Edwin J. C. van Leeuwen, Emile Bryon, Alex Rogers, Aurore Balaran, Peggy Motsch, Jake Stephen Brooker
Studying animal culture has been crucial for understanding the complexities of knowledge transmission and tracing human culture's evolutionary origins. Defined as the use of tools to provide clear practical benefits to individuals, well-documented examples of material culture include nut-cracking and termite fishing in chimpanzees. Additionally, there is growing interest in animal social traditions, which appear crucial for social interaction and group cohesion. We have previously documented such a tradition, in which chimpanzees copied inserting blades of grass in their ears from one persistent inventor. Now, over a decade later, we have observed an unrelated group of chimpanzees where 5/8 individuals began wearing grass in their ears and 6/8 from their rectums. As of 2024, one newly introduced chimpanzee has adopted the grass-in-ear behavior. Given that the behaviors were not observed in seven other groups in the same sanctuary (N=148), we conclude that social learning of arbitrary behavior occurred and discuss our findings considering the larger scope of animal culture.
{"title":"Getting to the bottom of social learning: Chimpanzees copy arbitrary behavior from conspecifics","authors":"Edwin J. C. van Leeuwen, Emile Bryon, Alex Rogers, Aurore Balaran, Peggy Motsch, Jake Stephen Brooker","doi":"10.1101/2024.08.30.607436","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.08.30.607436","url":null,"abstract":"Studying animal culture has been crucial for understanding the complexities of knowledge transmission and tracing human culture's evolutionary origins. Defined as the use of tools to provide clear practical benefits to individuals, well-documented examples of material culture include nut-cracking and termite fishing in chimpanzees. Additionally, there is growing interest in animal social traditions, which appear crucial for social interaction and group cohesion. We have previously documented such a tradition, in which chimpanzees copied inserting blades of grass in their ears from one persistent inventor. Now, over a decade later, we have observed an unrelated group of chimpanzees where 5/8 individuals began wearing grass in their ears and 6/8 from their rectums. As of 2024, one newly introduced chimpanzee has adopted the grass-in-ear behavior. Given that the behaviors were not observed in seven other groups in the same sanctuary (<em>N</em>=148), we conclude that social learning of arbitrary behavior occurred and discuss our findings considering the larger scope of animal culture.","PeriodicalId":501210,"journal":{"name":"bioRxiv - Animal Behavior and Cognition","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142211775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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