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Experimental test of the entanglement enhancement in two-photon fluorescence 双光子荧光中纠缠增强的实验测试
Pub Date : 2024-02-28 DOI: 10.1007/s44214-024-00052-6

Abstract

Entangled photons with time-energy correlations are predicted to have improved sensitivity compared with classical light in two-photon fluorescence, which is promising for lowering the phototoxicity in biomedical imaging. While the mechanism has been demonstrated in atoms and crystals, the effectiveness in biological molecules has been under debate. Here we report the experimental results, including both positive and negative ones, in various samples. While entanglement induced enhancement in the sum frequency generation of a nonlinear crystal was confirmed, we observe no such enhancement in the two-photon nonlinear process of various molecules. However, we observed classical two-photon fluorescence excited by nW light in rare earth element doped core-shell structure nano-crystals, which can also be used in sensitive biomedical imaging. Our results provide guidance in characterizing the effect of entanglement in two-photon processes.

摘要 与经典光相比,具有时间-能量相关性的纠缠光子在双光子荧光中被认为具有更高的灵敏度,有望降低生物医学成像中的光毒性。虽然该机制已在原子和晶体中得到证实,但其在生物分子中的有效性还存在争议。在此,我们报告了在各种样品中的实验结果,包括正反两方面的结果。虽然非线性晶体的和频生成中纠缠诱导增强得到了证实,但我们在各种分子的双光子非线性过程中没有观察到这种增强。不过,我们在掺稀土元素的核壳结构纳米晶体中观察到了由 nW 光激发的经典双光子荧光,这也可用于敏感的生物医学成像。我们的研究结果为描述双光子过程中的纠缠效应提供了指导。
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引用次数: 0
Quantum lock-in measurement of weak alternating signals 微弱交变信号的量子锁定测量
Pub Date : 2024-02-26 DOI: 10.1007/s44214-024-00051-7
Min Zhuang, Sijie Chen, Jiahao Huang, Chaohong Lee

The detection of weak time-dependent alternating signals in a strongly noisy background is an important problem in physics and a critical task in metrology. Quantum lock-in amplifier can extract alternating signals within extreme noises by using suitable quantum resources, which has been widely used for magnetic field sensing, vector light shift detection, and force detection. In particular, entanglement-enhanced quantum lock-in amplifier can be realized via many-body quantum interferometry. The many-body lock-in measurement provides a feasible way to achieve high-precision detection of alternating signals, even in noisy environments. In this article, we review general protocol, experiment progresses and potential applications of quantum lock-in measurements.

在强噪声背景中检测微弱的随时间变化的交变信号是物理学中的一个重要问题,也是计量学中的一项关键任务。量子锁相放大器可以利用合适的量子资源在极端噪声中提取交变信号,已广泛应用于磁场传感、矢量光漂移检测和力检测等领域。其中,纠缠增强型量子锁相放大器可通过多体量子干涉测量实现。多体锁相测量为实现交变信号的高精度检测提供了一种可行的方法,即使在嘈杂的环境中也不例外。本文回顾了量子锁相测量的一般协议、实验进展和潜在应用。
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引用次数: 0
Graphene nanoribbons: current status, challenges and opportunities 石墨烯纳米带:现状、挑战和机遇
Pub Date : 2024-02-20 DOI: 10.1007/s44214-024-00050-8
Shuo Lou, Bosai Lyu, Xianliang Zhou, Peiyue Shen, Jiajun Chen, Zhiwen Shi

Graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) are narrow strips of graphene with widths ranging from a few nanometers to a few tens of nanometers. GNRs possess most of the excellent properties of graphene, while also exhibiting unique physical characteristics not found in graphene, such as an adjustable band gap and spin-polarized edge states. These properties make GNRs an appealing candidate for carbon-based electronics. In this review, we begin by introducing the edge geometry and electronic bands of GNRs. We then discuss various methods for fabricating GNRs and analyze the characteristics of each method. Subsequently, the performance of GNR field-effect transistor devices obtained from a few representative GNR fabrication methods is discussed and compared. We also investigate the use of GNRs as quantum dots and spintronic devices. Finally, the challenges and opportunities of GNRs as a quantum material for next-generation electronics and spintronics are explored and proposed.

石墨烯纳米带(GNR)是石墨烯的窄条,宽度从几纳米到几十纳米不等。GNR 具有石墨烯的大部分优异特性,同时还表现出石墨烯所没有的独特物理特性,如可调带隙和自旋极化边缘态。这些特性使 GNRs 成为碳基电子器件的理想候选材料。在本综述中,我们首先介绍 GNR 的边缘几何和电子带。然后,我们讨论了制造 GNR 的各种方法,并分析了每种方法的特点。随后,我们讨论并比较了几种具有代表性的 GNR 制作方法所获得的 GNR 场效应晶体管器件的性能。我们还研究了将 GNR 用作量子点和自旋电子器件的问题。最后,我们探讨并提出了 GNR 作为下一代电子学和自旋电子学量子材料所面临的挑战和机遇。
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引用次数: 0
Test of the gravitational redshift with single-photon-based atomic clock interferometers 用基于单光子的原子钟干涉仪测试引力红移
Pub Date : 2024-02-08 DOI: 10.1007/s44214-024-00049-1
Ju Liu, Yaoyao Xu, Huaqing Luo, Lushuai Cao, Minkang Zhou, Xiaochun Duan, Zhongkun Hu

The gravitational redshift (GR), as predicted by Einstein’s general theory of relativity, posits that two identical clocks situated at different gravitational potentials will tick at different rates. In this study, we explore the impact of the GR on a single-photon-based atom interferometer and propose a corresponding testing scheme. Our approach conceptualizes the atom interferometer as two coherent atomic clocks positioned at distinct elevations, which is referred to as an atomic clock interferometer, allowing us to derive the GR-induced phase shift. This effect becomes significant due to the notable energy difference between the two atomic internal states, comparable to other relativistic effects in single-photon-based atomic clock interferometers. Furthermore, our proposed scheme incorporates the velocity of the laser device to effectively mitigate other relativistic effects. The ensuing analysis indicates an anticipated GR test precision at the 10−5 level for our proposed approach.

爱因斯坦广义相对论所预言的引力红移(GR)认为,位于不同引力势的两个相同时钟会以不同的速率滴答作响。在本研究中,我们探讨了广义相对论对基于单光子的原子干涉仪的影响,并提出了相应的测试方案。我们的方法将原子干涉仪概念化为两个位于不同高度的相干原子钟,这被称为原子钟干涉仪,使我们能够推导出 GR 引起的相移。由于两个原子内部状态之间存在显著的能量差异,这种效应变得非常重要,与基于单光子的原子钟干涉仪中的其他相对论效应相当。此外,我们提出的方案还结合了激光设备的速度,以有效减轻其他相对论效应。随后的分析表明,我们提出的方法预期的 GR 测试精度为 10-5 级。
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引用次数: 0
Experimental sensing quantum atmosphere of a single spin 单个自旋的实验感应量子氛围
Pub Date : 2024-01-08 DOI: 10.1007/s44214-023-00048-8
Kehang Zhu, Zhiping Yang, Qing-Dong Jiang, Zihua Chai, Zhijie Li, Zhiyuan Zhao, Ya Wang, Fazhan Shi, Chang-Kui Duan, Xing Rong

Understanding symmetry-breaking states of materials is a major challenge in the modern physical sciences. Quantum atmosphere proposed recently sheds light on the hidden world of these symmetry broken patterns. Yet, no experiment has been performed to demonstrate its potential. In our experiment, we prepare time-reversal-symmetry conserved and broken quantum atmosphere of a single nuclear spin and successfully observe their symmetry properties. Our work proves in principle that finding symmetry patterns from quantum atmosphere is conceptually viable. It also opens up entirely new possibilities in the potential application of quantum sensing in material diagnosis.

了解材料的对称破缺状态是现代物理科学的一大挑战。最近提出的量子氛围揭示了这些对称破缺模式的隐秘世界。然而,目前还没有实验证明它的潜力。在我们的实验中,我们制备了时间反转对称守恒和破缺的单核自旋量子氛围,并成功观测到了它们的对称特性。我们的工作从原理上证明,从量子大气中寻找对称模式在概念上是可行的。这也为量子传感在材料诊断中的潜在应用开辟了全新的可能性。
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引用次数: 0
A self-adaptive first-principles approach for magnetic excited states 磁激发态的自适应第一性原理方法
Pub Date : 2023-12-04 DOI: 10.1007/s44214-023-00041-1
Zefeng Cai, Ke Wang, Yong Xu, Su-Huai Wei, Ben Xu

The profound impact of excited magnetic states on the intricate interplay between electron and lattice behaviors in magnetic materials is a topic of great interest. Unfortunately, despite the significant strides that have been made in first-principles methods, accurately tracking these phenomena remains a challenging and elusive task. The crux of the challenge that lies before us is centered on the intricate task of characterizing the magnetic configuration of an excited state, utilizing a first-principle approach that is firmly rooted in the ground state of the system. We propose a versatile self-adaptive spin-constrained density functional theory formalism. By iteratively optimizing the constraining field alongside the electron wave function during energy minimization, we are able to obtain an accurate potential energy surface that captures the longitudinal and transverse variations of magnetization in itinerant ferromagnetic Fe. Moreover, this technique allows us to identify the subtle coupling between magnetic moments and other degrees of freedom by tracking energy variation, providing new insights into the intricate interplay between magnetic interactions, electronic band structure, and phonon dispersion curves in single-layered (mathrm{CrI} _{3}). This new methodology represents a significant breakthrough in our ability to probe the complex and multifaceted properties of magnetic systems.

激发态对磁性材料中电子和晶格行为之间复杂相互作用的深刻影响是一个非常有趣的话题。不幸的是,尽管第一原理方法取得了重大进展,但准确追踪这些现象仍然是一项具有挑战性和难以捉摸的任务。摆在我们面前的挑战的关键是集中在描述激发态的磁结构的复杂任务上,利用牢固地植根于系统基态的第一原理方法。提出了一种通用的自适应自旋约束密度泛函理论形式。通过在能量最小化过程中与电子波函数一起迭代优化约束场,我们能够获得一个精确的势能面,该势能面可以捕捉到流动铁磁铁中磁化强度的纵向和横向变化。此外,该技术允许我们通过跟踪能量变化来识别磁矩和其他自由度之间的微妙耦合,为单层中磁相互作用,电子能带结构和声子色散曲线之间的复杂相互作用提供了新的见解(mathrm{CrI} _{3})。这种新方法代表了我们探测磁系统复杂和多方面特性的能力的重大突破。
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引用次数: 0
3D quantum Hall effect in a topological nodal-ring semimetal 拓扑节环半金属中的三维量子霍尔效应
Pub Date : 2023-12-04 DOI: 10.1007/s44214-023-00046-w
Guang-Qi Zhao, Shuai Li, W. B. Rui, C. M. Wang, Hai-Zhou Lu, X. C. Xie

A quantized Hall conductance (not conductivity) in three dimensions has been searched for more than 30 years. Here we explore it in 3D topological nodal-ring semimetals, by employing a minimal model describing the essential physics. In particular, the bulk topology can be captured by a momentum-dependent winding number, which confines the drumhead surface states in a specific momentum region. This confinement leads to a surface quantum Hall conductance in a specific energy window in this 3D system. The winding number for the drumhead surface states and Chern number for their quantum Hall effect form a two-fold topological hierarchy. We demonstrate the one-to-one correspondence between the momentum-dependent winding number and wavefunction of the drumhead surface states. More importantly, we stress that breaking chiral symmetry is necessary for the quantum Hall effect of the drumhead surface states. The analytic theory can be verified numerically by the Kubo formula for the Hall conductance. We propose an experimental setup to distinguish the surface and bulk quantum Hall effects. The theory will be useful for ongoing explorations on nodal-ring semimetals.

三维的量子化霍尔电导(不是电导率)已经被研究了30多年。在这里,我们探索它在三维拓扑节环半金属,采用最小模型描述基本物理。特别是,本体拓扑可以通过动量相关的绕组数来捕获,这将鼓面表面状态限制在特定的动量区域。这种约束导致了三维系统中特定能量窗口的表面量子霍尔电导。鼓面态的圈数和量子霍尔效应的陈氏数形成了双重拓扑结构。我们证明了鼓面表面状态的动量相关圈数与波函数之间的一一对应关系。更重要的是,我们强调打破手性对称对于鼓面表面态的量子霍尔效应是必要的。解析理论可以用霍尔电导的Kubo公式进行数值验证。我们提出了一个实验装置来区分表面和体量子霍尔效应。该理论将对正在进行的节环半金属的探索有帮助。
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引用次数: 0
Perspective: nanoscale electric sensing and imaging based on quantum sensors 展望:基于量子传感器的纳米级电传感与成像
Pub Date : 2023-11-29 DOI: 10.1007/s44214-023-00045-x
Shichen Zhang, Ke Bian, Ying Jiang

There is a rich of electric phenomena ubiquitously existing in novel quantum materials and advanced electronic devices. Microscopic understanding of the underlying physics relies on the sensitive and quantitative measurements of the electric field, electric current, electric potential, and other related physical quantities with a spatial resolution down to nanometers. Combined with a scanning probe microscope (SPM), the emergent quantum sensors of atomic/nanometer size provide promising platforms for imaging various electric parameters with a sensitivity beyond a single electron/charge. In this perspective, we introduce the working principle of such newly developed technologies, which are based on the strong sensitivity of quantum systems to external disturbances. Then we review the recent applications of those quantum sensors in nanoscale electric sensing and imaging, including a discussion of their privileges over conventional SPM techniques. Finally, we propose some promising directions for the future developments and optimizations of quantum sensors in nanoscale electric sensing and imaging.

在新型量子材料和先进的电子器件中,普遍存在着丰富的电现象。对潜在物理的微观理解依赖于电场、电流、电势和其他相关物理量的敏感和定量测量,其空间分辨率低至纳米。与扫描探针显微镜(SPM)相结合,新兴的原子/纳米尺寸的量子传感器为成像各种电参数提供了有前途的平台,其灵敏度超过单个电子/电荷。从这个角度来看,我们介绍了这种基于量子系统对外部扰动的强灵敏度的新技术的工作原理。然后,我们回顾了这些量子传感器在纳米级电传感和成像中的最新应用,包括讨论了它们相对于传统SPM技术的优势。最后,我们对量子传感器在纳米尺度电传感和成像领域的未来发展和优化提出了一些有希望的方向。
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引用次数: 0
Experimental 3D super-localization with Laguerre–Gaussian modes 拉盖尔-高斯模式实验三维超定位
Pub Date : 2023-11-29 DOI: 10.1007/s44214-023-00047-9
Chenyu Hu, Liang Xu, Ben Wang, Zhiwen Li, Yipeng Zhang, Yong Zhang, Lijian Zhang

Improving three-dimensional (3D) localization precision is of paramount importance for super-resolution imaging. By properly engineering the point spread function (PSF), such as utilizing Laguerre–Gaussian (LG) modes and their superposition, the ultimate limits of 3D localization precision can be enhanced. However, achieving these limits is challenging, as it often involves complicated detection strategies and practical limitations. In this work, we rigorously derive the ultimate 3D localization limits of LG modes and their superposition, specifically rotation modes, in the multi-parameter estimation framework. Our findings reveal that a significant portion of the information required for achieving 3D super-localization of LG modes can be obtained through feasible intensity detection. Moreover, the 3D ultimate precision can be achieved when the azimuthal index l is zero. To provide a proof-of-principle demonstration, we develop an iterative maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) algorithm that converges to the 3D position of a point source, considering the pixelation and detector noise. The experimental implementation exhibits an improvement of up to two-fold in lateral localization precision and up to twenty-fold in axial localization precision when using LG modes compared to Gaussian mode. We also showcase the superior axial localization capability of the rotation mode within the near-focus region, effectively overcoming the limitations encountered by single LG modes. Notably, in the presence of realistic aberration, the algorithm robustly achieves the Cramér-Rao lower bound. Our findings provide valuable insights for evaluating and optimizing the achievable 3D localization precision, which will facilitate the advancements in super-resolution microscopy.

提高三维定位精度对超分辨率成像至关重要。通过合理设计点扩散函数(PSF),如利用Laguerre-Gaussian (LG)模式及其叠加,可以提高三维定位精度的极限。然而,实现这些限制是具有挑战性的,因为它通常涉及复杂的检测策略和实际限制。在这项工作中,我们严格推导了LG模式及其叠加的最终三维定位极限,特别是旋转模式,在多参数估计框架中。我们的研究结果表明,实现LG模式的3D超定位所需的大部分信息可以通过可行的强度检测获得。当方位角指数l为零时,可以达到三维极限精度。为了提供原理证明演示,我们开发了一种迭代最大似然估计(MLE)算法,该算法在考虑像素化和检测器噪声的情况下收敛到点源的三维位置。实验实现表明,与高斯模式相比,LG模式的横向定位精度提高了两倍,轴向定位精度提高了20倍。我们还展示了旋转模式在近焦区域内优越的轴向定位能力,有效地克服了单一LG模式遇到的局限性。值得注意的是,在存在现实像差的情况下,该算法鲁棒地实现了cram - rao下界。我们的研究结果为评估和优化可实现的3D定位精度提供了有价值的见解,这将促进超分辨率显微镜的发展。
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引用次数: 0
Topological magnetic line defects in Fe(Te, Se) high-temperature superconductors Fe(Te, Se)高温超导体的拓扑磁力线缺陷
Pub Date : 2023-11-27 DOI: 10.1007/s44214-023-00042-0
Xianxin Wu, Jia-Xin Yin, Chao-Xing Liu, Jiangping Hu

The realization of Majorana zero modes in condensed matter have been attracting enormous interests from fundamental science such as topological quantum computation. Recently iron based superconductors were identified as a high-temperature platform for realizing topological superconductivity and Majorana modes. As unconventional superconductors, one of the most important characteristics of them is that they are in the vicinity of magnetic states due to the strong Hund’s coupling in iron atoms. Here we propose that the line defects with missing Te/Se anions in Fe(Se, Te) superconductors provide the realization of intrinsic antiferromagnetic (AFM) chains with Rashba spin-orbit coupling. Against conventional wisdom, Majorana zero modes (MZMs) can be robustly generated at these AFM chain ends. These results can consistently explain the recent experimental observation of zero-energy end states in line defects of monolayer Fe(Te, Se)/SrTiO3 by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) measurements. Our research not only demonstrates an unprecedented interplay among native line defect, emergent magnetism and topological superconductivity but also explores a high-temperature platform for Majorana fermions.

凝聚态中马约拉纳零模式的实现已经引起了诸如拓扑量子计算等基础科学领域的极大兴趣。近年来,铁基超导体被认为是实现拓扑超导和马约拉纳模式的高温平台。作为非常规超导体,它们最重要的特征之一是由于铁原子中的强亨德耦合,它们处于磁性态附近。本文提出Fe(Se, Te)超导体中缺失Te/Se阴离子的线缺陷提供了具有Rashba自旋轨道耦合的本征反铁磁(AFM)链的实现。与传统观点相反,马约拉纳零模式(MZMs)可以在这些AFM链末端鲁棒地产生。这些结果可以一致地解释最近通过扫描隧道显微镜(STM)测量的单层Fe(Te, Se)/SrTiO3线缺陷的零能末端状态的实验观察。我们的研究不仅展示了原生线缺陷、紧急磁性和拓扑超导性之间前所未有的相互作用,而且还探索了马约拉纳费米子的高温平台。
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引用次数: 8
期刊
Quantum Frontiers
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