E. BarziFermi National Accelerator LaboratoryOhio State University
A major focus of the global HEP community is on high field superconducting magnets made of High Temperature Superconductors (HTS) for future Energy Frontier Programs. Within the U.S. Magnet Development Program (US MDP), a key task is that of developing HTS inserts producing fields larger than 5 T within 15 T outserts made of Nb$_3$Sn to generate 20 T+ for future accelerators. Bi$_2$Sr$_2$CaCu$_2$O$_8$$_-$$_x$ (BiSCO) is the only high T c superconductor available as an isotropic round multifilamentary wire, which is ideal for producing the flat cables (i.e., Rutherford type cables) that are used in accelerator magnets. Significant progress in the development and industrialization of BiSCO wires has been made over the last decade. However, several challenges remain for this HTS to be used successfully in hybrid magnets. The following is required to improve performance, lower costs and simplify the processing of BiSCO accelerator magnets: (1) The development and design, in collaboration with industry, of BiSCO wires that are adequate for Rutherford cabling; (2) The development of insulation processes and materials that prevent leaks when heat treated in highly corrosive oxygen; (3) Control of stresses and strains; and (4) Integration of high pressure heat treatment with a new approach that will lower costs and simplify processing.
全球高温超导界的一个主要焦点是为未来的能源前沿计划开发由高温超导体（HTS）制成的高磁场超导磁体。在美国磁体开发计划（US MDP）中，一项关键任务是在由 Nb$_3$Sn 制成的 15 T 外置磁体中开发可产生大于 5 T 磁场的 HTS 插入物，以便为未来的加速器产生 20 T+ 的磁场。Bi$_2$Sr$_2$CaCu$_2$O$_8$_-$$_x$（BiSCO）是唯一可用作各向同性圆形多丝导线的高 T c 超导体，是生产扁平电缆（即卢瑟福型电缆）的理想材料、卢瑟福型电缆）的理想材料。过去十年中，BiSCO 金属丝的开发和产业化取得了重大进展。然而，要在混合磁体中成功使用这种 HTS，仍面临一些挑战。为了提高性能、降低成本和简化 BiSCO 加速器磁体的加工过程，需要采取以下措施：(1) 与工业界合作开发和设计适合卢瑟福布线的 BiSCO 线材；(2) 开发绝缘工艺和材料，防止在高腐蚀性氧气中进行热处理时发生泄漏；(3) 控制应力和应变；(4) 将高压热处理与降低成本和简化加工过程的新方法相结合。
{"title":"What is Needed for BiSCO to Work in a Dipole Insert for 20 Tesla Hybrid Accelerator Magnets","authors":"E. BarziFermi National Accelerator LaboratoryOhio State University","doi":"arxiv-2406.15278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2406.15278","url":null,"abstract":"A major focus of the global HEP community is on high field superconducting\u0000magnets made of High Temperature Superconductors (HTS) for future Energy\u0000Frontier Programs. Within the U.S. Magnet Development Program (US MDP), a key\u0000task is that of developing HTS inserts producing fields larger than 5 T within\u000015 T outserts made of Nb$_3$Sn to generate 20 T+ for future accelerators.\u0000Bi$_2$Sr$_2$CaCu$_2$O$_8$$_-$$_x$ (BiSCO) is the only high T c superconductor\u0000available as an isotropic round multifilamentary wire, which is ideal for\u0000producing the flat cables (i.e., Rutherford type cables) that are used in\u0000accelerator magnets. Significant progress in the development and\u0000industrialization of BiSCO wires has been made over the last decade. However,\u0000several challenges remain for this HTS to be used successfully in hybrid\u0000magnets. The following is required to improve performance, lower costs and\u0000simplify the processing of BiSCO accelerator magnets: (1) The development and\u0000design, in collaboration with industry, of BiSCO wires that are adequate for\u0000Rutherford cabling; (2) The development of insulation processes and materials\u0000that prevent leaks when heat treated in highly corrosive oxygen; (3) Control of\u0000stresses and strains; and (4) Integration of high pressure heat treatment with\u0000a new approach that will lower costs and simplify processing.","PeriodicalId":501318,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - Accelerator Physics","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141526850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Y. TanFermi National Accelerator Laboratory, M. BalcewiczFermi National Accelerator Laboratory
The measurement of beam emittances by extracting the quadrupole mode signal from a 4 plate beam position monitor (BPM) was published at least 40 years ago. Unfortunately, in practice, this method suffers from poor signal to noise ratio and requires a lot of tuning to extract out the emittances. In this paper, an improved method where multiple BPMs are used together with better mathematical analysis is described. The BPM derived emittances are then compared with those measured by the Ion Profile Monitor (IPM). Surprisingly, the BPM measured emittances behave very well and are more realistic than those measured by the IPM.
{"title":"Fermilab Booster Beam Emittances from Quadrupole Modes Measured by BPMs","authors":"C. Y. TanFermi National Accelerator Laboratory, M. BalcewiczFermi National Accelerator Laboratory","doi":"arxiv-2406.15238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2406.15238","url":null,"abstract":"The measurement of beam emittances by extracting the quadrupole mode signal\u0000from a 4 plate beam position monitor (BPM) was published at least 40 years ago.\u0000Unfortunately, in practice, this method suffers from poor signal to noise ratio\u0000and requires a lot of tuning to extract out the emittances. In this paper, an\u0000improved method where multiple BPMs are used together with better mathematical\u0000analysis is described. The BPM derived emittances are then compared with those\u0000measured by the Ion Profile Monitor (IPM). Surprisingly, the BPM measured\u0000emittances behave very well and are more realistic than those measured by the\u0000IPM.","PeriodicalId":501318,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - Accelerator Physics","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141526851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. BalcewiczFermi National Accelerator Laboratory, J. EldredFermi National Accelerator Laboratory
In preparation for PIP-II, there has been interest in running the Fermilab Booster at a higher current more indicative of the PIP-II era operation. In July 2023, an experiment was performed to study collective instabilities over the transition crossing at the Fermilab Booster. Over the transition crossing, the synchrotron tune becomes small and synchro-betatron instabilities become possible. During the experiment, an intensity threshold was observed, above which a dipole instability with losses concentrated in the tail of the bunch. These losses are consistent with the Convective Instability.
{"title":"Observation of a Synchro-betatron Instability in Fermilab Booster","authors":"M. BalcewiczFermi National Accelerator Laboratory, J. EldredFermi National Accelerator Laboratory","doi":"arxiv-2406.14672","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2406.14672","url":null,"abstract":"In preparation for PIP-II, there has been interest in running the Fermilab\u0000Booster at a higher current more indicative of the PIP-II era operation. In\u0000July 2023, an experiment was performed to study collective instabilities over\u0000the transition crossing at the Fermilab Booster. Over the transition crossing,\u0000the synchrotron tune becomes small and synchro-betatron instabilities become\u0000possible. During the experiment, an intensity threshold was observed, above\u0000which a dipole instability with losses concentrated in the tail of the bunch.\u0000These losses are consistent with the Convective Instability.","PeriodicalId":501318,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - Accelerator Physics","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141526854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bernard Riemann, Masamitsu Aiba, Jonas Kallestrup, Andreas Streun
New algorithms useful for the calculation of dynamic aperture and momentum acceptance in circular accelerators are developed and presented. The flood-fill tool from raster graphics inspired us to efficiently compute dynamic apertures by minimizing required trackings on stable initial coordinates, leading to several factors of speed-up with respect to standard algorithms. A novel technique for momentum acceptance calculations, Fast Touschek Tracking, is developed. Thorough benchmarking using modern accelerator codes shows that the new technique can provide one or two orders of magnitude faster computation of local momentum acceptances with only limited loss of accuracy.
{"title":"Efficient algorithms for dynamic aperture and momentum acceptance calculation","authors":"Bernard Riemann, Masamitsu Aiba, Jonas Kallestrup, Andreas Streun","doi":"arxiv-2406.14407","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2406.14407","url":null,"abstract":"New algorithms useful for the calculation of dynamic aperture and momentum\u0000acceptance in circular accelerators are developed and presented. The flood-fill\u0000tool from raster graphics inspired us to efficiently compute dynamic apertures\u0000by minimizing required trackings on stable initial coordinates, leading to\u0000several factors of speed-up with respect to standard algorithms. A novel\u0000technique for momentum acceptance calculations, Fast Touschek Tracking, is\u0000developed. Thorough benchmarking using modern accelerator codes shows that the\u0000new technique can provide one or two orders of magnitude faster computation of\u0000local momentum acceptances with only limited loss of accuracy.","PeriodicalId":501318,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - Accelerator Physics","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141500558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. PiekarzFermilab, A. RomanovFermilab, R. Thurman-KeupFermilab, V. ShiltsevNorthern Illinois University
Ionization profile monitors (IPMs) are widely used in accelerators for non-destructive and fast diagnostics of high energy particle beams. Two such monitors - one vertical and one horizontal - are being developed for installation in the IOTA storage ring at Fermilab. They will be used for turn-by-turn (microseconds scale) measurements of the 70 MeV/c IOTA proton beam sizes. In this paper we present the IPMs design (largely following the FNAL Booster IPMs which employ no external guiding magnetic fields), their mechanical, vacuum, and electric subsystems and DAQ, and discuss anticipated effects on the beams circulating in IOTA.
{"title":"Ionization Profile Monitors for the IOTA Proton Beam","authors":"H. PiekarzFermilab, A. RomanovFermilab, R. Thurman-KeupFermilab, V. ShiltsevNorthern Illinois University","doi":"arxiv-2406.14710","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2406.14710","url":null,"abstract":"Ionization profile monitors (IPMs) are widely used in accelerators for\u0000non-destructive and fast diagnostics of high energy particle beams. Two such\u0000monitors - one vertical and one horizontal - are being developed for\u0000installation in the IOTA storage ring at Fermilab. They will be used for\u0000turn-by-turn (microseconds scale) measurements of the 70 MeV/c IOTA proton beam\u0000sizes. In this paper we present the IPMs design (largely following the FNAL\u0000Booster IPMs which employ no external guiding magnetic fields), their\u0000mechanical, vacuum, and electric subsystems and DAQ, and discuss anticipated\u0000effects on the beams circulating in IOTA.","PeriodicalId":501318,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - Accelerator Physics","volume":"86 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141526853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chao Liu, Zeeshan Ahmed, Shawn W. Henderson, Ryan Herbst, Larry Ruckman, Thomas Satterthwaite
The SLAC Microresonator Radio Frequency (SMuRF) electronics is being deployed as the readout for the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) telescopes of the Simons Observatory (SO). A Radio Frequency System-on-Chip (RFSoC) based readout of microwave frequency resonator based cryogenic sensors is under development at SLAC as an upgrade path for SMuRF with simplified RF hardware, a more compact footprint, and lower total power consumption. The high-speed integrated data converters and digital data path in RFSoC enable direct RF sampling without analog up and down conversion for RF frequencies up to 6 GHz. A comprehensive optimization and characterization study has been performed for direct RF sampling for microwave SQUID multiplexers, which covers noise level, RF dynamic range, and linearity using a prototype implementation. The SMuRF firmware, including the implementation of closed-loop tone tracking, has been ported to the RFSoC platform and interfaced with the quadrature mixers for digital up and down conversion in the data converter data path to realize a full microwave SQUID multiplexer readout. In this paper, a selection of the performance characterization results of direct RF sampling for microwave SQUID multiplexer readout will be summarized and compared with science-driven requirements. Preliminary results demonstrating the read out of cryogenic sensors using the prototype system will also be presented here. We anticipate our new RFSoC-based SMuRF system will be an enabling readout for on-going and future experiments in astronomy and cosmology, which rely on large arrays of cryogenic sensors to achieve their science goals.
{"title":"Development of RFSoC-based direct sampling highly multiplexed microwave SQUID readout for future CMB and submillimeter surveys","authors":"Chao Liu, Zeeshan Ahmed, Shawn W. Henderson, Ryan Herbst, Larry Ruckman, Thomas Satterthwaite","doi":"arxiv-2406.13156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2406.13156","url":null,"abstract":"The SLAC Microresonator Radio Frequency (SMuRF) electronics is being deployed\u0000as the readout for the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) telescopes of the\u0000Simons Observatory (SO). A Radio Frequency System-on-Chip (RFSoC) based readout\u0000of microwave frequency resonator based cryogenic sensors is under development\u0000at SLAC as an upgrade path for SMuRF with simplified RF hardware, a more\u0000compact footprint, and lower total power consumption. The high-speed integrated\u0000data converters and digital data path in RFSoC enable direct RF sampling\u0000without analog up and down conversion for RF frequencies up to 6 GHz. A\u0000comprehensive optimization and characterization study has been performed for\u0000direct RF sampling for microwave SQUID multiplexers, which covers noise level,\u0000RF dynamic range, and linearity using a prototype implementation. The SMuRF\u0000firmware, including the implementation of closed-loop tone tracking, has been\u0000ported to the RFSoC platform and interfaced with the quadrature mixers for\u0000digital up and down conversion in the data converter data path to realize a\u0000full microwave SQUID multiplexer readout. In this paper, a selection of the\u0000performance characterization results of direct RF sampling for microwave SQUID\u0000multiplexer readout will be summarized and compared with science-driven\u0000requirements. Preliminary results demonstrating the read out of cryogenic\u0000sensors using the prototype system will also be presented here. We anticipate\u0000our new RFSoC-based SMuRF system will be an enabling readout for on-going and\u0000future experiments in astronomy and cosmology, which rely on large arrays of\u0000cryogenic sensors to achieve their science goals.","PeriodicalId":501318,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - Accelerator Physics","volume":"75 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141526855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Awal AwalRWTH Aachen UniversityGSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Jan HetzelGSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Ralf GebelGSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbHForschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jörg PretzRWTH Aachen UniversityForschungszentrum Jülich GmbH
Optimizing the injection process in particle accelerators is crucial for enhancing beam quality and operational efficiency. This paper presents a framework for utilizing Reinforcement Learning (RL) to optimize the injection process at accelerator facilities. By framing the optimization challenge as an RL problem, we developed an agent capable of dynamically aligning the beam's transverse space with desired targets. Our methodology leverages the Soft Actor-Critic algorithm, enhanced with domain randomization and dense neural networks, to train the agent in simulated environments with varying dynamics promoting it to learn a generalized robust policy. The agent was evaluated in live runs at the Cooler Synchrotron COSY and it has successfully optimized the beam cross-section reaching human operator level but in notably less time. An empirical study further validated the importance of each architecture component in achieving a robust and generalized optimization strategy. The results demonstrate the potential of RL in automating and improving optimization tasks at particle acceleration facilities.
{"title":"Injection Optimization at Particle Accelerators via Reinforcement Learning: From Simulation to Real-World Application","authors":"Awal AwalRWTH Aachen UniversityGSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Jan HetzelGSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Ralf GebelGSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbHForschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jörg PretzRWTH Aachen UniversityForschungszentrum Jülich GmbH","doi":"arxiv-2406.12735","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2406.12735","url":null,"abstract":"Optimizing the injection process in particle accelerators is crucial for\u0000enhancing beam quality and operational efficiency. This paper presents a\u0000framework for utilizing Reinforcement Learning (RL) to optimize the injection\u0000process at accelerator facilities. By framing the optimization challenge as an\u0000RL problem, we developed an agent capable of dynamically aligning the beam's\u0000transverse space with desired targets. Our methodology leverages the Soft\u0000Actor-Critic algorithm, enhanced with domain randomization and dense neural\u0000networks, to train the agent in simulated environments with varying dynamics\u0000promoting it to learn a generalized robust policy. The agent was evaluated in\u0000live runs at the Cooler Synchrotron COSY and it has successfully optimized the\u0000beam cross-section reaching human operator level but in notably less time. An\u0000empirical study further validated the importance of each architecture component\u0000in achieving a robust and generalized optimization strategy. The results\u0000demonstrate the potential of RL in automating and improving optimization tasks\u0000at particle acceleration facilities.","PeriodicalId":501318,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - Accelerator Physics","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141526857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Beamline components, such as superconducting radio frequency cavities and focusing lenses, need to be assembled together in a string while in a cleanroom environment. The present contribution identifies and characterizes materials for additive manufacturing that can be used in a cleanroom. The well known advantages of additive manufacturing processes would highly benefit the design and development of tooling needed for the mechanical support and alignment of string components. Cleanliness, mechanical properties, and leak tightness of the chosen materials are the main focus of this contribution, which also paves the way for the integration of such materials in cryomodule assemblies. Results reported here were obtained in the framework of the PIP-II project at Fermilab.
{"title":"Characterization of Additive Manufacturing Materials for String Assembly in Cleanroom","authors":"Jacopo BernardiniFermilab, Mattia PariseFermilab, Donato PassarelliFermilab","doi":"arxiv-2406.12741","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2406.12741","url":null,"abstract":"Beamline components, such as superconducting radio frequency cavities and\u0000focusing lenses, need to be assembled together in a string while in a cleanroom\u0000environment. The present contribution identifies and characterizes materials\u0000for additive manufacturing that can be used in a cleanroom. The well known\u0000advantages of additive manufacturing processes would highly benefit the design\u0000and development of tooling needed for the mechanical support and alignment of\u0000string components. Cleanliness, mechanical properties, and leak tightness of\u0000the chosen materials are the main focus of this contribution, which also paves\u0000the way for the integration of such materials in cryomodule assemblies. Results\u0000reported here were obtained in the framework of the PIP-II project at Fermilab.","PeriodicalId":501318,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - Accelerator Physics","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141532099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The coaxial wire method is a common and appreciated technique to assess the beam coupling impedance of an accelerator element from scattering parameters. Nevertheless, the results obtained from wire measurements could be inaccurate due to the presence of the stretched conductive wire that artificially creates the conditions for the propagation of a Transverse ElectroMagnetic (TEM) mode. The aim of this work is to establish a solid technique to obtain the beam coupling impedance from electromagnetic simulations, without modifications of the device under test. In this framework, we identified a new relation to get the longitudinal resistive wall beam coupling impedance of a circular chamber directly from the scattering parameters and demonstrated that it reduces to the exact theoretical expression. Furthermore, a possible generalization of the method to arbitrary cross-section chamber geometries has been studied and validated with numerical simulations.
{"title":"A wireless method to obtain the longitudinal beam impedance from scattering parameters","authors":"Antuono Chiara, Zannini Carlo, Mostacci Andrea, Migliorati Mauro","doi":"arxiv-2406.10105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2406.10105","url":null,"abstract":"The coaxial wire method is a common and appreciated technique to assess the\u0000beam coupling impedance of an accelerator element from scattering parameters.\u0000Nevertheless, the results obtained from wire measurements could be inaccurate\u0000due to the presence of the stretched conductive wire that artificially creates\u0000the conditions for the propagation of a Transverse ElectroMagnetic (TEM) mode.\u0000The aim of this work is to establish a solid technique to obtain the beam\u0000coupling impedance from electromagnetic simulations, without modifications of\u0000the device under test. In this framework, we identified a new relation to get\u0000the longitudinal resistive wall beam coupling impedance of a circular chamber\u0000directly from the scattering parameters and demonstrated that it reduces to the\u0000exact theoretical expression. Furthermore, a possible generalization of the\u0000method to arbitrary cross-section chamber geometries has been studied and\u0000validated with numerical simulations.","PeriodicalId":501318,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - Accelerator Physics","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141529895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carlo Scarcia, Giuseppe Bregliozzi, Paolo Chiggiato, Alice Ingrid Michet, Ana Teresa Perez Fontenla, Martino Rimoldi, Mauro Taborelli, Ivo Wevers
Next-generation gravitational wave detectors (GWDs) like the Cosmic Explorer and Einstein Telescope require extensive vacuum tubing, necessitating cost-effective materials. This study explores the viability of mild steel as an alternative to austenitic stainless steel for UHV beampipes, focusing on outgassing rates and surface chemistry after low-temperature bakeouts. Mild steels exhibit significantly lower hydrogen outgassing rates, below 10$^{-14}$ mbar l s$^{-1}$ cm$^{-2}$ after bakeouts at 80{deg}C for 48 hours. While water vapor is the primary residual gas after such low-temperature bakeouts, repeated treatments reduce its outgassing rate and modify surface conditions so that such benefit is preserved after at least six months of exposure to laboratory air. These findings position mild steel as an economical and efficient material for future GWD beampipes.
{"title":"Study of selected mild steels for application in vacuum systems of future gravitational wave detectors","authors":"Carlo Scarcia, Giuseppe Bregliozzi, Paolo Chiggiato, Alice Ingrid Michet, Ana Teresa Perez Fontenla, Martino Rimoldi, Mauro Taborelli, Ivo Wevers","doi":"arxiv-2406.07123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2406.07123","url":null,"abstract":"Next-generation gravitational wave detectors (GWDs) like the Cosmic Explorer\u0000and Einstein Telescope require extensive vacuum tubing, necessitating\u0000cost-effective materials. This study explores the viability of mild steel as an\u0000alternative to austenitic stainless steel for UHV beampipes, focusing on\u0000outgassing rates and surface chemistry after low-temperature bakeouts. Mild\u0000steels exhibit significantly lower hydrogen outgassing rates, below 10$^{-14}$\u0000mbar l s$^{-1}$ cm$^{-2}$ after bakeouts at 80{deg}C for 48 hours. While water\u0000vapor is the primary residual gas after such low-temperature bakeouts, repeated\u0000treatments reduce its outgassing rate and modify surface conditions so that\u0000such benefit is preserved after at least six months of exposure to laboratory\u0000air. These findings position mild steel as an economical and efficient material\u0000for future GWD beampipes.","PeriodicalId":501318,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - Accelerator Physics","volume":"125 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141509160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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