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Philosophy as Integral to a Data Science Ethics Course 哲学作为数据科学伦理课程的组成部分
Pub Date : 2023-10-03 DOI: arxiv-2310.02444
Sara Colando, Johanna Hardin
There is wide agreement that ethical considerations are a valuable aspect ofa data science curriculum, and to that end, many data science programs offercourses in data science ethics. There are not always, however, explicitconnections between data science ethics and the centuries-old work on ethicswithin the discipline of philosophy. Here, we present a framework for bringingtogether key data science practices with ethical topics. The ethical topicswere collated from sixteen data science ethics courses with public-facingsyllabi and reading lists. We encourage individuals who are teaching datascience ethics to engage with the philosophical literature and its connectionto current data science practices, which is rife with potentially morallycharged decision points.
人们普遍认为,伦理考虑是数据科学课程的一个有价值的方面,为此,许多数据科学项目提供数据科学伦理课程。然而,数据科学伦理与哲学学科中已有数百年历史的伦理工作之间并不总是存在明确的联系。在这里,我们提出了一个框架,将关键的数据科学实践与伦理主题结合在一起。这些伦理主题是从16门数据科学伦理课程中整理出来的,这些课程都有面向公众的教学大纲和阅读书目。我们鼓励教授数据科学伦理的个人参与哲学文献及其与当前数据科学实践的联系,这些实践充满了潜在的道德风险决策点。
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引用次数: 0
The fiducial-Bayes fusion: A general theory of statistical inference 基准-贝叶斯融合:统计推断的一般理论
Pub Date : 2023-10-02 DOI: arxiv-2310.01533
Russell J. Bowater
An overview is presented of a general theory of statistical inference that isreferred to as the fiducial-Bayes fusion. This theory combines organic fiducialinference and Bayesian inference. The aim is that the reader is given a clearsummary of the conceptual framework of the fiducial-Bayes fusion as well aspointers to further reading about its more technical aspects. Particularattention is paid to the issue of how much importance should be attached to therole of Bayesian inference within this framework. The appendix contains asubstantive example of the application of the theory of the fiducial-Bayesfusion, which supplements various other examples of the application of thistheory that are referenced in the paper.
概述了统计推断的一般理论,被称为基准-贝叶斯融合。该理论结合了有机基准推理和贝叶斯推理。目的是让读者对基准-贝叶斯融合的概念框架有一个清晰的总结,并指出进一步阅读其更多的技术方面。特别要注意的是,在这个框架中,贝叶斯推理的作用应该得到多大的重视。附录中包含基准贝叶斯融合理论应用的实例,它补充了本文中引用的该理论应用的各种其他实例。
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引用次数: 0
Data Science at the Singularity 奇点的数据科学
Pub Date : 2023-10-02 DOI: arxiv-2310.00865
David Donoho
A purported `AI Singularity' has been in the public eye recently. Mass mediaand US national political attention focused on `AI Doom' narratives hawked bysocial media influencers. The European Commission is announcing initiatives toforestall `AI Extinction'. In my opinion, `AI Singularity' is the wrongnarrative for what's happening now; recent happenings signal something elseentirely. Something fundamental to computation-based research really changed inthe last ten years. In certain fields, progress is dramatically more rapid thanpreviously, as the fields undergo a transition to frictionless reproducibility(FR). This transition markedly changes the rate of spread of ideas andpractices, affects mindsets, and erases memories of much that came before. The emergence of frictionless reproducibility follows from the maturation of3 data science principles in the last decade. Those principles involve datasharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges, however implemented in theparticularly strong form of frictionless open services. Empirical MachineLearning (EML) is todays leading adherent field, and its consequent rapidchanges are responsible for the AI progress we see. Still, other fields can anddo benefit when they adhere to the same principles. Many rapid changes from this maturation are misidentified. The advent of FRin EML generates a steady flow of innovations; this flow stimulates outsiderintuitions that there's an emergent superpower somewhere in AI. This opens theway for PR to push worrying narratives: not only `AI Extinction', but also thesupposed monopoly of big tech on AI research. The helpful narrative observesthat the superpower of EML is adherence to frictionless reproducibilitypractices; these practices are responsible for the striking progress in AI thatwe see everywhere.
最近,一个所谓的“人工智能奇点”进入了公众视野。大众媒体和美国国家政治的注意力都集中在社交媒体上有影响力的人所兜售的“人工智能末日”叙事上。欧盟委员会宣布了防止“人工智能灭绝”的举措。在我看来,“人工智能奇点”是对现在发生的事情的错误描述;最近发生的事情表明了完全不同的情况。在过去的十年里,基于计算的研究的一些基本的东西确实发生了变化。在某些领域,随着领域向无摩擦可重复性(FR)过渡,进展比以前要快得多。这种转变显著地改变了思想和实践的传播速度,影响了思维方式,并抹去了以前的许多记忆。无摩擦可重复性的出现是在过去十年中数据科学原理成熟之后出现的。这些原则涉及数据共享、代码共享和竞争挑战,但在无摩擦开放服务的特别强大的形式中实现。经验机器学习(EML)是当今领先的附属领域,其随之而来的快速变化是我们所看到的人工智能进步的原因。尽管如此,当他们坚持同样的原则时,其他领域也可以并且确实受益。这种成熟带来的许多快速变化被错误地识别了。FRin EML的出现产生了稳定的创新流;这种流动刺激了外界的直觉,即人工智能中存在一种新兴的超能力。这为公关部门推动令人担忧的叙事开辟了道路:不仅是“人工智能灭绝”,还有大型科技公司对人工智能研究的垄断。有用的叙述是,EML的超级力量在于坚持无摩擦的可重复性实践;这些实践是我们随处可见的人工智能取得惊人进步的原因。
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引用次数: 0
A review of undergraduate courses in Design of Experiments offered by American universities 美国大学实验设计本科课程综述
Pub Date : 2023-09-29 DOI: arxiv-2309.16961
Alan R. Vazquez, Xiaocong Xuan
Design of Experiments (DoE) is a relevant class to undergraduate programs inthe sciences, because it teaches students how to plan, conduct, and analyzeexperiments. In the literature on DoE, there are several contributions to itspedagogy, such as easy-to-use class experiments, virtual experiments, andsoftware for constructing experimental designs. However, there are virtually nosystematic assessments of the actual DoE pedagogy. To address this issue, webuild the first database of undergraduate DoE courses offered in the UnitedStates of America. The database has records on courses offered from 2019 to2022 by the best universities in the US News Best National Universities rankingof 2022. Specifically, it has data on 18 general and content-specific featuresof 206 courses. To study the DoE pedagogy, we analyze the database usingdescriptive statistics and text mining. Our main findings include that mostundergraduate DoE courses follow the textbook "Design of and Analysis ofExperiments" by Douglas Montgomery, use the R software, and emphasize thelearning of multifactor designs, randomization restrictions, data analysis, andapplications. Based on our analysis, we provide instructors withrecommendations and teaching material to enhance their DoE courses. Thedatabase and material are included in the supplementary material.
实验设计(DoE)是一门与本科科学课程相关的课程,因为它教会学生如何计划、进行和分析实验。在关于DoE的文献中,有几个对其教学的贡献,例如易于使用的课堂实验,虚拟实验和构建实验设计的软件。然而,实际上并没有对DoE的实际教学方法进行系统的评估。为了解决这个问题,我们建立了美国提供的第一个本科教育学课程数据库。该数据库记录了2022年《美国新闻与世界报道》最佳国家大学排名中最好的大学从2019年到2022年提供的课程。具体来说,它拥有206门课程的18个通用和特定内容特征的数据。为了研究DoE的教学方法,我们使用描述统计和文本挖掘对数据库进行分析。我们的主要发现包括大多数本科DoE课程遵循Douglas Montgomery的教科书“实验的设计和分析”,使用R软件,并强调多因素设计,随机化限制,数据分析和应用的学习。根据我们的分析,我们为教师提供建议和教材,以提高他们的DoE课程。数据库和资料包含在补充资料中。
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引用次数: 0
Classroom Community amid Covid-19: A Mixed-Methods Study of Undergraduate Students in Introductory Mathematics and Statistics 新冠肺炎疫情下的课堂社区:对本科数学与统计学入门课程学生的混合方法研究
Pub Date : 2023-09-21 DOI: arxiv-2309.11739
Shira Viel, Maria Tackett, Sarwari Das, Joseph Choo
A strong sense of classroom community is associated with many positivelearning outcomes and is a critical contributor to undergraduate students'persistence in STEM, particularly for women and students of color. Thismanuscript describes a mixed-methods investigation into the relationshipbetween classroom community and course attributes in introductory undergraduatemathematics and statistics courses, mediated by student demographics. Theprimary quantitative instrument is the validated Classroom Community Scale -Short Form survey. Data were collected from online courses in the 2020-21academic year along with hybrid and in-person courses in Fall 2021 and analyzedusing structural equation modeling. These quantitative results are complementedand contextualized by thematic and textual analyses of focus group datagathered using a newly developed protocol piloted at the close of Fall 2021 Alldata come from a highly selective private university in the United States.While the study was conducted amidst the height of the Covid-19 pandemic,potential ramifications extend more broadly. These preliminary practicalimplications of the study include the value of synchronous participation infostering connectedness and the importance of attending to students' personalidentities in understanding their experiences of belonging.
强烈的课堂社区意识与许多积极的学习成果有关,是本科生坚持学习STEM的关键因素,尤其是对女性和有色人种学生而言。本文描述了一项混合方法调查,以学生人口统计学为中介,探讨了本科数学和统计学入门课程中课堂社区与课程属性之间的关系。主要的定量工具是经过验证的课堂社区量表-简短形式调查。数据收集自2020-21学年的在线课程,以及2021年秋季的混合课程和现场课程,并使用结构方程模型进行分析。这些定量结果通过对焦点小组数据的主题和文本分析进行补充和背景化,这些数据是使用新开发的协议收集的,该协议在2021年秋季结束时进行了试点。所有数据来自美国一所高度选择性的私立大学。虽然这项研究是在Covid-19大流行最严重的时候进行的,但潜在的影响更为广泛。这项研究的初步实际意义包括同步参与促进连通性的价值,以及关注学生的个人身份在理解他们的归属感体验中的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Rational Aversion to Information 对信息的理性厌恶
Pub Date : 2023-09-21 DOI: arxiv-2309.12374
Sven Neth
Is more information always better? Or are there some situations in which moreinformation can make us worse off? Good (1966) argues that expected utilitymaximizers should always accept more information if the information iscost-free and relevant. But Good's argument presupposes that you are certainyou will update by conditionalization. If we relax this assumption and allowagents to be uncertain about updating, these agents can be rationally requiredto reject free and relevant information. Since there are good reasons to beuncertain about updating, rationality can require you to prefer ignorance.
信息越多越好吗?或者在某些情况下,更多的信息会让我们变得更糟?Good(1966)认为,如果信息是无成本和相关的,预期效用最大化者应该总是接受更多的信息。但是Good的论点预设了你确定你会通过条件化来更新。如果我们放宽这一假设,允许代理对更新不确定,这些代理就可以合理地拒绝自由和相关的信息。既然有充分的理由对更新不确定,理性可能要求你更喜欢无知。
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引用次数: 0
How does international guidance for statistical practice align with the ASA Ethical Guidelines? 统计实践的国际指南如何与ASA道德指南保持一致?
Pub Date : 2023-09-15 DOI: arxiv-2309.08713
Rochelle E. Tractenberg, Jennifer Park
Gillikin (2017) defines a 'practice standard' as a document to 'define theway the profession's body of knowledge is ethically translated into day-to-dayactivities' (Gillikin 2017, p. 1). Such documents fulfill three objectives:they 1) define the profession; 2) communicate uniform standards tostakeholders; and 3) reduce conflicts between personal and professional conduct(Gillikin, 2017 p. 2). However, there are many guidelines - this is due todifferent purposes that guidance writers may have, as well as to the fact thatthere are different audiences for the many guidance documents. The existence ofdiverse statements do not necessarily make it clear that there arecommonalities; and while some statements are explicitly aspirational,professionals as well as the public need to know that ethically-trainedpractitioners follow accepted practice standards. This paper applies themethodological approach described in Tractenberg (2023) and demonstrated inPark and Tractenberg (2023) to study alignment among international guidance forofficial statistics, and between these guidance documents and the ASA EthicalGuidelines for Statistical Practice functioning as an ethical practice standard(Tractenberg, 2022-A, 2022-B; after Gillikin 2017). In the spirit of exchangingexperiences and lessons learned, we discuss how our findings could informcloser examination, clarification, and, if beneficial, possible revision ofguidance in the future.
Gillikin(2017)将“实践标准”定义为“定义职业知识体系在道德上转化为日常活动的方式”的文件(Gillikin 2017,第1页)。这些文件实现了三个目标:1)定义职业;2)向利益相关者传达统一的标准;3)减少个人行为和职业行为之间的冲突(Gillikin, 2017年第2页)。然而,有许多指导方针-这是由于指导作者可能有不同的目的,以及许多指导文件有不同的受众。不同陈述的存在并不一定表明存在共性;虽然有些声明是明确的愿望,但专业人士和公众需要知道,受过道德训练的从业人员遵循公认的实践标准。本文采用Tractenberg(2023)中描述的方法方法,并在park和Tractenberg(2023)中进行了演示,以研究官方统计国际指南之间的一致性,以及这些指导文件与作为道德实践标准的ASA统计实践道德指南之间的一致性(Tractenberg, 2022-A, 2022-B;在吉利金2017年之后)。本着交流经验和教训的精神,我们讨论了我们的发现如何为更仔细的检查、澄清和(如果有益的话)未来可能的指南修订提供信息。
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引用次数: 0
Creating Community in a Data Science Classroom 在数据科学课堂中创建社区
Pub Date : 2023-09-13 DOI: arxiv-2309.06983
David Kane
A community is a collection of people who know and care about each other. Thevast majority of college courses are not communities. This is especially trueof statistics and data science courses, both because our classes are larger andbecause we are more likely to lecture. However, it is possible to create acommunity in your classroom. This article offers an idiosyncratic set ofpractices for creating community. I have used these techniques successfully infirst and second semester statistics courses with enrollments ranging from 40to 120. The key steps are knowing names, cold calling, classroom seating, ashallow learning curve, Study Halls, Recitations and rotating-one-on-one finalproject presentations.
社区是一群相互了解和关心的人的集合。绝大多数大学课程都不是社区。统计学和数据科学课程尤其如此,因为我们的班级更大,也因为我们更有可能讲课。然而,在你的教室里创建一个社区是可能的。本文为创建社区提供了一套独特的实践。我在入学人数从40人到120人不等的第一学期和第二学期统计学课程中成功地使用了这些技巧。关键步骤是知道名字,陌生电话,教室座位,浅显的学习曲线,自习室,背诵和轮流一对一的期末项目演示。
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引用次数: 0
How do ASA Ethical Guidelines Support U.S. Guidelines for Official Statistics? ASA伦理指南如何支持美国官方统计指南?
Pub Date : 2023-09-12 DOI: arxiv-2309.07180
Jennifer Park, Rochelle E. Tractenberg
In 2022, the American Statistical Association revised its Ethical Guidelinesfor Statistical Practice. Originally issued in 1982, these Guidelines describeresponsibilities of the 'ethical statistical practitioner' to their profession,to their research subjects, as well as to their community of practice. Theseguidelines are intended as a framework to assist decision-making bystatisticians working across academic, research, and government environments.For the first time, the 2022 Guidelines describe the ethical obligations oforganizations and institutions that use statistical practice. This paperexamines alignment between the ASA Ethical Guidelines and otherlong-established normative guidelines for US official statistics: the OMBStatistical Policy Directives 1, 2, and 2a NASEM Principles and Practices, andthe OMB Data Ethics Tenets. Our analyses ask how the recently updated ASAEthical Guidelines can support these guidelines for federal statistics and datascience. The analysis uses a form of qualitative content analysis, thealignment model, to identify patterns of alignment, and potential for tensions,within and across guidelines. The paper concludes with recommendations topolicy makers when using ethical guidance to establish parameters for policychange and the administrative and technical controls that necessarily follow.
2022年,美国统计协会修订了其统计实践道德准则。这些准则最初发布于1982年,描述了“道德统计从业者”对其职业、研究对象以及实践社区的责任。这些指南旨在作为一个框架,帮助统计学家在学术、研究和政府环境中工作。《2022年指南》首次描述了使用统计实践的组织和机构的道德义务。本文探讨了ASA道德准则与其他长期建立的美国官方统计规范准则之间的一致性:OMB统计政策指令1、2和2a NASEM原则和实践,以及OMB数据道德原则。我们的分析询问最近更新的ASAEthical Guidelines如何支持这些联邦统计和数据科学指南。分析使用定性内容分析的一种形式,对齐模型,来识别对齐模式,以及指导方针内部和跨指导方针的潜在紧张关系。本文最后对政策制定者在使用道德指导为政策变化和必要的行政和技术控制建立参数时提出了建议。
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引用次数: 0
Monografía de Estadística Bayesiana 贝叶斯统计专论
Pub Date : 2023-09-12 DOI: arxiv-2309.06601
Arturo Erdely, Eduardo Gutiérrez-Peña
Course notes about an introduction to Bayesian Statistics. First, anexplanation of the bayesian paradigm is motivated and explained in detail(first three chapters). Then, a brief introduction to the basics about DecisionTheory in chapter four, which is self contained, with the purpose ofintroducing parametrica bayesian inference as a decision problem in chapterfive.
课程笔记是关于贝叶斯统计的介绍。首先,对贝叶斯范式进行了详细的解释(前三章)。然后,第四章对decision - theory的基础知识进行了简单的介绍,这一章是自成一体的,第五章的目的是介绍参数贝叶斯推理作为一个决策问题。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
arXiv - STAT - Other Statistics
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