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A method for predicting relative position errors in dual-robot systems via knowledge transfer from geometric and nongeometric calibration 通过几何和非几何校准知识转移预测双机器人系统相对位置误差的方法
Pub Date : 2024-01-25 DOI: 10.1108/ir-11-2023-0267
Siming Cao, Hongfeng Wang, Yingjie Guo, Weidong Zhu, Yinglin Ke

Purpose

In a dual-robot system, the relative position error is a superposition of errors from each mono-robot, resulting in deteriorated coordination accuracy. This study aims to enhance relative accuracy of the dual-robot system through direct compensation of relative errors. To achieve this, a novel calibration-driven transfer learning method is proposed for relative error prediction in dual-robot systems.

Design/methodology/approach

A novel local product of exponential (POE) model with minimal parameters is proposed for error modeling. And a two-step method is presented to identify both geometric and nongeometric parameters for the mono-robots. Using the identified parameters, two calibrated models are established and combined as one dual-robot model, generating error data between the nominal and calibrated models’ outputs. Subsequently, the calibration-driven transfer, involving pretraining a neural network with sufficient generated error data and fine-tuning with a small measured data set, is introduced, enabling knowledge transfer and thereby obtaining a high-precision relative error predictor.

Findings

Experimental validation is conducted, and the results demonstrate that the proposed method has reduced the maximum and average relative errors by 45.1% and 30.6% compared with the calibrated model, yielding the values of 0.594 mm and 0.255 mm, respectively.

Originality/value

First, the proposed calibration-driven transfer method innovatively adopts the calibrated model as a data generator to address the issue of real data scarcity. It achieves high-accuracy relative error prediction with only a small measured data set, significantly enhancing error compensation efficiency. Second, the proposed local POE model achieves model minimality without the need for complex redundant parameter partitioning operations, ensuring stability and robustness in parameter identification.

目的 在双机器人系统中,相对位置误差是每个单机器人误差的叠加,导致协调精度下降。本研究旨在通过直接补偿相对误差来提高双机器人系统的相对精度。为此,提出了一种新颖的校准驱动转移学习方法,用于双机器人系统的相对误差预测。设计/方法/途径提出了一种参数最小的新颖局部指数积(POE)模型,用于误差建模。并提出了一种两步法来识别单机器人的几何和非几何参数。利用确定的参数,建立两个校准模型,并将其合并为一个双机器人模型,生成标称模型和校准模型输出之间的误差数据。随后,引入校准驱动的转移,包括用足够的误差数据预训练神经网络,并用少量测量数据集进行微调,从而实现知识转移,进而获得高精度的相对误差预测器。原创性/价值首先,所提出的标定驱动转移方法创新性地采用标定模型作为数据生成器,解决了实际数据稀缺的问题。它只需少量测量数据集即可实现高精度的相对误差预测,显著提高了误差补偿效率。其次,所提出的局部 POE 模型实现了模型最小化,无需进行复杂的冗余参数划分操作,确保了参数识别的稳定性和鲁棒性。
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引用次数: 0
Narrow gap welding seam deflection correction study based on passive vision 基于被动视觉的窄间隙焊缝偏差校正研究
Pub Date : 2024-01-23 DOI: 10.1108/ir-10-2023-0252
Wang Zhang, Lizhe Fan, Yanbin Guo, Weihua Liu, Chao Ding

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to establish a method for accurately extracting torch and seam features. This will improve the quality of narrow gap welding. An adaptive deflection correction system based on passive light vision sensors was designed using the Halcon software from MVtec Germany as a platform.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper proposes an adaptive correction system for welding guns and seams divided into image calibration and feature extraction. In the image calibration method, the field of view distortion because of the position of the camera is resolved using image calibration techniques. In the feature extraction method, clear features of the weld gun and weld seam are accurately extracted after processing using algorithms such as impact filtering, subpixel (XLD), Gaussian Laplacian and sense region for the weld gun and weld seam. The gun and weld seam centers are accurately fitted using least squares. After calculating the deviation values, the error values are monitored, and error correction is achieved by programmable logic controller (PLC) control. Finally, experimental verification and analysis of the tracking errors are carried out.

Findings

The results show that the system achieves great results in dealing with camera aberrations. Weld gun features can be effectively and accurately identified. The difference between a scratch and a weld is effectively distinguished. The system accurately detects the center features of the torch and weld and controls the correction error to within 0.3mm.

Originality/value

An adaptive correction system based on a passive light vision sensor is designed which corrects the field-of-view distortion caused by the camera’s position deviation. Differences in features between scratches and welds are distinguished, and image features are effectively extracted. The final system weld error is controlled to 0.3 mm.

本研究的目的是建立一种准确提取焊枪和焊缝特征的方法。这将提高窄间隙焊接的质量。本文以德国 MVtec 公司的 Halcon 软件为平台,设计了一套基于被动光视觉传感器的自适应偏差校正系统。在图像校准方法中,利用图像校准技术解决了由于摄像机位置造成的视场失真问题。在特征提取方法中,使用冲击滤波、子像素(XLD)、高斯拉普拉斯和感知区域等算法对焊枪和焊缝进行处理后,准确提取焊枪和焊缝的清晰特征。使用最小二乘法精确拟合焊枪和焊缝中心。计算偏差值后,监测误差值,并通过可编程逻辑控制器 (PLC) 控制实现误差修正。最后,对跟踪误差进行了实验验证和分析。焊枪特征可以有效而准确地识别。划痕和焊缝之间的区别得到了有效区分。原创性/价值设计了一种基于被动光视觉传感器的自适应校正系统,可校正摄像头位置偏差造成的视场畸变。该系统可区分划痕和焊缝之间的特征差异,并有效提取图像特征。最终系统的焊接误差控制在 0.3 毫米以内。
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引用次数: 0
UDS-SLAM: real-time robust visual SLAM based on semantic segmentation in dynamic scenes UDS-SLAM:基于动态场景语义分割的实时鲁棒视觉 SLAM
Pub Date : 2024-01-22 DOI: 10.1108/ir-08-2023-0190
Jun Liu, Junyuan Dong, Mingming Hu, Xu Lu

Purpose

Existing Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) algorithms have been relatively well developed. However, when in complex dynamic environments, the movement of the dynamic points on the dynamic objects in the image in the mapping can have an impact on the observation of the system, and thus there will be biases and errors in the position estimation and the creation of map points. The aim of this paper is to achieve more accurate accuracy in SLAM algorithms compared to traditional methods through semantic approaches.

Design/methodology/approach

In this paper, the semantic segmentation of dynamic objects is realized based on U-Net semantic segmentation network, followed by motion consistency detection through motion detection method to determine whether the segmented objects are moving in the current scene or not, and combined with the motion compensation method to eliminate dynamic points and compensate for the current local image, so as to make the system robust.

Findings

Experiments comparing the effect of detecting dynamic points and removing outliers are conducted on a dynamic data set of Technische Universität München, and the results show that the absolute trajectory accuracy of this paper's method is significantly improved compared with ORB-SLAM3 and DS-SLAM.

Originality/value

In this paper, in the semantic segmentation network part, the segmentation mask is combined with the method of dynamic point detection, elimination and compensation, which reduces the influence of dynamic objects, thus effectively improving the accuracy of localization in dynamic environments.

目的现有的同步定位和绘图(SLAM)算法已经发展得相对完善。然而,当处于复杂的动态环境中时,映射中图像中动态物体上的动态点的移动会对系统的观测产生影响,因此在位置估计和地图点的创建中会出现偏差和误差。本文旨在通过语义方法实现 SLAM 算法与传统方法相比更高的精度。设计/方法/途径本文基于 U-Net 语义分割网络实现动态物体的语义分割,然后通过运动检测方法进行运动一致性检测,判断分割后的物体在当前场景中是否运动,并结合运动补偿方法消除动态点,对当前局部图像进行补偿,从而使系统具有鲁棒性。研究结果在慕尼黑工业大学的动态数据集上进行了实验,比较了检测动态点和剔除异常值的效果,结果表明本文方法的绝对轨迹精度与 ORB-SLAM3 和 DS-SLAM 相比有显著提高。
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引用次数: 0
Research on system integration and control methods of an apple-picking robot in unstructured environment 非结构化环境下苹果采摘机器人的系统集成与控制方法研究
Pub Date : 2024-01-22 DOI: 10.1108/ir-11-2023-0282
Qiaojun Zhou, Ruilong Gao, Zenghong Ma, Gonghao Cao, Jianneng Chen

Purpose

The purpose of this article is to solve the issue that apple-picking robots are easily interfered by branches or other apples near the target apple in an unstructured environment, leading to grasping failure and apple damage.

Design/methodology/approach

This study introduces the system units of the apple-picking robot prototype, proposes a method to determine the apple-picking direction via 3D point cloud data and optimizes the path planning method according to the calculated picking direction.

Findings

After the field experiments, the average deviation of the calculated picking direction from the desired angle was 11.81°, the apple picking success rate was 82% and the picking cycle was 11.1 s.

Originality/value

This paper describes a picking control method for an apple-picking robot that can improve the success and reliability of picking in an unstructured environment and provides a basis for automated and mechanized picking in the future.

设计/方法/途径本研究介绍了苹果采摘机器人原型的系统单元,提出了通过三维点云数据确定苹果采摘方向的方法,并根据计算出的采摘方向优化了路径规划方法。原创性/价值 本文介绍了一种苹果采摘机器人的采摘控制方法,可提高在非结构化环境中采摘的成功率和可靠性,并为未来的自动化和机械化采摘奠定了基础。
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引用次数: 0
A KMP-based interactive learning approach for robot trajectory adaptation with obstacle avoidance 基于 KMP 的交互式学习方法,用于机器人轨迹适应与避障
Pub Date : 2024-01-18 DOI: 10.1108/ir-11-2023-0284
Sa Xiao, Xuyang Chen, Yuankai Lu, Jinhua Ye, Haibin Wu

Purpose

Imitation learning is a powerful tool for planning the trajectory of robotic end-effectors in Cartesian space. Present methods can adapt the trajectory to the obstacle; however, the solutions may not always satisfy users, whereas it is hard for a nonexpert user to teach the robot to avoid obstacles in time as he/she wishes through demonstrations. This paper aims to address the above problem by proposing an approach that combines human supervision with the kernelized movement primitives (KMP) model.

Design/methodology/approach

This approach first extracts the reference database used to train KMP from demonstrations by using Gaussian mixture model and Gaussian mixture regression. Subsequently, KMP is used to modulate the trajectory of robotic end-effectors in real time based on feedback from its interaction with humans to avoid obstacles, which benefits from a novel reference database update strategy. The user can test different obstacle avoidance trajectories in the current task until a satisfactory solution is found.

Findings

Experiments performed with the KUKA cobot for obstacle avoidance show that this approach can adapt the trajectories of the robotic end-effector to the user’s wishes in real time, including trajectories that the robot has already passed and has not yet passed. Simulation comparisons also show that it exhibits better performance than KMP with the original reference database update strategy.

Originality/value

An interactive learning approach based on KMP is proposed and verified, which not only enables users to plan the trajectory of robotic end-effectors for obstacle avoidance more conveniently and efficiently but also provides an effective idea for accomplishing interactive learning tasks under constraints.

目的仿真学习是规划机器人末端执行器在笛卡尔空间中运动轨迹的有力工具。目前的方法可以根据障碍物调整轨迹,但其解决方案不一定能让用户满意,而对于非专业用户来说,很难通过演示教会机器人按照自己的意愿及时避开障碍物。本文旨在通过提出一种将人类监督与核化运动基元(KMP)模型相结合的方法来解决上述问题。设计/方法/方法该方法首先通过使用高斯混合模型和高斯混合回归从演示中提取用于训练 KMP 的参考数据库。随后,根据机器人与人类互动的反馈,利用 KMP 实时调节机器人末端执行器的轨迹,以避开障碍物,这得益于新颖的参考数据库更新策略。用户可以在当前任务中测试不同的避障轨迹,直到找到满意的解决方案。研究结果使用库卡机器人进行的避障实验表明,这种方法可以根据用户的意愿实时调整机器人末端执行器的轨迹,包括机器人已经通过和尚未通过的轨迹。原创性/价值 提出并验证了一种基于 KMP 的交互式学习方法,它不仅能让用户更方便、更高效地规划机器人末端执行器的避障轨迹,还为在约束条件下完成交互式学习任务提供了一种有效的思路。
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引用次数: 0
A dynamic parameter identification method for the 5-DOF hybrid robot based on sensitivity analysis 基于灵敏度分析的 5-DOF 混合机器人动态参数识别方法
Pub Date : 2024-01-18 DOI: 10.1108/ir-08-2023-0178
Zaihua Luo, Juliang Xiao, Sijiang Liu, Mingli Wang, Wei Zhao, Haitao Liu

Purpose

This paper aims to propose a dynamic parameter identification method based on sensitivity analysis for the 5-degree of freedom (DOF) hybrid robots, to solve the problems of too many identification parameters, complex model, difficult convergence of optimization algorithms and easy-to-fall into a locally optimal solution, and improve the efficiency and accuracy of dynamic parameter identification.

Design/methodology/approach

First, the dynamic parameter identification model of the 5-DOF hybrid robot was established based on the principle of virtual work. Then, the sensitivity of the parameters to be identified is analyzed by Sobol’s sensitivity method and verified by simulation. Finally, an identification strategy based on sensitivity analysis was designed, experiments were carried out on the real robot and the results were verified.

Findings

Compared with the traditional full-parameter identification method, the dynamic parameter identification method based on sensitivity analysis proposed in this paper converges faster when optimized using the genetic algorithm, and the identified dynamic model has higher prediction accuracy for joint drive forces and torques than the full-parameter identification models.

Originality/value

This work analyzes the sensitivity of the parameters to be identified in the dynamic parameter identification model for the first time. Then a parameter identification method is proposed based on the results of the sensitivity analysis, which can effectively reduce the parameters to be identified, simplify the identification model, accelerate the convergence of the optimization algorithm and improve the prediction accuracy of the identified model for the joint driving forces and torques.

目的 本文旨在提出一种基于灵敏度分析的五自由度(DOF)混合机器人动态参数识别方法,以解决识别参数过多、模型复杂、优化算法收敛困难、易陷入局部最优解等问题,提高动态参数识别的效率和精度。设计/方法/途径首先,根据虚功原理建立了五自由度混合机器人的动态参数识别模型。然后,通过 Sobol 灵敏度法分析待识别参数的灵敏度,并进行仿真验证。研究结果与传统的全参数识别方法相比,本文提出的基于灵敏度分析的动态参数识别方法在使用遗传算法优化时收敛速度更快,识别出的动态模型对关节驱动力和扭矩的预测精度高于全参数识别模型。该方法可有效减少待识别参数,简化识别模型,加快优化算法的收敛速度,提高识别模型对关节驱动力和扭矩的预测精度。
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引用次数: 0
Joint torque prediction of industrial robots based on PSO-LSTM deep learning 基于 PSO-LSTM 深度学习的工业机器人联合扭矩预测
Pub Date : 2024-01-12 DOI: 10.1108/ir-08-2023-0191
Wei Xiao, Zhongtao Fu, Shixian Wang, Xubing Chen

Purpose

Because of the key role of joint torque in industrial robots (IRs) motion performance control and energy consumption calculation and efficiency optimization, the purpose of this paper is to propose a deep learning torque prediction method based on long short-term memory (LSTM) recurrent neural networks optimized by particle swarm optimization (PSO), which can accurately predict the the joint torque.

Design/methodology/approach

The proposed model optimized the LSTM with PSO algorithm to accurately predict the IRs joint torque. The authors design an excitation trajectory for ABB 1600–10/145 experimental robot and collect its relative dynamic data. The LSTM model was trained with the experimental data, and PSO was used to find optimal number of LSTM nodes and learning rate, then a torque prediction model is established based on PSO-LSTM deep learning method. The novel model is used to predict the robot’s six joint torque and the root mean error squares of the predicted data together with least squares (LS) method were comparably studied.

Findings

The predicted joint torque value by PSO-LSTM deep learning approach is highly overlapped with those from real experiment robot, and the error is quite small. The average square error between the predicted joint torque data and experiment data is 2.31 N.m smaller than that with the LS method. The accuracy of the novel PSO-LSTM learning method for joint torque prediction of IR is proved.

Originality/value

PSO and LSTM model are deeply integrated for the first time to predict the joint torque of IR and the prediction accuracy is verified.

目的由于关节扭矩在工业机器人(IRs)运动性能控制和能耗计算及效率优化中的关键作用,本文旨在提出一种基于长短期记忆(LSTM)递归神经网络的深度学习扭矩预测方法,该方法通过粒子群优化(PSO)进行优化,可以准确预测关节扭矩。作者设计了 ABB 1600-10/145 实验机器人的激励轨迹,并收集了其相对动态数据。利用实验数据训练 LSTM 模型,并使用 PSO 寻找最佳 LSTM 节点数和学习率,然后建立了基于 PSO-LSTM 深度学习方法的扭矩预测模型。研究结果PSO-LSTM 深度学习方法预测的关节扭矩值与实际实验机器人的关节扭矩值高度重合,误差很小。预测的关节扭矩数据与实验数据之间的平均平方误差比 LS 方法小 2.31 N.m。原创性/价值首次将 PSO 与 LSTM 模型深度集成,用于预测 IR 的关节扭矩,并验证了预测的准确性。
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引用次数: 0
FTESO-adaptive neural network based safety control for a quadrotor UAV under multiple disturbances: algorithm and experiments 基于 FTESO 自适应神经网络的多干扰下四旋翼无人机安全控制:算法与实验
Pub Date : 2024-01-10 DOI: 10.1108/ir-09-2023-0196
Xin Cai, Xiaozhou Zhu, Wen Yao

Purpose

Quadrotors have been applied in various fields. However, because the quadrotor is subject to multiple disturbances, consisting of external disturbances, actuator faults and parameter uncertainties, it is difficult to control the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to achieve high-precision tracking performance. This paper aims to design a safety controller that uses observer and neural network method to improve the tracking performance of UAV under multiple disturbances. The experiments prove that this method is effective.

Design/methodology/approach

First, to actively estimate and compensate the synthetic uncertainties of the system, a finite-time extended state observer is investigated, and the disturbances are transformed into the extended state of the system for estimation. Second, an adaptive neural network controller that does not accurately require the dynamic model knowledge is designed based on the estimated value, where the weights of the neural network can be dynamically adjusted by the adaptive law. Furthermore, the finite-time bounded convergence of the proposed observer and the stability of the system are proved through homogeneous theory and Lyapunov method.

Findings

The figure-“8” climbing flight simulation and real flight experiments illustrate that the proposed safety control strategy has good tracking performance.

Originality/value

This paper proposes the safety control structure of the UAV, which combines the extended state observer with the neural network method. Numerical simulation results and actual flight experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.

目的四旋翼飞行器已应用于多个领域。然而,由于四旋翼飞行器受到由外部干扰、执行器故障和参数不确定性组成的多重干扰,因此很难控制无人飞行器(UAV)实现高精度的跟踪性能。本文旨在设计一种安全控制器,利用观测器和神经网络方法提高无人飞行器在多重干扰下的跟踪性能。首先,为了主动估计和补偿系统的合成不确定性,研究了一种有限时间扩展状态观测器,并将干扰转化为系统的扩展状态进行估计。其次,根据估计值设计一种不需要精确动态模型知识的自适应神经网络控制器,其中神经网络的权重可通过自适应法则进行动态调整。研究结果图 "8 "爬升飞行仿真和实际飞行实验表明,本文提出的安全控制策略具有良好的跟踪性能。数值仿真结果和实际飞行实验证明了所提控制策略的有效性。
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引用次数: 0
Triangle codes and tracer lights based absolute positioning method for terminal visual docking of autonomous underwater vehicles 基于三角码和示踪灯的绝对定位方法,用于自主潜水器的终端视觉对接
Pub Date : 2024-01-09 DOI: 10.1108/ir-10-2023-0233
Zhuoyu Zhang, Lijia Zhong, Mingwei Lin, Ri Lin, Dejun Li

Purpose

Docking technology plays a crucial role in enabling long-duration operations of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). Visual positioning solutions alone are susceptible to abnormal drift values due to the challenging underwater optical imaging environment. When an AUV approaches the docking station, the absolute positioning method fails if the AUV captures an insufficient number of tracers. This study aims to to provide a more stable absolute position visual positioning method for underwater terminal visual docking.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper presents a six-degree-of-freedom positioning method for AUV terminal visual docking, which uses lights and triangle codes. The authors use an extended Kalman filter to fuse the visual calculation results with inertial measurement unit data. Moreover, this paper proposes a triangle code recognition and positioning algorithm.

Findings

The authors conducted a simulation experiment to compare the underwater positioning performance of triangle codes, AprilTag and Aruco. The results demonstrate that the implemented triangular code reduces the running time by over 70% compared to the other two codes, and also exhibits a longer recognition distance in turbid environments. Subsequent experiments were carried out in Qingjiang Lake, Hubei Province, China, which further confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed positioning algorithm.

Originality/value

This fusion approach effectively mitigates abnormal drift errors stemming from visual positioning and cumulative errors resulting from inertial navigation. The authors also propose a triangle code recognition and positioning algorithm as a supplementary approach to overcome the limitations of tracer light positioning beacons.

目的对接技术在实现自主潜水器(AUV)的长时间运行方面发挥着至关重要的作用。由于水下光学成像环境极具挑战性,仅靠视觉定位解决方案很容易出现异常漂移值。当自动潜航器接近对接站时,如果自动潜航器捕获的跟踪器数量不足,绝对定位方法就会失效。本研究旨在为水下终端视觉对接提供一种更稳定的绝对位置视觉定位方法。本文提出了一种用于 AUV 终端视觉对接的六自由度定位方法,该方法使用灯光和三角码。作者使用扩展卡尔曼滤波器将视觉计算结果与惯性测量单元数据进行融合。此外,本文还提出了一种三角码识别和定位算法。研究结果作者进行了模拟实验,比较了三角码、AprilTag 和 Aruco 的水下定位性能。结果表明,与其他两种代码相比,所实现的三角形代码的运行时间缩短了 70% 以上,而且在浑浊环境中的识别距离更长。随后在中国湖北省清江湖进行了实验,进一步证实了所提定位算法的有效性。 独创性/价值这种融合方法有效地减少了视觉定位产生的异常漂移误差和惯性导航产生的累积误差。作者还提出了一种三角形代码识别和定位算法,作为克服示踪光定位信标局限性的辅助方法。
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引用次数: 0
Adaptive decentralized fuzzy compensation control for large optical mirror processing systems 大型光学镜面处理系统的自适应分散模糊补偿控制
Pub Date : 2024-01-09 DOI: 10.1108/ir-09-2023-0207
Zujin Jin, Zixin Yin, Siyang Peng, Yan Liu

Purpose

Large optical mirror processing systems (LOMPSs) consist of multiple subrobots, and correlated disturbance terms between these robots often lead to reduced processing accuracy. This abstract introduces a novel approach, the nonlinear subsystem adaptive dispersed fuzzy compensation control (ADFCC) method, aimed at enhancing the precision of LOMPSs.

Design/methodology/approach

The ADFCC model for LOMPS is developed through a nonlinear fuzzy adaptive algorithm. This model incorporates control parameters and disturbance terms (such as those arising from the external environment, friction and correlation) between subsystems to facilitate ADFCC. Error analysis is performed using the subsystem output parameters, and the resulting errors are used as feedback for compensation control.

Findings

Experimental analysis is conducted, specifically under the commonly used concentric circle processing trajectory in LOMPS. This analysis validates the effectiveness of the control model in enhancing processing accuracy.

Originality/value

The ADFCC strategy is demonstrated to significantly improve the accuracy of LOMPS output, offering a promising solution to the problem of correlated disturbances. This work holds the potential to benefit a wide range of practical applications.

目的 大型光学镜面处理系统(LOMPS)由多个子机器人组成,这些机器人之间的相关干扰项通常会导致处理精度降低。本摘要介绍了一种新方法--非线性子系统自适应分散模糊补偿控制(ADFCC)方法,旨在提高 LOMPS 的精度。该模型纳入了子系统之间的控制参数和干扰项(如外部环境、摩擦和相关性引起的干扰项),以促进 ADFCC。利用子系统输出参数进行误差分析,并将由此产生的误差作为补偿控制的反馈。研究结果进行了实验分析,特别是在 LOMPS 中常用的同心圆处理轨迹下。该分析验证了控制模型在提高处理精度方面的有效性。原创性/价值ADFCC 策略被证明可显著提高 LOMPS 输出的精度,为解决相关干扰问题提供了一个很有前景的解决方案。这项工作有望为广泛的实际应用带来益处。
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引用次数: 0
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Industrial Robot
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