Pub Date : 2024-09-14DOI: 10.1177/00375497241268752
Mikel D Petty, John A Bland, Tymaine S Whitaker, Walter Alan Cantrell, Katia P Maxwell, C Daniel Colvett, E Michael Bearss
Cybersecurity is an urgent concern. Cybersecurity simulation is an important part of the response to it. This article describes a research program consisting of several interconnected cybersecurity simulation research projects. Cyberattacks are modeled using Petri nets extended with features designed for modeling cyberattacks, including representations of the attacker’s and defender’s strategies, their actions, and their actions’ cost. A database of known attack patterns is automatically processed to generate cyberattack component models, one for each attack pattern. The models are verified and validated using multiple application-relevant methods that consider both Petri nets’ theoretical properties and cyberattacks’ practical characteristics. Because the source attack pattern database is attacker-centric, the cyberattack component models are enhanced to include defender actions and responses, as well as representations of normal user activities on the computer system being attacked. Cyberattack component models stored in a repository are selected and composed into complete models of target computer systems. Metadata associated with each model guides the selection and composition. The cyberattack models are executed to simulate cyberattacks. Multiple simulation iterations are used to train reinforcement learning algorithms that automatically learn improved attacker or defender strategies.
网络安全是一个亟待解决的问题。网络安全模拟是应对这一问题的重要组成部分。本文介绍了一个由多个相互关联的网络安全模拟研究项目组成的研究计划。网络攻击是利用 Petri 网建模的，Petri 网具有为网络攻击建模而设计的扩展功能，包括攻击者和防御者的策略、行动及其行动成本的表示。已知攻击模式数据库经自动处理后生成网络攻击组件模型，每个攻击模式一个。这些模型采用多种与应用相关的方法进行验证和确认，这些方法既考虑了 Petri 网的理论特性，也考虑了网络攻击的实际特点。由于源攻击模式数据库是以攻击者为中心的，因此网络攻击组件模型得到了增强，以包括防御者的行动和响应，以及被攻击计算机系统上正常用户活动的表示。存储在资源库中的网络攻击组件模型会被挑选出来，并组成目标计算机系统的完整模型。与每个模型相关的元数据为选择和组合提供指导。执行网络攻击模型来模拟网络攻击。多次模拟迭代用于训练强化学习算法，该算法可自动学习改进的攻击者或防御者策略。
{"title":"Simulating cyberattacks with extended Petri nets","authors":"Mikel D Petty, John A Bland, Tymaine S Whitaker, Walter Alan Cantrell, Katia P Maxwell, C Daniel Colvett, E Michael Bearss","doi":"10.1177/00375497241268752","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00375497241268752","url":null,"abstract":"Cybersecurity is an urgent concern. Cybersecurity simulation is an important part of the response to it. This article describes a research program consisting of several interconnected cybersecurity simulation research projects. Cyberattacks are modeled using Petri nets extended with features designed for modeling cyberattacks, including representations of the attacker’s and defender’s strategies, their actions, and their actions’ cost. A database of known attack patterns is automatically processed to generate cyberattack component models, one for each attack pattern. The models are verified and validated using multiple application-relevant methods that consider both Petri nets’ theoretical properties and cyberattacks’ practical characteristics. Because the source attack pattern database is attacker-centric, the cyberattack component models are enhanced to include defender actions and responses, as well as representations of normal user activities on the computer system being attacked. Cyberattack component models stored in a repository are selected and composed into complete models of target computer systems. Metadata associated with each model guides the selection and composition. The cyberattack models are executed to simulate cyberattacks. Multiple simulation iterations are used to train reinforcement learning algorithms that automatically learn improved attacker or defender strategies.","PeriodicalId":501452,"journal":{"name":"SIMULATION","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142266895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-31DOI: 10.1177/00375497241269721
Claudio Gomes
{"title":"Special Issue: Engineering of Dependable Digital Twins","authors":"Claudio Gomes","doi":"10.1177/00375497241269721","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00375497241269721","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":501452,"journal":{"name":"SIMULATION","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142218155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-17DOI: 10.1177/00375497241268740
Huasheng Liu, Haoran Deng, Jin Li, Sha Yang, Kui Dong, Yuqi Zhao
Lane-level differences in traffic conditions on urban roads are becoming increasingly significant. To remedy this problem, this study proposes a method for the microscopic traffic simulation calibration problem that considers the complexity of traffic conditions on-road sections and the differences in operating states between lanes. A simulation model was established by collecting actual data. Calibration parameters were determined using sensitivity analysis. A calibration model was built to minimize the relative errors of the roadway efficiency and lane differential indicators. The values of these parameters were obtained using a genetic algorithm (GA). The calibration processes were automated using programming. To assess the reliability of the proposed method, we conducted five sets of comparative experiments focusing on two aspects: calibration methods and algorithm utilization. Results indicate that the proposed method significantly enhances simulation accuracy, particularly in lane-level traffic simulations. In comparison to approaches considering only section-level traffic characteristics and default application software parameters, the proposed method yielded reductions in errors by 3.7%, 5.8%, 6.6%, and 3.2% for simulating lane occupancy rate and cross-section flow. The proposed method demonstrated a simulation error of approximately 5%, while the artificial neural network method was about 7%, validating the effectiveness of the algorithms employed. It can play a crucial role in multilane traffic flow, intelligent driving tests, vehicle–road cooperation, and other related study areas.
{"title":"Calibration method for microscopic traffic simulation considering lane difference","authors":"Huasheng Liu, Haoran Deng, Jin Li, Sha Yang, Kui Dong, Yuqi Zhao","doi":"10.1177/00375497241268740","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00375497241268740","url":null,"abstract":"Lane-level differences in traffic conditions on urban roads are becoming increasingly significant. To remedy this problem, this study proposes a method for the microscopic traffic simulation calibration problem that considers the complexity of traffic conditions on-road sections and the differences in operating states between lanes. A simulation model was established by collecting actual data. Calibration parameters were determined using sensitivity analysis. A calibration model was built to minimize the relative errors of the roadway efficiency and lane differential indicators. The values of these parameters were obtained using a genetic algorithm (GA). The calibration processes were automated using programming. To assess the reliability of the proposed method, we conducted five sets of comparative experiments focusing on two aspects: calibration methods and algorithm utilization. Results indicate that the proposed method significantly enhances simulation accuracy, particularly in lane-level traffic simulations. In comparison to approaches considering only section-level traffic characteristics and default application software parameters, the proposed method yielded reductions in errors by 3.7%, 5.8%, 6.6%, and 3.2% for simulating lane occupancy rate and cross-section flow. The proposed method demonstrated a simulation error of approximately 5%, while the artificial neural network method was about 7%, validating the effectiveness of the algorithms employed. It can play a crucial role in multilane traffic flow, intelligent driving tests, vehicle–road cooperation, and other related study areas.","PeriodicalId":501452,"journal":{"name":"SIMULATION","volume":"164 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142218157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-08DOI: 10.1177/00375497241264815
Yenda Ramesh, MV Panduranga Rao
Statistical model checking (SMC) for the analysis of multi-agent systems has been studied in the recent past. A feature peculiar to multi-agent systems in the context of statistical model checking is that of aggregate queries–temporal logic formula that involves a large number of agents. To answer such queries through Monte Carlo sampling, the statistical approach to model checking simulates the entire agent population and evaluates the query. This makes the simulation overhead significantly higher than the query evaluation overhead. This problem becomes particularly challenging when the model checking queries involve multiple attributes of the agents. To alleviate this problem, we propose a population sampling algorithm that simulates only a subset of all the agents and scales to multiple attributes, thus making the solution generic. The population sampling approach results in increased efficiency (a gain in running time of 50%–100%) for a marginal loss in accuracy (between 1% and 5%) when compared with the exhaustive approach (which simulates the entire agent population to evaluate the query), especially for queries that involve limited time horizons. Finally, we report parallel versions of the above algorithms. We explore different strategies of core allocation, both for exhaustive simulations of all agents and the sampling approach. This yields further gains in running time, as expected. The parallel approach, when combined with the sampling idea, results in improving the efficiency (a gain in running time of 100%–150%) with a minor loss when compared with the exhaustive approach in accuracy (between 1% and 5%).
{"title":"Serial and parallel algorithms for short time horizon multi-attribute queries on stochastic multi-agent systems","authors":"Yenda Ramesh, MV Panduranga Rao","doi":"10.1177/00375497241264815","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00375497241264815","url":null,"abstract":"Statistical model checking (SMC) for the analysis of multi-agent systems has been studied in the recent past. A feature peculiar to multi-agent systems in the context of statistical model checking is that of aggregate queries–temporal logic formula that involves a large number of agents. To answer such queries through Monte Carlo sampling, the statistical approach to model checking simulates the entire agent population and evaluates the query. This makes the simulation overhead significantly higher than the query evaluation overhead. This problem becomes particularly challenging when the model checking queries involve multiple attributes of the agents. To alleviate this problem, we propose a population sampling algorithm that simulates only a subset of all the agents and scales to multiple attributes, thus making the solution generic. The population sampling approach results in increased efficiency (a gain in running time of 50%–100%) for a marginal loss in accuracy (between 1% and 5%) when compared with the exhaustive approach (which simulates the entire agent population to evaluate the query), especially for queries that involve limited time horizons. Finally, we report parallel versions of the above algorithms. We explore different strategies of core allocation, both for exhaustive simulations of all agents and the sampling approach. This yields further gains in running time, as expected. The parallel approach, when combined with the sampling idea, results in improving the efficiency (a gain in running time of 100%–150%) with a minor loss when compared with the exhaustive approach in accuracy (between 1% and 5%).","PeriodicalId":501452,"journal":{"name":"SIMULATION","volume":"33 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141927179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-05DOI: 10.1177/00375497241265730
Lugang Yu, Dezhi Li, Shenghua Zhou, Xiongwei Zhu
Although the citizens’ satisfaction in smart cities (CSSC) has become a vital criterion for smart cities, which symbolizes the people-centric concept, the previous research on simulating CSSC only considered the technological innovation and policy changes at the macro level, resulting in the neglect of the micro emotional contagion between citizens. To address this gap, a simulation approach is proposed to consider the influence caused by emotional contagion through the agent-based model (ABM). Supported by the expectation confirmation model (ECM) and the emotional contagion theory (ECT), the ABM simulation is implemented through the Anylogic platform, based on survey data from 19 smart cities in China. The results of various scenarios show that citizens’ expectations are the key factor affecting the CSSC, and the influence of emotional contagion cannot be ignored, especially in the acquaintance society. As social networks become more intimate, the impact of emotional contagion will turn the citizen group into an “antithetical society,” which means a situation with severe polarization of CSSC. This study also discusses the possible threshold of this transition process. Based on the analysis of multiple scenarios, it is implied that CSSC should be evaluated by considering the emotional contagion, and smart cities prioritize quality over quantity.
{"title":"Agent-based simulation of citizens’ satisfaction in smart cities","authors":"Lugang Yu, Dezhi Li, Shenghua Zhou, Xiongwei Zhu","doi":"10.1177/00375497241265730","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00375497241265730","url":null,"abstract":"Although the citizens’ satisfaction in smart cities (CSSC) has become a vital criterion for smart cities, which symbolizes the people-centric concept, the previous research on simulating CSSC only considered the technological innovation and policy changes at the macro level, resulting in the neglect of the micro emotional contagion between citizens. To address this gap, a simulation approach is proposed to consider the influence caused by emotional contagion through the agent-based model (ABM). Supported by the expectation confirmation model (ECM) and the emotional contagion theory (ECT), the ABM simulation is implemented through the Anylogic platform, based on survey data from 19 smart cities in China. The results of various scenarios show that citizens’ expectations are the key factor affecting the CSSC, and the influence of emotional contagion cannot be ignored, especially in the acquaintance society. As social networks become more intimate, the impact of emotional contagion will turn the citizen group into an “antithetical society,” which means a situation with severe polarization of CSSC. This study also discusses the possible threshold of this transition process. Based on the analysis of multiple scenarios, it is implied that CSSC should be evaluated by considering the emotional contagion, and smart cities prioritize quality over quantity.","PeriodicalId":501452,"journal":{"name":"SIMULATION","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141943863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-03DOI: 10.1177/00375497241267304
Neda Rasoli, Mohammad Sheikhalishahi
Increasing medical costs around the world and limited resources have led health decision-makers to focus on measuring and improving their performance to effectively deliver high-quality care. In such an environment, timeliness is one of the most significant attributes for service performance and patient satisfaction. As a result, decision-makers are continually looking for ways to reduce wait times, as this is the primary measure of care timeliness. In this article, the main contribution is to reduce patient waiting time during admission process and increase patient satisfaction incorporating combination of business process modeling (BPM) and discrete event simulation (DES). With the BPM notation (BPMN2.0) modeling language, the patient admission process is modeled. ARENA software has been used to simulate current (As-Is) and redesigned (To-Be) processes, and Process Analyzer is used to evaluate improvement scenarios. The process has been optimized by utilizing OptQuest to reduce waiting time. Based on the results, work in process (WIP) has been reduced by 29% and waiting time has been reduced by 6% in the optimal scenario. The root causes of long queues have been identified as redundancy in the patient admission process, a shortage of reception staff, non-value-added administrative activities, and suboptimal allocation of resources.
{"title":"Modeling and simulation to improve patient admission process: a case study in an educational and treatment hospital","authors":"Neda Rasoli, Mohammad Sheikhalishahi","doi":"10.1177/00375497241267304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00375497241267304","url":null,"abstract":"Increasing medical costs around the world and limited resources have led health decision-makers to focus on measuring and improving their performance to effectively deliver high-quality care. In such an environment, timeliness is one of the most significant attributes for service performance and patient satisfaction. As a result, decision-makers are continually looking for ways to reduce wait times, as this is the primary measure of care timeliness. In this article, the main contribution is to reduce patient waiting time during admission process and increase patient satisfaction incorporating combination of business process modeling (BPM) and discrete event simulation (DES). With the BPM notation (BPMN2.0) modeling language, the patient admission process is modeled. ARENA software has been used to simulate current (As-Is) and redesigned (To-Be) processes, and Process Analyzer is used to evaluate improvement scenarios. The process has been optimized by utilizing OptQuest to reduce waiting time. Based on the results, work in process (WIP) has been reduced by 29% and waiting time has been reduced by 6% in the optimal scenario. The root causes of long queues have been identified as redundancy in the patient admission process, a shortage of reception staff, non-value-added administrative activities, and suboptimal allocation of resources.","PeriodicalId":501452,"journal":{"name":"SIMULATION","volume":"70 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141943777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-03DOI: 10.1177/00375497241267319
Hakan Erdeş, Saadettin Erhan Kesen
Considering a massive stride in improving decarbonization and eventually in reaching net zero emission goal, electrification has spread through all types of industries. Prominently, in the transportation sector, the shift from fossil fuel toward electric vehicles (EVs) has been intensely realized and the past several years have seen the proliferation of EVs on the roads. Although influx of EVs is a fact, the literature suffers to provide valuable insights related to full-scale adoption of EVs. This paper proposes a novel and comprehensive variant of charging infrastructure in which there are noncommercial, commercial, and contracted commercial EVs depending on the offered business model. EVs can request alternating current (AC) charging, direct current (DC) charging, and battery swapping, and these requests are fulfilled by fixed and mobile chargers. Having developed a discrete event simulation model of the problem at hand, we implement full factorial experimental design, through which impacts of several factors involving business model, service type, arrival rate of EVs, waiting threshold, and the number of mobile chargers are detected on critical measures ranging from queuing times to the rate and mean time of EVs exceeding waiting threshold and from total revenue to service rate and utilization rate of mobile chargers. Significant statistical findings along with possible explanations are discussed.
{"title":"Searching for adoption of electric vehicles to our modern life: a discrete event simulation analysis","authors":"Hakan Erdeş, Saadettin Erhan Kesen","doi":"10.1177/00375497241267319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00375497241267319","url":null,"abstract":"Considering a massive stride in improving decarbonization and eventually in reaching net zero emission goal, electrification has spread through all types of industries. Prominently, in the transportation sector, the shift from fossil fuel toward electric vehicles (EVs) has been intensely realized and the past several years have seen the proliferation of EVs on the roads. Although influx of EVs is a fact, the literature suffers to provide valuable insights related to full-scale adoption of EVs. This paper proposes a novel and comprehensive variant of charging infrastructure in which there are noncommercial, commercial, and contracted commercial EVs depending on the offered business model. EVs can request alternating current (AC) charging, direct current (DC) charging, and battery swapping, and these requests are fulfilled by fixed and mobile chargers. Having developed a discrete event simulation model of the problem at hand, we implement full factorial experimental design, through which impacts of several factors involving business model, service type, arrival rate of EVs, waiting threshold, and the number of mobile chargers are detected on critical measures ranging from queuing times to the rate and mean time of EVs exceeding waiting threshold and from total revenue to service rate and utilization rate of mobile chargers. Significant statistical findings along with possible explanations are discussed.","PeriodicalId":501452,"journal":{"name":"SIMULATION","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141943779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-02DOI: 10.1177/00375497241261406
Santiago Gil, Bentley J Oakes, Cláudio Gomes, Mirgita Frasheri, Peter G Larsen
Digital Twins (DTs) can be constructed for many different applications, leading to substantial differences between different case studies. To be able to learn from the challenges and lessons learned by other DT practitioners, it is important that experience reports be consistent to facilitate comparisons. In this paper, we merge three reference description frameworks for DTs, one generated from a systematic mapping study, one generated from an analysis of experience reports, and one from a systematic literature review, to come up with a unified characterization of DT applications. This analysis has identified six non-overlapping and three cross-cutting characteristics in the reference frameworks. This paper showcases the unified characterization with 21 characteristics to report on a DT case study called the Flex-cell, a manufacturing cell with two robotic arms used for cooperative assembly. The generalizability of this unified characterization is validated using a multi-case approach with another case study in robotics and another in the food industry. We call on the DT community to integrate these systematic reporting principles in their future DT experience reports such that other practitioners can learn from each other more effectively.
{"title":"Toward a systematic reporting framework for Digital Twins: a cooperative robotics case study","authors":"Santiago Gil, Bentley J Oakes, Cláudio Gomes, Mirgita Frasheri, Peter G Larsen","doi":"10.1177/00375497241261406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00375497241261406","url":null,"abstract":"Digital Twins (DTs) can be constructed for many different applications, leading to substantial differences between different case studies. To be able to learn from the challenges and lessons learned by other DT practitioners, it is important that experience reports be consistent to facilitate comparisons. In this paper, we merge three reference description frameworks for DTs, one generated from a systematic mapping study, one generated from an analysis of experience reports, and one from a systematic literature review, to come up with a unified characterization of DT applications. This analysis has identified six non-overlapping and three cross-cutting characteristics in the reference frameworks. This paper showcases the unified characterization with 21 characteristics to report on a DT case study called the Flex-cell, a manufacturing cell with two robotic arms used for cooperative assembly. The generalizability of this unified characterization is validated using a multi-case approach with another case study in robotics and another in the food industry. We call on the DT community to integrate these systematic reporting principles in their future DT experience reports such that other practitioners can learn from each other more effectively.","PeriodicalId":501452,"journal":{"name":"SIMULATION","volume":"215 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141881095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-27DOI: 10.1177/00375497241266256
Vincenzo Inzillo, Alfonso Ariza Quintana
In an era where ubiquitous connectivity and escalating data demands are altering the landscape of wireless communications, our paper proposes a pioneering enhancement for the OMNeT++ simulator to support the advanced features of IEEE 802.11ax high efficiency (HE) alongside cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. Traditional wireless networks face daunting challenges in sustaining elevated quality of service (QoS), primarily due to fluctuating user densities and signal quality. Cell-free massive MIMO serves as a compelling answer to this predicament by decentralizing the cellular architecture. It eradicates conventional cell boundaries, furnishing uniform QoS regardless of user locations. However, these advancements come at the expense of complex backhaul networks and articulated joint signal processing. The 802.11ax standard, touted for its robustness and efficiency, remains underexplored in this new paradigm. Our research not only dissects the architectural elements and constraints of both 802.11ax and cell-free massive MIMO but also elaborates on the adaptations required to extend OMNeT++ functionalities for these technologies. By doing so, we bridge a crucial gap, enabling the simulator to provide a more precise, detailed, and scalable evaluation of emerging 6G scenarios and directional communications also taking into account the impact of the most known routing protocols such as dynamic source routing (DSR), ad hoc on-demand distance vector routing (AODV), optimized link state routing (OLSR), and dynamic mobile ad hoc network on-demand (DYMO) that were selected for this comparative study. The proposed extensions promise to revolutionize network simulations and lay the foundation for in-depth analyses of wireless systems in complex and dynamic environments. Through extensive simulations, our study demonstrates that cell-free massive MIMO configurations significantly improve network throughput in high-density mobile ad hoc network (MANET) environments, with results indicating an average throughput gain of up to 30% compared with non-cell-free configurations. This improvement highlights the efficacy of cell-free massive MIMO to take advantage of the spatial and frequency multiplexing capabilities inherent in the 802.11ax standard, making it a promising solution for future wireless systems in densely populated areas.
{"title":"Implementation of 802.11ax and cell-free massive MIMO scenario for 6G wireless network analysis extending OMNeT++ simulator","authors":"Vincenzo Inzillo, Alfonso Ariza Quintana","doi":"10.1177/00375497241266256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00375497241266256","url":null,"abstract":"In an era where ubiquitous connectivity and escalating data demands are altering the landscape of wireless communications, our paper proposes a pioneering enhancement for the OMNeT++ simulator to support the advanced features of IEEE 802.11ax high efficiency (HE) alongside cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. Traditional wireless networks face daunting challenges in sustaining elevated quality of service (QoS), primarily due to fluctuating user densities and signal quality. Cell-free massive MIMO serves as a compelling answer to this predicament by decentralizing the cellular architecture. It eradicates conventional cell boundaries, furnishing uniform QoS regardless of user locations. However, these advancements come at the expense of complex backhaul networks and articulated joint signal processing. The 802.11ax standard, touted for its robustness and efficiency, remains underexplored in this new paradigm. Our research not only dissects the architectural elements and constraints of both 802.11ax and cell-free massive MIMO but also elaborates on the adaptations required to extend OMNeT++ functionalities for these technologies. By doing so, we bridge a crucial gap, enabling the simulator to provide a more precise, detailed, and scalable evaluation of emerging 6G scenarios and directional communications also taking into account the impact of the most known routing protocols such as dynamic source routing (DSR), ad hoc on-demand distance vector routing (AODV), optimized link state routing (OLSR), and dynamic mobile ad hoc network on-demand (DYMO) that were selected for this comparative study. The proposed extensions promise to revolutionize network simulations and lay the foundation for in-depth analyses of wireless systems in complex and dynamic environments. Through extensive simulations, our study demonstrates that cell-free massive MIMO configurations significantly improve network throughput in high-density mobile ad hoc network (MANET) environments, with results indicating an average throughput gain of up to 30% compared with non-cell-free configurations. This improvement highlights the efficacy of cell-free massive MIMO to take advantage of the spatial and frequency multiplexing capabilities inherent in the 802.11ax standard, making it a promising solution for future wireless systems in densely populated areas.","PeriodicalId":501452,"journal":{"name":"SIMULATION","volume":"79 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141798347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-27DOI: 10.1177/00375497241259509
Mohssine Karimi, M. Zekraoui, Zakaria Khaouch, S. Touairi
This work addresses issues that appear from wind turbines equipped with frequency converters and presents a new fixed-speed wind turbine (FSWT) concept based on a split power transmission, along with a Mechatronic Control Model. The wind turbine rotor drives the first transmission shaft, while a servomotor with variable speed powers the second input. The differential gear transmission output is linked to the electric grid through an asynchronous generator. To optimize the power extracted from the wind energy while minimizing excessive dynamic loads on the wind turbine, a mechatronic control model of a 750 kW-FSWT is applied using a proportional and integral controller (PI). The paper suggests employing neural networks and evolutionary algorithms for determining appropriate PI gains. For collective servomotor control of a 750 kW-FSWT, a radial basis function (RBF) neural networks based on PI controller is proposed. To acquire an optimum dataset for RBF training, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) evolutionary algorithm is harnessed. The robustness and effectiveness of the proposed model and controller are verified and confirmed through simulation results. Hands-on experience is conducted using the 20-sim software package.
本研究针对配备变频器的风力涡轮机出现的问题，提出了一种基于分体式动力传输的新型定速风力涡轮机（FSWT）概念和机电一体化控制模型。风力涡轮机转子驱动第一传动轴，而变速伺服电机则为第二输入端提供动力。差速齿轮传动装置的输出端通过异步发电机与电网相连。为了优化从风能中提取的电能，同时最大限度地减少风力涡轮机上的过大动态负载，采用比例积分控制器（PI）对 750 kW-FSWT 进行机电控制。论文建议采用神经网络和进化算法来确定适当的 PI 增益。针对 750 kW-FSWT 的伺服电机集体控制，提出了一种基于 PI 控制器的径向基函数（RBF）神经网络。为了获得用于 RBF 训练的最佳数据集，利用了粒子群优化（PSO）进化算法。仿真结果验证并确认了所提模型和控制器的鲁棒性和有效性。使用 20-sim 软件包进行了实际操作。
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