Pub Date : 2024-07-25DOI: 10.1177/00375497241261409
Sergiy Bogomolov, Cláudio Gomes, Carlos Isasa, Sadegh Soudjani, Paulius Stankaitis, Thomas Wright
Digital twin is a technology that facilitates a real-time coupling of a cyber–physical system and its virtual representation. The technology is applicable to a variety of domains and facilitates more intelligent and dependable system design and operation, but it relies heavily on the existence of digital models that can be depended upon. In realistic systems, there is no single monolithic digital model of the system. Instead, the system is broken into subsystems, with models exported from different tools corresponding to each subsystem. In this paper, we focus on techniques that can be used for a black-box model, such as the ones implementing the Functional Mock-up Interface (FMI) standard, formal analysis, and verification. We propose two techniques for simulation-based reachability analysis of models. The first one is based on system dynamics, while the second one utilizes dynamic sensitivity analysis to improve the quality of the results. Our techniques employ simulations to obtain the model’s sensitivity with respect to the initial state (or model’s Lipschitz constant) which is then used to compute reachable states of the system. The approaches also provide probabilistic guarantees on the accuracy of the computed reachable sets that are based on simulations. Each technique requires different levels of information about the black-box system, allowing the readers to select the best technique according to the capabilities of the models. The validation experiments have demonstrated that our proposed algorithms compute accurate reachable sets of stable and unstable linear systems. The approach based on dynamic sensitivity provides an accurate and, with respect to system dimensions, more scalable approach, while the sampling-based method allows a flexible trade-off between accuracy and runtime cost. The validation results also show that our approaches are promising even when applied to nonlinear systems, especially, when applied to larger and more complex systems. The reproducibility package with code and data can be found at https://github.com/twright/FMI-Reachability-Reproducibility .
{"title":"Reachability analysis of FMI models using data-driven dynamic sensitivity","authors":"Sergiy Bogomolov, Cláudio Gomes, Carlos Isasa, Sadegh Soudjani, Paulius Stankaitis, Thomas Wright","doi":"10.1177/00375497241261409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00375497241261409","url":null,"abstract":"Digital twin is a technology that facilitates a real-time coupling of a cyber–physical system and its virtual representation. The technology is applicable to a variety of domains and facilitates more intelligent and dependable system design and operation, but it relies heavily on the existence of digital models that can be depended upon. In realistic systems, there is no single monolithic digital model of the system. Instead, the system is broken into subsystems, with models exported from different tools corresponding to each subsystem. In this paper, we focus on techniques that can be used for a black-box model, such as the ones implementing the Functional Mock-up Interface (FMI) standard, formal analysis, and verification. We propose two techniques for simulation-based reachability analysis of models. The first one is based on system dynamics, while the second one utilizes dynamic sensitivity analysis to improve the quality of the results. Our techniques employ simulations to obtain the model’s sensitivity with respect to the initial state (or model’s Lipschitz constant) which is then used to compute reachable states of the system. The approaches also provide probabilistic guarantees on the accuracy of the computed reachable sets that are based on simulations. Each technique requires different levels of information about the black-box system, allowing the readers to select the best technique according to the capabilities of the models. The validation experiments have demonstrated that our proposed algorithms compute accurate reachable sets of stable and unstable linear systems. The approach based on dynamic sensitivity provides an accurate and, with respect to system dimensions, more scalable approach, while the sampling-based method allows a flexible trade-off between accuracy and runtime cost. The validation results also show that our approaches are promising even when applied to nonlinear systems, especially, when applied to larger and more complex systems. The reproducibility package with code and data can be found at https://github.com/twright/FMI-Reachability-Reproducibility .","PeriodicalId":501452,"journal":{"name":"SIMULATION","volume":"70 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141782169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-25DOI: 10.1177/00375497241261408
Mario Bortolotto, Gustavo Migoni
This paper proposes a new modeling approach to obtain accurate and fast simulations of pulse width–modulated (PWM) inverters with minimal loss of information. The idea of this methodology combines the use of precise switched models and fast averaged models. Switched models are used during transient evolution, and averaged models on periodic steady-state (PSS) regimen . In this way, the switching behavior of an inverter can be obtained even in the context of a long-term simulation where switched models cannot be used because of the central processing unit (CPU) requirement. The novel modeling strategy implements an algorithm that, based on the evolution of some variables, detects the transient or periodic steady state condition and automatically performs the commutation between both models. Furthermore, the mentioned algorithm also estimates the averaged model parameters when the precise switched model is used. Consequently, it is not necessary to calculate the average parameters to create the model and accurate results are obtained regardless of the operating point. This paper also reports simulation experiments of a single-phase PWM boost inverter model to clarify the idea of the modeling strategy and shows the simulation time and accuracy advantages of the proposed modeling approach. The Modelica language was used to program the novel modeling strategy and build the boost inverter examples.
{"title":"Mixed modeling approach for efficient simulation of single-phase PWM inverters","authors":"Mario Bortolotto, Gustavo Migoni","doi":"10.1177/00375497241261408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00375497241261408","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a new modeling approach to obtain accurate and fast simulations of pulse width–modulated (PWM) inverters with minimal loss of information. The idea of this methodology combines the use of precise switched models and fast averaged models. Switched models are used during transient evolution, and averaged models on periodic steady-state (PSS) regimen . In this way, the switching behavior of an inverter can be obtained even in the context of a long-term simulation where switched models cannot be used because of the central processing unit (CPU) requirement. The novel modeling strategy implements an algorithm that, based on the evolution of some variables, detects the transient or periodic steady state condition and automatically performs the commutation between both models. Furthermore, the mentioned algorithm also estimates the averaged model parameters when the precise switched model is used. Consequently, it is not necessary to calculate the average parameters to create the model and accurate results are obtained regardless of the operating point. This paper also reports simulation experiments of a single-phase PWM boost inverter model to clarify the idea of the modeling strategy and shows the simulation time and accuracy advantages of the proposed modeling approach. The Modelica language was used to program the novel modeling strategy and build the boost inverter examples.","PeriodicalId":501452,"journal":{"name":"SIMULATION","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141782171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-25DOI: 10.1177/00375497241261412
Christopher R Hudson, Warren Wheeler, Christopher Goodin, Daniel W Carruth, Nicholas Harvel, Joshua Ferguson, J Gabriel Monroe, David P McInnis
Autonomous ground vehicles (AGVs) operating in off-road terrain are influenced by a variety of factors that are unique to the off-road environment, especially the presence of vegetation. Accurately simulating the performance of AGV requires the creation of off-road virtual worlds that realistically present the characteristics of vegetation to simulations of the tires, chassis, and sensor systems. In this work, we present the development and implementation of a coupled soil moisture and vegetation growth model for generating synthetic off-road terrains for use in AGV simulations. These digital scenes have high geometric fidelity for simulating sensor systems used on AGV like terrestrial lidar. The vegetation model uses stored carbohydrates to predict growth cycles and takes multiple phenomenon into account including soil moisture, weather conditions, and seasonal variations. Results of AGV simulations in synthetic terrains are presented as a demonstration of the models utility.
{"title":"Multi-domain modeling of environment and ecosystem of virtual off-road scenes for simulating ground vehicle autonomy","authors":"Christopher R Hudson, Warren Wheeler, Christopher Goodin, Daniel W Carruth, Nicholas Harvel, Joshua Ferguson, J Gabriel Monroe, David P McInnis","doi":"10.1177/00375497241261412","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00375497241261412","url":null,"abstract":"Autonomous ground vehicles (AGVs) operating in off-road terrain are influenced by a variety of factors that are unique to the off-road environment, especially the presence of vegetation. Accurately simulating the performance of AGV requires the creation of off-road virtual worlds that realistically present the characteristics of vegetation to simulations of the tires, chassis, and sensor systems. In this work, we present the development and implementation of a coupled soil moisture and vegetation growth model for generating synthetic off-road terrains for use in AGV simulations. These digital scenes have high geometric fidelity for simulating sensor systems used on AGV like terrestrial lidar. The vegetation model uses stored carbohydrates to predict growth cycles and takes multiple phenomenon into account including soil moisture, weather conditions, and seasonal variations. Results of AGV simulations in synthetic terrains are presented as a demonstration of the models utility.","PeriodicalId":501452,"journal":{"name":"SIMULATION","volume":"65 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141782170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
During the construction of a concrete dam, constant strong winds pose a safety risk to the operation of cable cranes, making it difficult to safely place concrete buckets and endangering personnel and property. However, in previous studies, safe operation strategies of cable cranes that did not consider wind conditions had been mainly developed. In this paper, a numerical simulation of the wind environment during the construction of a hydropower station dam project was presented using a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics method. The wind characteristics of the cable crane operating area are analyzed, and both local and full-section windproof measures are performed. The research findings indicate that full-section windproof measures provide better protection for cable cranes than local windproof measures. The latter only offer sufficient protection when the dam crest elevation is below 700 m. Compared with natural conditions, the low wind speed area of full-section windbreak measures is 10–15 times that of natural conditions. It is 3–10 times that of local wind protection measures. These results will offer significant reference value for similar projects.
{"title":"Numerical simulation research on safe dam construction in wind environments","authors":"Lihao Guo, Guodong Li, Shanshan Li, Pengfeng Li, Shuang Wu","doi":"10.1177/00375497241261410","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00375497241261410","url":null,"abstract":"During the construction of a concrete dam, constant strong winds pose a safety risk to the operation of cable cranes, making it difficult to safely place concrete buckets and endangering personnel and property. However, in previous studies, safe operation strategies of cable cranes that did not consider wind conditions had been mainly developed. In this paper, a numerical simulation of the wind environment during the construction of a hydropower station dam project was presented using a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics method. The wind characteristics of the cable crane operating area are analyzed, and both local and full-section windproof measures are performed. The research findings indicate that full-section windproof measures provide better protection for cable cranes than local windproof measures. The latter only offer sufficient protection when the dam crest elevation is below 700 m. Compared with natural conditions, the low wind speed area of full-section windbreak measures is 10–15 times that of natural conditions. It is 3–10 times that of local wind protection measures. These results will offer significant reference value for similar projects.","PeriodicalId":501452,"journal":{"name":"SIMULATION","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141782168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-21DOI: 10.1177/00375497241255149
Diego A Riva, Carolina A Evangelista, Paul F Puleston, Luis Corsiglia, Nahuel Dargains
This work presents an algorithm for determining the parameters of a nonlinear dynamic model of the respiratory system in patients undergoing assisted ventilation. Using the pressure and flow signals measured at the mouth, the model’s quadratic pressure–volume (P–V) characteristic is fit to these data in each respiratory cycle by appropriate estimates of the model parameters. Parameter changes during ventilation can thus also be detected. The algorithm is first refined and assessed using data derived from simulated patients represented through a sigmoidal P–V characteristic with hysteresis. As satisfactory results are achieved with the simulated data, the algorithm is evaluated with real data obtained from actual patients undergoing assisted ventilation. The proposed nonlinear dynamic model and associated parameter estimation algorithm yield closer fits than the static linear models computed by respiratory machines, with only a minor increase in computation. They also provide more information to the physician, such as the pressure–volume (P–V) curvature and the condition of the lung (whether normal, under-inflated, or over-inflated). This information can be used to provide safer ventilation for patients, for instance by ventilating them in the linear region of the respiratory system.
{"title":"Nonlinear identification algorithm for online and offline study of pulmonary mechanical ventilation","authors":"Diego A Riva, Carolina A Evangelista, Paul F Puleston, Luis Corsiglia, Nahuel Dargains","doi":"10.1177/00375497241255149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00375497241255149","url":null,"abstract":"This work presents an algorithm for determining the parameters of a nonlinear dynamic model of the respiratory system in patients undergoing assisted ventilation. Using the pressure and flow signals measured at the mouth, the model’s quadratic pressure–volume (P–V) characteristic is fit to these data in each respiratory cycle by appropriate estimates of the model parameters. Parameter changes during ventilation can thus also be detected. The algorithm is first refined and assessed using data derived from simulated patients represented through a sigmoidal P–V characteristic with hysteresis. As satisfactory results are achieved with the simulated data, the algorithm is evaluated with real data obtained from actual patients undergoing assisted ventilation. The proposed nonlinear dynamic model and associated parameter estimation algorithm yield closer fits than the static linear models computed by respiratory machines, with only a minor increase in computation. They also provide more information to the physician, such as the pressure–volume (P–V) curvature and the condition of the lung (whether normal, under-inflated, or over-inflated). This information can be used to provide safer ventilation for patients, for instance by ventilating them in the linear region of the respiratory system.","PeriodicalId":501452,"journal":{"name":"SIMULATION","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141500986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-30DOI: 10.1177/00375497241251852
Philipp Zech, Alexandra Jäger, Georg Fröch, Rainer Pfluger, Ruth Breu
Digital twins have emerged as highly valuable tools for model-based planning, simulation and optimization over the last couple of years, thereby demonstrating considerable potential for application within the construction industry. The introduction of building information modeling (BIM) has effectively established a standardized approach to representing building models. However, in practice, many of these models currently exhibit limitations as to their quality, specifically concerning the level of detail they encompass. In addition, BIM models too often are locked inside a specific vendor’s tool which readily implies a lack of platform independence, or interoperability, which, however, is essential for facilitating single and regressive, i.e., after a design change, model-based building performance simulations. Model-based engineering has effectively addressed comparable challenges within the domain of software engineering over the past decades by facilitating the integration and interoperability of models from various origins, by capitalizing on model-based tool integration. Prompted by these advantages, this study introduces a model-based tool environment that addresses the aforesaid challenges concerning BIM model quality and interoperability. Taking advantage of our proposed model-based tool environment, we implement an agile, continuous planning process for regressive, model-based building performance simulations, thereby enhancing building energy efficiency planning.
{"title":"Agile, continuous building energy modeling and simulation","authors":"Philipp Zech, Alexandra Jäger, Georg Fröch, Rainer Pfluger, Ruth Breu","doi":"10.1177/00375497241251852","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00375497241251852","url":null,"abstract":"Digital twins have emerged as highly valuable tools for model-based planning, simulation and optimization over the last couple of years, thereby demonstrating considerable potential for application within the construction industry. The introduction of building information modeling (BIM) has effectively established a standardized approach to representing building models. However, in practice, many of these models currently exhibit limitations as to their quality, specifically concerning the level of detail they encompass. In addition, BIM models too often are locked inside a specific vendor’s tool which readily implies a lack of platform independence, or interoperability, which, however, is essential for facilitating single and regressive, i.e., after a design change, model-based building performance simulations. Model-based engineering has effectively addressed comparable challenges within the domain of software engineering over the past decades by facilitating the integration and interoperability of models from various origins, by capitalizing on model-based tool integration. Prompted by these advantages, this study introduces a model-based tool environment that addresses the aforesaid challenges concerning BIM model quality and interoperability. Taking advantage of our proposed model-based tool environment, we implement an agile, continuous planning process for regressive, model-based building performance simulations, thereby enhancing building energy efficiency planning.","PeriodicalId":501452,"journal":{"name":"SIMULATION","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141194362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-30DOI: 10.1177/00375497241253620
Osaid Al-Kloub, Omar Mohamed, Wejdan Abu Elhaija
Mathematical modeling of combined-cycle units has produced a variety of valuable results, primarily significant advances in their energy efficiency and education of power plant operators. These positive results motivate the need for more complex modeling and simulation techniques with the goal of greater accuracy and accessibility. This study presents a simplified and enhanced version of a gas turbine model for dynamic performance simulation. The theoretical improvements have been proved through modeling philosophy and simulation accuracy attained by metaheuristic optimization techniques. The model has been constructed using thermodynamic and mathematical concepts, with parameter optimization and calibration performed using metaheuristic optimizers. The suggested model’s resilience has been demonstrated by simulation results.
{"title":"Model development and parameter calibration of a combined-cycle power generation unit via metaheuristic optimization techniques","authors":"Osaid Al-Kloub, Omar Mohamed, Wejdan Abu Elhaija","doi":"10.1177/00375497241253620","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00375497241253620","url":null,"abstract":"Mathematical modeling of combined-cycle units has produced a variety of valuable results, primarily significant advances in their energy efficiency and education of power plant operators. These positive results motivate the need for more complex modeling and simulation techniques with the goal of greater accuracy and accessibility. This study presents a simplified and enhanced version of a gas turbine model for dynamic performance simulation. The theoretical improvements have been proved through modeling philosophy and simulation accuracy attained by metaheuristic optimization techniques. The model has been constructed using thermodynamic and mathematical concepts, with parameter optimization and calibration performed using metaheuristic optimizers. The suggested model’s resilience has been demonstrated by simulation results.","PeriodicalId":501452,"journal":{"name":"SIMULATION","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141194385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-28DOI: 10.1177/00375497241252173
Gabriel A Wainer
{"title":"100 Volumes of SIMULATION","authors":"Gabriel A Wainer","doi":"10.1177/00375497241252173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00375497241252173","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":501452,"journal":{"name":"SIMULATION","volume":"68 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141167706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-18DOI: 10.1177/00375497241238457
Fernando J Barros
This paper presents πHyFlow, a modular approach to the process interaction worldview (PI). Traditionally, PI supports a set of interacting processes without enabling modular and hierarchical model definition. πHyFlow basic models define a dynamic set of processes while also enabling a modular interface for supporting model composition. πHyFlow allows an exact representation of continuous signals based on the concepts of dense outputs, and generalized sampling. πHyFlow ability to support accurate models of hybrid systems is presented through a DC-DC converter (DCC) based on a resistor–capacitor (RC) electrical circuit. The DCC output voltage can be modeled by a first-order differential equation that is solved using an exponential time differencing (ETD) integrator. The DCC network model uses a digital on-off controller and an ETD. Simulation results are generated by πHyFlow++, a C++ implementation of the formalism.
本文介绍了流程交互世界观（PI）的模块化方法 πHyFlow。传统的流程交互世界观支持一组交互流程，但不支持模块化和层次化的模型定义。πHyFlow 基本模型定义了一组动态流程，同时还支持模块化界面以支持模型组合。πHyFlow 允许基于密集输出和广义采样概念精确表示连续信号。πHyFlow 支持混合系统精确建模的能力是通过基于电阻电容（RC）电路的直流-直流转换器（DCC）来体现的。DCC 输出电压可通过一阶微分方程建模，并使用指数时间差（ETD）积分器求解。DCC 网络模型使用数字开关控制器和 ETD。仿真结果由πHyFlow++生成，πHyFlow++是形式主义的 C++ 实现。
{"title":"Defining hybrid hierarchical models in πHYFLOW","authors":"Fernando J Barros","doi":"10.1177/00375497241238457","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00375497241238457","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents πHyFlow, a modular approach to the process interaction worldview (PI). Traditionally, PI supports a set of interacting processes without enabling modular and hierarchical model definition. πHyFlow basic models define a dynamic set of processes while also enabling a modular interface for supporting model composition. πHyFlow allows an exact representation of continuous signals based on the concepts of dense outputs, and generalized sampling. πHyFlow ability to support accurate models of hybrid systems is presented through a DC-DC converter (DCC) based on a resistor–capacitor (RC) electrical circuit. The DCC output voltage can be modeled by a first-order differential equation that is solved using an exponential time differencing (ETD) integrator. The DCC network model uses a digital on-off controller and an ETD. Simulation results are generated by πHyFlow<jats:sup>++</jats:sup>, a C++ implementation of the formalism.","PeriodicalId":501452,"journal":{"name":"SIMULATION","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141059329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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