Pub Date : 2024-03-31DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.28.587271
Olaf Ellers, Kai-Isaak Ellers, Amy S. Johnson, Theodora Po, Sina Heydari, Eva Kanso, Matthew J. McHenry
A hydrostatic skeleton allows a soft body to transmit muscular force via internal pressure. A human’s tongue, an octopus’ arm, and a nematode’s body illustrate the pervasive presence of hydrostatic skeletons among animals, which has inspired the design of soft engineered actuators. However, there is a need for a theoretical basis for understanding how hydrostatic skeletons apply mechanical work. We therefore model the shape change and mechanics of natural and engineered hydrostatic skeletons to determine their mechanical advantage (MA) and displacement advantage (DA). These models apply to a variety of biological structures, but we explicitly consider the tube feet of a sea star and the body segments of an earthworm, and contrast them with a hydraulic press and a McKibben actuator. A helical winding of stiff, elastic fibers around these soft actuators plays a critical role in their mechanics by maintaining a cylindrical shape, distributing forces throughout the structure, and storing elastic energy. In contrast to a single-joint lever system, soft hydrostats exhibit variable gearing with changes in MA generated by deformation in the skeleton. We found that this gearing is affected by the transmission efficiency of mechanical work (MA × DA) or, equivalently, the ratio of output to input work), which changes with the capacity to store elastic energy within helically wrapped fibers or associated musculature. This modeling offers a conceptual basis for understanding the relationship between the morphology of hydrostatic skeletons and their mechanical performance.
流体静力学骨架可使软体通过内部压力传递肌肉力量。人类的舌头、章鱼的手臂和线虫的身体都说明了静水骨骼在动物中的普遍存在，这也激发了人们设计软工程致动器的灵感。然而，我们需要一个理论基础来理解静水骨骼是如何做机械功的。因此，我们建立了天然和工程流体静力学骨架的形状变化和力学模型，以确定它们的机械优势（MA）和位移优势（DA）。这些模型适用于各种生物结构，但我们明确考虑了海星的管足和蚯蚓的体节，并将它们与液压机和麦基本致动器进行了对比。这些软推杆周围的硬质弹性纤维螺旋缠绕对其力学起着至关重要的作用，它可以保持圆柱形，将力分布到整个结构中，并储存弹性能量。与单关节杠杆系统不同的是，软水跷跷板表现出可变的齿轮传动，骨架变形会导致 MA 发生变化。我们发现，这种齿轮传动受机械功传输效率（MA × DA）或输出功与输入功比率的影响，而机械功传输效率会随着螺旋缠绕纤维或相关肌肉组织内弹性能量存储能力的变化而变化。该模型为理解静水骨骼的形态与其机械性能之间的关系提供了概念基础。
{"title":"Soft skeletons transmit force with variable gearing","authors":"Olaf Ellers, Kai-Isaak Ellers, Amy S. Johnson, Theodora Po, Sina Heydari, Eva Kanso, Matthew J. McHenry","doi":"10.1101/2024.03.28.587271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.03.28.587271","url":null,"abstract":"A hydrostatic skeleton allows a soft body to transmit muscular force via internal pressure. A human’s tongue, an octopus’ arm, and a nematode’s body illustrate the pervasive presence of hydrostatic skeletons among animals, which has inspired the design of soft engineered actuators. However, there is a need for a theoretical basis for understanding how hydrostatic skeletons apply mechanical work. We therefore model the shape change and mechanics of natural and engineered hydrostatic skeletons to determine their mechanical advantage (MA) and displacement advantage (DA). These models apply to a variety of biological structures, but we explicitly consider the tube feet of a sea star and the body segments of an earthworm, and contrast them with a hydraulic press and a McKibben actuator. A helical winding of stiff, elastic fibers around these soft actuators plays a critical role in their mechanics by maintaining a cylindrical shape, distributing forces throughout the structure, and storing elastic energy. In contrast to a single-joint lever system, soft hydrostats exhibit variable gearing with changes in MA generated by deformation in the skeleton. We found that this gearing is affected by the transmission efficiency of mechanical work (MA × DA) or, equivalently, the ratio of output to input work), which changes with the capacity to store elastic energy within helically wrapped fibers or associated musculature. This modeling offers a conceptual basis for understanding the relationship between the morphology of hydrostatic skeletons and their mechanical performance.","PeriodicalId":501575,"journal":{"name":"bioRxiv - Zoology","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140599602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-31DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.28.587213
Emmanuel Discamps, Marie-Cécile Soulier
When foetal bones are preserved in archaeological sites, they are often used to identify the seasonality of prey acquisition by past human populations and, subsequently, to discuss their lifestyle, their management of food resources, nomadic cycles, etc. To do so, zooarchaeologists use charts to estimate foetal age based on the growth of their bones. For reindeer (Rangifer tarandus), a species that was widely exploited since the Palaeolithic throughout Eurasia, existing reference data are limited and require the measurement of complete bones, a procedure that is rarely applicable to archaeological contexts in which bones are often fragmented. In this study we present a wide range of measurements (9-10 measurements per bone) taken on the humerus, radius, metacarpal, femur, tibia and metatarsal of 31 individuals housed at the Zoological Museum of the University of Oulu (Finland). With this large data set, a more accurate estimation of the time of death of reindeer foetus can be achieved using skeletal measurements, even in the case of fragmented bones. To facilitate the use of this referential, an open-access web interface (foetusmeteR) was designed in RShiny. This interface allows for the direct estimation of foetal age and season of death by entering a single skeletal measurement, as well as the possibility of estimating if two bones might correspond to the same individual using two different measurements. This new tool should help to discuss in more detail the condition of reindeer herds hunted in the past, the hunting techniques and strategies that may have been used by human groups, and allow for a more detailed reconstruction of the seasonal nomadic cycle of past societies that focused their subsistence on Rangifer populations.
{"title":"Expanding the use of reindeer foetal bone measurements for zooarchaeological applications","authors":"Emmanuel Discamps, Marie-Cécile Soulier","doi":"10.1101/2024.03.28.587213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.03.28.587213","url":null,"abstract":"When foetal bones are preserved in archaeological sites, they are often used to identify the seasonality of prey acquisition by past human populations and, subsequently, to discuss their lifestyle, their management of food resources, nomadic cycles, etc. To do so, zooarchaeologists use charts to estimate foetal age based on the growth of their bones. For reindeer (<em>Rangifer tarandus</em>), a species that was widely exploited since the Palaeolithic throughout Eurasia, existing reference data are limited and require the measurement of complete bones, a procedure that is rarely applicable to archaeological contexts in which bones are often fragmented. In this study we present a wide range of measurements (9-10 measurements per bone) taken on the humerus, radius, metacarpal, femur, tibia and metatarsal of 31 individuals housed at the Zoological Museum of the University of Oulu (Finland). With this large data set, a more accurate estimation of the time of death of reindeer foetus can be achieved using skeletal measurements, even in the case of fragmented bones. To facilitate the use of this referential, an open-access web interface (<span>foetusmeteR</span>) was designed in RShiny. This interface allows for the direct estimation of foetal age and season of death by entering a single skeletal measurement, as well as the possibility of estimating if two bones might correspond to the same individual using two different measurements. This new tool should help to discuss in more detail the condition of reindeer herds hunted in the past, the hunting techniques and strategies that may have been used by human groups, and allow for a more detailed reconstruction of the seasonal nomadic cycle of past societies that focused their subsistence on <em>Rangifer</em> populations.","PeriodicalId":501575,"journal":{"name":"bioRxiv - Zoology","volume":"123 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140600032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary disease (CTEPD) and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) are sequelae of acute pulmonary embolism (APE) and severely affect patients’ health and quality of life. The treatment of these conditions is challenging, and their underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The main reason for this is the lack of an animal model that can fully simulate the entire chain of DVT-APTE-CTEPD/CTEPH progression. The objective of this study is to construct an ideal animal model that simulates the major pathological changes of DVT-APTE-CTEPD/CTEPH and can be used for mechanistic exploration. We aim to compare the advantages and disadvantages of different modeling approaches and provide an experimental basis for investigating the mechanisms of pulmonary embolism chronicization at different stages of evolution.
{"title":"Construction of Animal Models Based on Exploring Pathological Features and Mechanisms of Different Locations in the Progression of DVT-APTE-CTEPD/CTEPH","authors":"Qinghuang Lin, Wenfeng Wang, Xiaoyun Chen, Jixiang Liu, Nan Shao, Qiuxia Wu, Xingyue Lai, Maohe Chen, Min Chen, Yijin Wu, Dawen Wu, Hongli Li, Peiran Yang, Yunxia Zhang, Zhu Zhang, Zhenguo Zhai, Chaosheng Deng","doi":"10.1101/2024.03.28.587300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.03.28.587300","url":null,"abstract":"<strong>Background</strong> Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary disease (CTEPD) and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) are sequelae of acute pulmonary embolism (APE) and severely affect patients’ health and quality of life. The treatment of these conditions is challenging, and their underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The main reason for this is the lack of an animal model that can fully simulate the entire chain of DVT-APTE-CTEPD/CTEPH progression. The objective of this study is to construct an ideal animal model that simulates the major pathological changes of DVT-APTE-CTEPD/CTEPH and can be used for mechanistic exploration. We aim to compare the advantages and disadvantages of different modeling approaches and provide an experimental basis for investigating the mechanisms of pulmonary embolism chronicization at different stages of evolution.","PeriodicalId":501575,"journal":{"name":"bioRxiv - Zoology","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140599739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-29DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.27.586948
Dries Jansen, Maarten P. M. Vanhove, Lawrence Makasa, Jiří Vorel, Nikol Kmentová, Armando J. Cruz-Laufer
Ergasilidae are a family of globally distributed copepods parasitizing freshwater fish. Despite their widespread occurrence and importance for nutrient cycles, their phylogeographic patterns are poorly understood, specifically in the African Great Lakes. Here, we aim to improve the knowledge about the species diversity of copepods infecting Tylochromis polylepis, an endemic cichlid fish species in Lake Tanganyika, and about the phylogenetic relationship of African ergasilids. We present the first record of Ergasilus kandti parasitizing the gills of T. polylepis in Lake Tanganyika proper identified through light microcopy and, for the first time for any ergasilid, confocal laser scanning microscopy. Morphological analyses showed variations in numbers of spines and setae of the swimming legs. Phylogenetic analyses based on ribosomal DNA fragments suggest two monophyletic groups of African ergasilids. However, the phylogenetic relationships of Ergasilus remain unresolved because of the insufficient resolution of these widely used phylogenetic markers. A comparison of ergasilid mitochondrial genomes highlights gene order stability and interspecific length variation in rrnL. We also provide the first complete ribosomal operon of any African ergasilid and the first whole genome sequencing reads of any ergasilid. This study presents the most extensive morphological and molecular characterization of an ergasilid species to date.
麦角螺科（Ergasilidae）是一个分布于全球的桡足类家族，寄生于淡水鱼类。尽管它们广泛分布并对营养循环具有重要作用，但人们对它们的系统地理学模式却知之甚少，尤其是在非洲大湖区。在此，我们旨在进一步了解感染坦噶尼喀湖特有慈鲷（Tylochromis polylepis）的桡足类动物的物种多样性，以及非洲麦角螺类的系统发育关系。我们首次记录了Ergasilus kandti在坦噶尼喀湖寄生于Tylochromis polylepis鳃部的情况，并通过光显微镜和共聚焦激光扫描显微镜进行了鉴定。形态学分析表明，游泳腿的棘和刚毛数量存在差异。基于核糖体 DNA 片段的系统发育分析表明，非洲麦角蜥有两个单系群。然而，由于这些广泛使用的系统发育标记的分辨率不足，麦角蜥的系统发育关系仍未得到解决。通过比较麦角菌线粒体基因组，我们发现了rrnL的基因顺序稳定性和种间长度变异。我们还提供了非洲麦角蜥的第一个完整的核糖体操作子，以及麦角蜥的第一个全基因组测序读数。这项研究提供了迄今为止最广泛的麦角菌物种形态和分子特征。
{"title":"Ergasilid copepods in Africa: first application of next-generation sequencing and update on distribution and phylogenetic position of Ergasilus kandti, a parasite of cichlid fishes","authors":"Dries Jansen, Maarten P. M. Vanhove, Lawrence Makasa, Jiří Vorel, Nikol Kmentová, Armando J. Cruz-Laufer","doi":"10.1101/2024.03.27.586948","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.03.27.586948","url":null,"abstract":"Ergasilidae are a family of globally distributed copepods parasitizing freshwater fish. Despite their widespread occurrence and importance for nutrient cycles, their phylogeographic patterns are poorly understood, specifically in the African Great Lakes. Here, we aim to improve the knowledge about the species diversity of copepods infecting <em>Tylochromis polylepis,</em> an endemic cichlid fish species in Lake Tanganyika, and about the phylogenetic relationship of African ergasilids. We present the first record of <em>Ergasilus kandti</em> parasitizing the gills of <em>T. polylepis</em> in Lake Tanganyika proper identified through light microcopy and, for the first time for any ergasilid, confocal laser scanning microscopy. Morphological analyses showed variations in numbers of spines and setae of the swimming legs. Phylogenetic analyses based on ribosomal DNA fragments suggest two monophyletic groups of African ergasilids. However, the phylogenetic relationships of <em>Ergasilus</em> remain unresolved because of the insufficient resolution of these widely used phylogenetic markers. A comparison of ergasilid mitochondrial genomes highlights gene order stability and interspecific length variation in rrnL. We also provide the first complete ribosomal operon of any African ergasilid and the first whole genome sequencing reads of any ergasilid. This study presents the most extensive morphological and molecular characterization of an ergasilid species to date.","PeriodicalId":501575,"journal":{"name":"bioRxiv - Zoology","volume":"72 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140599740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As intracellular organelles in adipose tissue, lipids droplets manage the balance between triglyceride accumulation and energy consumption in animals. Perilipin family members, associated with surface of lipid droplets, participate the regulation of lipid metabolism. Lipid storage droplet-1 (LSD1)/Perilipin-1 acts as a gatekeeper for adipose lipid storage in animals. Despite extensive studies in fruit fly, the function of LSD1 in insect larval stage remain indistinct. In this study, we characterized the function of LSD1 in black soldier fly Hermetia illucens, a nova resource insect to recycle organic wastes. We found that LSD1 was broadly present in dipteran species and evolved with divergence between mosquitos and flies. We further constructed in vivo mutagenesis mediated by CRISPR/Cas9 and found that mutations in LSD1 increased the larval weight and did not bring any defects in development. Raw fat content was also not significantly influenced in late larval stage and new-emerged adults. Our results not only extend our knowledge of LSD1 in insects, but also help for better understanding of the lipid homeostasis in BSF.
{"title":"Functional characterization of Lipid storage droplets 1 (LSD1) in growth and lipolysis of Hermetia illucens","authors":"Yuguo Jiang, Zongqing Kou, Bihui Chen, Yongping Huang","doi":"10.1101/2024.03.22.586280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.03.22.586280","url":null,"abstract":"As intracellular organelles in adipose tissue, lipids droplets manage the balance between triglyceride accumulation and energy consumption in animals. Perilipin family members, associated with surface of lipid droplets, participate the regulation of lipid metabolism. Lipid storage droplet-1 (LSD1)/Perilipin-1 acts as a gatekeeper for adipose lipid storage in animals. Despite extensive studies in fruit fly, the function of LSD1 in insect larval stage remain indistinct. In this study, we characterized the function of LSD1 in black soldier fly Hermetia illucens, a nova resource insect to recycle organic wastes. We found that LSD1 was broadly present in dipteran species and evolved with divergence between mosquitos and flies. We further constructed in vivo mutagenesis mediated by CRISPR/Cas9 and found that mutations in LSD1 increased the larval weight and did not bring any defects in development. Raw fat content was also not significantly influenced in late larval stage and new-emerged adults. Our results not only extend our knowledge of LSD1 in insects, but also help for better understanding of the lipid homeostasis in BSF.","PeriodicalId":501575,"journal":{"name":"bioRxiv - Zoology","volume":"72 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140316895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-27DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.23.586415
Mileidy Betancourth-Cundar, Juan Camilo Ríos-Orjuela, Andrew J. Crawford, David C. Cannatella, Rebecca D. Tarvin
The number of amphibian species described yearly shows no signs of slowing down, especially in tropical regions, implying that the biodiversity of amphibians remains woefully underestimated. We describe a new species of poison frog from the Pacific lowlands of southwestern Colombia: Epipedobates [to be revealed] sp. nov., named for the Pacific music and dance genre known as bambuco viejo or [to be revealed]. This species inhabits lowland forests from 0–260 m. This taxon differs from congeners by having a combination of yellow blotches in the dorsal anterior region of the thigh and upper arm, homogenous dark-brown dorsal coloration, and advertisement calls of long duration and many pulses. We also describe the courtship call of E. [to be revealed], which is lower in frequency and shorter in duration than the advertisement call. Molecular phylogenetic analyses confirm the monophyly of the populations sampled and its position as the sister-group of Epipedobates narinensis, which occurs in southwestern Colombia. Among species of Epipedobates, the new species has been previously confused with E. boulengeri, but we find that the two species are allopatric and represent two divergent clades (1.77% divergent for 12S–16S and 5.39% for CYTB). These species can be distinguished by the presence of a bright yellow blotch in the dorsal anterior region of the thigh in E. [to be revealed], which is absent or diffuse and pale or cream in E. boulengeri. Epipedobates [to be revealed] is the most northern species of Epipedobates, which extends southwards along the western edge of the Andes. Known as the Chocó, this biogeographic region has been largely converted to agriculture in Ecuador and is experiencing widespread transformation in Colombia, which may endanger E. [to be revealed] and biodiversity in the region. This version is a preprint, and we only intend to name the species in the final published version.
每年描述的两栖动物物种数量没有放缓的迹象，尤其是在热带地区，这意味着两栖动物的生物多样性仍然被严重低估。我们描述了来自哥伦比亚西南部太平洋低地的一个毒蛙新物种：Epipedobates [to be revealed] sp.nov.，以太平洋音乐舞蹈流派 "bambuco viejo "或"[待揭晓]"命名。该物种栖息于海拔 0-260 米的低地森林中。该分类群与同类的不同之处在于其大腿和上臂背前部有黄色斑点，背色为同质的深褐色，广告鸣叫持续时间长且多脉冲。我们还描述了 E. [待揭示] 的求偶叫声，其频率比广告叫声低，持续时间比广告叫声短。分子系统发育分析证实了采样种群的单系性，并将其定位为分布于哥伦比亚西南部的Epipedobates narinensis的姊妹群。在 Epipedobates 的物种中，该新物种以前曾与 E. boulengeri 相混淆，但我们发现这两个物种是同域物种，代表两个不同的支系（12S-16S 分歧 1.77%，CYTB 分歧 5.39%）。E.[待揭示]的大腿背前部有一个明亮的黄色斑点，而 E. boulengeri 的则没有或不明显，颜色较浅或呈乳白色，因此可以将这两个物种区分开来。Epipedobates [待揭示] 是 Epipedobates 最北部的物种，沿着安第斯山脉西部边缘向南延伸。这一生物地理区域被称为乔科（Chocó），在厄瓜多尔大部分地区已被改造为农业区，在哥伦比亚也正在经历大范围的改造，这可能会危及[待揭示]蜉蝣和该地区的生物多样性。此版本为预印版本，我们只打算在最终出版的版本中为物种命名。
{"title":"Honoring the Afro-Colombian musical culture with the naming of Epipedobates [to be revealed] sp. nov. (Anura: Dendrobatidae), a frog from the Pacific rainforests","authors":"Mileidy Betancourth-Cundar, Juan Camilo Ríos-Orjuela, Andrew J. Crawford, David C. Cannatella, Rebecca D. Tarvin","doi":"10.1101/2024.03.23.586415","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.03.23.586415","url":null,"abstract":"The number of amphibian species described yearly shows no signs of slowing down, especially in tropical regions, implying that the biodiversity of amphibians remains woefully underestimated. We describe a new species of poison frog from the Pacific lowlands of southwestern Colombia: <em>Epipedobates [to be revealed]</em> sp. nov., named for the Pacific music and dance genre known as <em>bambuco viejo</em> or [to be revealed]. This species inhabits lowland forests from 0–260 m. This taxon differs from congeners by having a combination of yellow blotches in the dorsal anterior region of the thigh and upper arm, homogenous dark-brown dorsal coloration, and advertisement calls of long duration and many pulses. We also describe the courtship call of <em>E. [to be revealed]</em>, which is lower in frequency and shorter in duration than the advertisement call. Molecular phylogenetic analyses confirm the monophyly of the populations sampled and its position as the sister-group of <em>Epipedobates narinensis</em>, which occurs in southwestern Colombia. Among species of <em>Epipedobates</em>, the new species has been previously confused with <em>E. boulengeri</em>, but we find that the two species are allopatric and represent two divergent clades (1.77% divergent for <em>12S–16S</em> and 5.39% for <em>CYTB</em>). These species can be distinguished by the presence of a bright yellow blotch in the dorsal anterior region of the thigh in <em>E. [to be revealed]</em>, which is absent or diffuse and pale or cream in <em>E. boulengeri. Epipedobates [to be revealed]</em> is the most northern species of <em>Epipedobates</em>, which extends southwards along the western edge of the Andes. Known as the Chocó, this biogeographic region has been largely converted to agriculture in Ecuador and is experiencing widespread transformation in Colombia, which may endanger <em>E. [to be revealed]</em> and biodiversity in the region. This version is a preprint, and we only intend to name the species in the final published version.","PeriodicalId":501575,"journal":{"name":"bioRxiv - Zoology","volume":"106 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140312724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-27DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.24.586483
Calmes Bouaka, Marilene Ambadiang, Fred Ashu, Caroline Fouet, Colince Kamdem
A standard test is available for assessing the susceptibility of adult Anopheles mosquitoes to chlorfenapyr, a new active ingredient in insecticide-treated nets. However, for a new insecticide with a unique mode of action, testing both larvae and adults using different routes of exposure is crucial to a comprehensive evaluation of susceptibility and to identifying potential selection pressures that may drive resistance. We followed WHO guidelines to assess the lethal toxicity of chlorfenapyr and monitor Anopheles susceptibility. Based on the median lethal concentration (LC50), larvae of the pyrethroid-susceptible colonized strain An. coluzzii Ngousso were 16-fold more susceptible to chlorfenapyr than immature stages of another susceptible colony: An. gambiae Kisumu. Larval bioassays indicated 99.63 +- 0.2% mortality after 24 h at a discriminating concentration of 100 ng/ml in Anopheles gambiae and An. coluzzii larvae collected from seven locations in urban and rural areas of Yaounde, Cameroon. By contrast, exposing emerging female adults from these populations to the recommended discriminating concentration (100 ug Active Ingredient (AI)/bottle) in bottle bioassays revealed variable mortality after 72 h, with values below the threshold of susceptibility (98%) in several tests. Anopheles coluzzii larvae and adults were fully susceptible, but mortality rates were slightly lower in An. gambiae adults compared to larvae (94 +- 1.5% vs 100%, Fisher exact test, p < 0.001). Piperonyl butoxide antagonized the activity of chlorphenapyr in An. gambiae adults. 100 ng/ml provides sufficient discriminative power for assessing the susceptibility of An. gambiae and An. coluzzii larvae to chlorfenapyr. Testing An. gambiae adults with 100 ug AI/bottle is likely to reveal inconsistent mortality values making it difficult to detect any emergence of resistance. Exploring different tests and accounting for variability between species are key to a reliable monitoring of Anopheles susceptibility to chlorfenapyr.
{"title":"Testing Anopheles larvae and adults using standard bioassays reveals susceptibility to chlorfenapyr (pyrrole) while highlighting variability between species","authors":"Calmes Bouaka, Marilene Ambadiang, Fred Ashu, Caroline Fouet, Colince Kamdem","doi":"10.1101/2024.03.24.586483","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.03.24.586483","url":null,"abstract":"A standard test is available for assessing the susceptibility of adult Anopheles mosquitoes to chlorfenapyr, a new active ingredient in insecticide-treated nets. However, for a new insecticide with a unique mode of action, testing both larvae and adults using different routes of exposure is crucial to a comprehensive evaluation of susceptibility and to identifying potential selection pressures that may drive resistance. We followed WHO guidelines to assess the lethal toxicity of chlorfenapyr and monitor Anopheles susceptibility. Based on the median lethal concentration (LC50), larvae of the pyrethroid-susceptible colonized strain An. coluzzii Ngousso were 16-fold more susceptible to chlorfenapyr than immature stages of another susceptible colony: An. gambiae Kisumu. Larval bioassays indicated 99.63 +- 0.2% mortality after 24 h at a discriminating concentration of 100 ng/ml in Anopheles gambiae and An. coluzzii larvae collected from seven locations in urban and rural areas of Yaounde, Cameroon. By contrast, exposing emerging female adults from these populations to the recommended discriminating concentration (100 ug Active Ingredient (AI)/bottle) in bottle bioassays revealed variable mortality after 72 h, with values below the threshold of susceptibility (98%) in several tests. Anopheles coluzzii larvae and adults were fully susceptible, but mortality rates were slightly lower in An. gambiae adults compared to larvae (94 +- 1.5% vs 100%, Fisher exact test, p < 0.001). Piperonyl butoxide antagonized the activity of chlorphenapyr in An. gambiae adults. 100 ng/ml provides sufficient discriminative power for assessing the susceptibility of An. gambiae and An. coluzzii larvae to chlorfenapyr. Testing An. gambiae adults with 100 ug AI/bottle is likely to reveal inconsistent mortality values making it difficult to detect any emergence of resistance. Exploring different tests and accounting for variability between species are key to a reliable monitoring of Anopheles susceptibility to chlorfenapyr.","PeriodicalId":501575,"journal":{"name":"bioRxiv - Zoology","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140312644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-27DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.25.586466
Martin Bozon, Basile Marteau
Sexual selection among amphibians is mainly based on size and colour dimorphism. Those criteria are less studied in salamanders. Only morphometric and yellow surface differences between males and females are known. We studied a Salamandra salamandra terrestris population and observed significant differences in spots number and yellow surface area between males and females. Females have on average more spots and are blacker than males on their back.
{"title":"Sexual dimorphism in the dorsal spot number and yellow surface in fire salamanders Salamandra salamandra ssp terrestris Linnaeus, 1758 (Caudata: Salamandridae)","authors":"Martin Bozon, Basile Marteau","doi":"10.1101/2024.03.25.586466","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.03.25.586466","url":null,"abstract":"Sexual selection among amphibians is mainly based on size and colour dimorphism. Those criteria are less studied in salamanders. Only morphometric and yellow surface differences between males and females are known. We studied a Salamandra salamandra terrestris population and observed significant differences in spots number and yellow surface area between males and females. Females have on average more spots and are blacker than males on their back.","PeriodicalId":501575,"journal":{"name":"bioRxiv - Zoology","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140312726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-27DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.22.586299
Juan Andres Chiavassa, Martin Kraft, Patrick Noack, Simon Walther, Ameli Kirse, Christoph Scherber
Field monitoring plays a crucial role in understanding insect dynamics within ecosystems. It facilitates pest distribution assessment, control measure evaluation, and prediction of pest outbreaks. Additionally, it provides important information on bioindicators with which the state of biodiversity and ecological integrity in specific habitats and ecosystems can be accurately assessed. However, traditional monitoring systems can present various difficulties, leading to a limited temporal and spatial resolution of the obtained information. Despite recent advancements in automatic insect monitoring traps, also called e-traps, most of these systems focus exclusively on studying agricultural pests, rendering them unsuitable for monitoring diverse insect populations. To address this issue, we introduce the Field Automatic Insect Recognition (FAIR)-Device, a novel non-lethal field tool that relies on semi-automatic image capture and species identification using artificial intelligence via the iNaturalist platform. Our objective was to develop an automatic, cost-effective, and non-specific monitoring solution capable of providing high-resolution data for assessing insect diversity. During a 26-day proof-of-concept evaluation, the FAIR-Device recorded 24.8 GB of video, identifying 431 individuals from 9 orders, 50 families, and 69 genera. While improvements are possible, our device demonstrated potential as a cost-effective, non-lethal tool for monitoring insect biodiversity. Looking ahead, we envision new monitoring systems such as e-traps as valuable tools for real-time insect monitoring, offering unprecedented insights for ecological research and agricultural practices.
{"title":"The FAIR-Device - a non-lethal and generalist semi-automatic Malaise trap for insect biodiversity monitoring: Proof of concept","authors":"Juan Andres Chiavassa, Martin Kraft, Patrick Noack, Simon Walther, Ameli Kirse, Christoph Scherber","doi":"10.1101/2024.03.22.586299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.03.22.586299","url":null,"abstract":"Field monitoring plays a crucial role in understanding insect dynamics within ecosystems. It facilitates pest distribution assessment, control measure evaluation, and prediction of pest outbreaks. Additionally, it provides important information on bioindicators with which the state of biodiversity and ecological integrity in specific habitats and ecosystems can be accurately assessed. However, traditional monitoring systems can present various difficulties, leading to a limited temporal and spatial resolution of the obtained information. Despite recent advancements in automatic insect monitoring traps, also called e-traps, most of these systems focus exclusively on studying agricultural pests, rendering them unsuitable for monitoring diverse insect populations. To address this issue, we introduce the Field Automatic Insect Recognition (FAIR)-Device, a novel non-lethal field tool that relies on semi-automatic image capture and species identification using artificial intelligence via the iNaturalist platform. Our objective was to develop an automatic, cost-effective, and non-specific monitoring solution capable of providing high-resolution data for assessing insect diversity. During a 26-day proof-of-concept evaluation, the FAIR-Device recorded 24.8 GB of video, identifying 431 individuals from 9 orders, 50 families, and 69 genera. While improvements are possible, our device demonstrated potential as a cost-effective, non-lethal tool for monitoring insect biodiversity. Looking ahead, we envision new monitoring systems such as e-traps as valuable tools for real-time insect monitoring, offering unprecedented insights for ecological research and agricultural practices.","PeriodicalId":501575,"journal":{"name":"bioRxiv - Zoology","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140312649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-27DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.21.586057
Marie T PAULI, Jeremy GAUTHIER, Marjorie LABEDAN, Mickael BLANC, Julia BILAT, Emmanuel F.A. TOUSSAINT
The development of museomics represents a major paradigm shift in the use of natural history collection specimens for systematics and evolutionary biology. New approaches in this field allow the sequencing of hundreds to thousands of loci from across the genome using historical DNA. HyRAD-X, a recently introduced capture method using bench-top designed probes, has proved very efficient to recover genomic-scale datasets using natural history collection specimens. Using this technique, we infer at both the intra- and interspecific levels, the most robust phylogeny of Arcifera to date, an ecologically and morphologically diverse clade of Carabus giant ground beetles. We successfully generated a genomic dataset of up to 1965 HyRAD-X loci for all described species, permitting to infer a robust dated phylogenomic tree of this clade. Our species delimitation and population genomic analyses suggest that the current classification in Arcifera is in line with its evolutionary history. Our results suggest an origin of Arcifera in the late Oligocene followed by speciation events during the warm mid-Miocene unlinked to Pleistocene glaciations. The dynamic paleogeographic history of the Palearctic region likely contributed to the diversification of this lineage with a relatively ancient colonization of the proto-Alps followed by in situ speciation where most species of Arcifera are currently found sometimes syntopically likely as a result of post-glaciations secondary contacts.
{"title":"Museomics of Carabus giant ground beetles evidences an Oligocene origin and in situ Alpine diversification","authors":"Marie T PAULI, Jeremy GAUTHIER, Marjorie LABEDAN, Mickael BLANC, Julia BILAT, Emmanuel F.A. TOUSSAINT","doi":"10.1101/2024.03.21.586057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.03.21.586057","url":null,"abstract":"The development of museomics represents a major paradigm shift in the use of natural history collection specimens for systematics and evolutionary biology. New approaches in this field allow the sequencing of hundreds to thousands of loci from across the genome using historical DNA. HyRAD-X, a recently introduced capture method using bench-top designed probes, has proved very efficient to recover genomic-scale datasets using natural history collection specimens. Using this technique, we infer at both the intra- and interspecific levels, the most robust phylogeny of Arcifera to date, an ecologically and morphologically diverse clade of <em>Carabus</em> giant ground beetles. We successfully generated a genomic dataset of up to 1965 HyRAD-X loci for all described species, permitting to infer a robust dated phylogenomic tree of this clade. Our species delimitation and population genomic analyses suggest that the current classification in Arcifera is in line with its evolutionary history. Our results suggest an origin of Arcifera in the late Oligocene followed by speciation events during the warm mid-Miocene unlinked to Pleistocene glaciations. The dynamic paleogeographic history of the Palearctic region likely contributed to the diversification of this lineage with a relatively ancient colonization of the proto-Alps followed by <em>in situ</em> speciation where most species of Arcifera are currently found sometimes syntopically likely as a result of post-glaciations secondary contacts.","PeriodicalId":501575,"journal":{"name":"bioRxiv - Zoology","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140312785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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