Pub Date : 2024-05-06DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.03.592490
Roberta Pennati, Nicolò Cartelli, Chiara Castelletti, Francesco Ficetola, Xavier Bailly, Silvia Mercurio
Photosymbiosis indicates a long-term association between animals and photosynthetic organisms. It has been mainly investigated in photosymbiotic cnidarians, while other photosymbiotic associations have been largely neglected. The acoel Symsagittifera roscoffensis lives in obligatory symbiosis with the microalgal Tetraselmis convolutae and has recently emerged as alternative model to study photosymbiosis. Here, we investigated the effects of Bisphenol A, a common plastic additive, on two pivotal stages of its lifecycle: aposymbiotic juvenile development and photosymbiogenesis. Based on our results, this pollutant altered the development of the worms and their capacity to engulf algae from the environment at concentrations higher than the levels detected in seawater, yet aligning with those documented in sediments of populated areas. Data provide novel information about the effects of pollutants on photosymbiotic associations and prompt the necessity to monitor their concentrations in marine environmental matrices.
{"title":"Bisphenol A affects the development and the onset of photosymbiosis in the acoel Symsagittifera roscoffensis","authors":"Roberta Pennati, Nicolò Cartelli, Chiara Castelletti, Francesco Ficetola, Xavier Bailly, Silvia Mercurio","doi":"10.1101/2024.05.03.592490","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.05.03.592490","url":null,"abstract":"Photosymbiosis indicates a long-term association between animals and photosynthetic organisms. It has been mainly investigated in photosymbiotic cnidarians, while other photosymbiotic associations have been largely neglected. The acoel Symsagittifera roscoffensis lives in obligatory symbiosis with the microalgal Tetraselmis convolutae and has recently emerged as alternative model to study photosymbiosis. Here, we investigated the effects of Bisphenol A, a common plastic additive, on two pivotal stages of its lifecycle: aposymbiotic juvenile development and photosymbiogenesis. Based on our results, this pollutant altered the development of the worms and their capacity to engulf algae from the environment at concentrations higher than the levels detected in seawater, yet aligning with those documented in sediments of populated areas. Data provide novel information about the effects of pollutants on photosymbiotic associations and prompt the necessity to monitor their concentrations in marine environmental matrices.","PeriodicalId":501575,"journal":{"name":"bioRxiv - Zoology","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140887085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-05DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.01.592090
Jon Bielby, Gail E. Austen, Kirsten M. McMillan, Shannen M. Wafflart
1. The exotic pet trade is a global industry with considerable implications for a range of taxa and stakeholders. The scale of the trade means it receives coverage in both popular and scientific media, and some narratives may receive more attention than others. As these media play an important role in shaping public opinion, policy, and legislation, we should consider and acknowledge biases and language use when reporting on the exotic pet trade. 2. We use 320 peer-reviewed journal articles, and 191 newspaper articles on the exotic pet trade between 2001 and 2020 to investigate the frequency of use, citation rate, and language-use across framing categories and taxonomic foci within and between media-types. 3. Our results suggest consistent biases in reporting of the trade within and between media-types, highlighting limitations in both. Aspects of welfare were underrepresented in peer-reviewed articles relative to other framings, but it was the most common focus of newspaper articles. 4. If the exotic pet trade is to develop into a more ethical, sustainable, economically beneficial sector, then reassessing our narratives, improving knowledge flow, and encouraging interdisciplinary and comprehensive debates within the field will be essential parts of the process.
{"title":"Exploring media representation of the exotic pet trade: taxonomic, framing, and language biases in peer-reviewed publications and newspaper articles.","authors":"Jon Bielby, Gail E. Austen, Kirsten M. McMillan, Shannen M. Wafflart","doi":"10.1101/2024.05.01.592090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.05.01.592090","url":null,"abstract":"1.\tThe exotic pet trade is a global industry with considerable implications for a range of taxa and stakeholders. The scale of the trade means it receives coverage in both popular and scientific media, and some narratives may receive more attention than others. As these media play an important role in shaping public opinion, policy, and legislation, we should consider and acknowledge biases and language use when reporting on the exotic pet trade. 2.\tWe use 320 peer-reviewed journal articles, and 191 newspaper articles on the exotic pet trade between 2001 and 2020 to investigate the frequency of use, citation rate, and language-use across framing categories and taxonomic foci within and between media-types. 3.\tOur results suggest consistent biases in reporting of the trade within and between media-types, highlighting limitations in both. Aspects of welfare were underrepresented in peer-reviewed articles relative to other framings, but it was the most common focus of newspaper articles. 4.\tIf the exotic pet trade is to develop into a more ethical, sustainable, economically beneficial sector, then reassessing our narratives, improving knowledge flow, and encouraging interdisciplinary and comprehensive debates within the field will be essential parts of the process.","PeriodicalId":501575,"journal":{"name":"bioRxiv - Zoology","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140886842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-05DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.02.592186
Victoria E Adams, Subash Raj Chettiar, Tanner M Clow, Emily Gendron, Amber L Gough, Brianna E M Stewart, Erin K Cameron, Jantina Toxopeus
The jumping worm Amynthas tokioensis is invasive in North America, and it has been expanding its range northward in recent years. Because low temperatures typically restrict the geographic distribution of organisms, our goal was to characterize the cold tolerance physiology of adult jumping worms from a site in New Brunswick, Canada (c. 45°N), with the intent of better understanding their geographic range limits. Most of our experiments supported the conclusion that these worms are chill-susceptible: they die during or after exposure to relatively mild low temperatures. When gradually cooled, adult worms lost neuromuscular coordination at approximately 0 °C and froze at a mean temperature of -4.5 °C. They did not survive freezing and showed poor survival following 1 h exposures to 0 °C and subzero temperatures. At higher mild temperatures (5 °C), the worms could survive short (up to 6 h) but not long (e.g., 48 h) chilling durations. We attempted to induce improved cold tolerance via a five-week gradual acclimation to fall-like temperatures, but fall-acclimated worms showed poor survival during and after this acclimation. Acclimation also did not induce accumulation of glucose, a typical cryoprotectant in earthworms. We suggest that A. tokioensis can likely persist wherever the growing season is sufficiently warm and long enough for the adults to mature, reproduce, and lay cocoons prior to the chilling temperatures associated with early fall. Future work examining the cold tolerance of the overwintering cocoons will be important for fully understanding the northern range limits of these jumping worms.
跳虫（Amynthas tokioensis）是北美洲的入侵物种，近年来一直在向北扩展。由于低温通常会限制生物的地理分布，我们的目标是描述加拿大新不伦瑞克（约北纬 45°）一个地点的跳虫成虫的耐寒生理特征，以便更好地了解它们的地理分布范围。我们的大多数实验都证明了这些蠕虫对寒冷的敏感性：它们会在暴露于相对温和的低温期间或之后死亡。当温度逐渐降低时，成虫在大约 0 °C 时失去神经肌肉协调能力，并在平均温度为 -4.5 °C 时冻结。在 0 °C 和零度以下的温度下暴露 1 小时后，成虫无法在冰冻中存活，存活率也很低。在较高的温和温度（5 °C）下，蠕虫能在短时间（最多 6 小时）内存活，但不能在长时间（如 48 小时）的冷冻中存活。我们试图通过为期五周的渐进式秋季温度适应来提高蠕虫的耐寒能力，但秋季适应的蠕虫在适应过程中和适应后的存活率都很低。适应过程中也没有诱导葡萄糖的积累，而葡萄糖是蚯蚓典型的低温保护剂。我们认为，只要生长季节足够温暖、足够长，足以让成虫在初秋寒冷温度到来之前成熟、繁殖和产茧，托基奥蚯蚓就有可能存活下来。未来研究越冬茧的耐寒性对于充分了解这些跳虫在北方的分布范围非常重要。
{"title":"Invasive adult jumping worms in Atlantic Canada are chill-susceptible","authors":"Victoria E Adams, Subash Raj Chettiar, Tanner M Clow, Emily Gendron, Amber L Gough, Brianna E M Stewart, Erin K Cameron, Jantina Toxopeus","doi":"10.1101/2024.05.02.592186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.05.02.592186","url":null,"abstract":"The jumping worm <em>Amynthas tokioensis</em> is invasive in North America, and it has been expanding its range northward in recent years. Because low temperatures typically restrict the geographic distribution of organisms, our goal was to characterize the cold tolerance physiology of adult jumping worms from a site in New Brunswick, Canada (c. 45°N), with the intent of better understanding their geographic range limits. Most of our experiments supported the conclusion that these worms are chill-susceptible: they die during or after exposure to relatively mild low temperatures. When gradually cooled, adult worms lost neuromuscular coordination at approximately 0 °C and froze at a mean temperature of -4.5 °C. They did not survive freezing and showed poor survival following 1 h exposures to 0 °C and subzero temperatures. At higher mild temperatures (5 °C), the worms could survive short (up to 6 h) but not long (e.g., 48 h) chilling durations. We attempted to induce improved cold tolerance via a five-week gradual acclimation to fall-like temperatures, but fall-acclimated worms showed poor survival during and after this acclimation. Acclimation also did not induce accumulation of glucose, a typical cryoprotectant in earthworms. We suggest that <em>A. tokioensis</em> can likely persist wherever the growing season is sufficiently warm and long enough for the adults to mature, reproduce, and lay cocoons prior to the chilling temperatures associated with early fall. Future work examining the cold tolerance of the overwintering cocoons will be important for fully understanding the northern range limits of these jumping worms.","PeriodicalId":501575,"journal":{"name":"bioRxiv - Zoology","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140886953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-03DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.30.591982
Beatrice Tchuidjang Nganso, Workneh Ayalew, Abebe J. Wubie, Freweini Assefa, Lulseged Belayhun, Nelly N. Ndungu, Daniel Toroitich, Z. Ngalo Otieno-Ayayo, Mbatha B. Wambua, Yudah O. Oyieyo, Ntirenganya Elie, Rachidatou Sikirou, Souradji B. Idrissou, Willy Mwiza, Simon Turner, Bridget O. Bobadoye, Sidonie T. Fameni, Sayemie Gaboe, Mawufe K. Agbodzavu, Patrick Mafwila, Geraud C. Tasse Taboue, Kimathi Emily, Tonnang Z.E. Henri, Saliou Niassy, Simplice N. Fonkou, Christian W.W. Pirk, Alison Gray, Robert Brodschneider, Victoria Soroker, Sevgan Subramanian
This study reports for the first-time managed honey bee colony loss rates and associated risk factors during the active beekeeping season 2022/2023 in nine Sub-Saharan African countries, namely Kenya, Ethiopia, Rwanda, Uganda, Benin, Liberia, Nigeria, Cameroon and Democratic Republic of the Congo. The sustainability of bee swarm catches as a main honey bee colony source tool for operation expansion by African beekeepers was also evaluated in Kenya and Ethiopia. In this survey, the 1,786 interviewed beekeepers across these countries collectively managing 41,761 colonies registered an overall loss rate of 21.3%, which varied significantly among countries (from 9.7 to 45.3%) and hive types (from 10.6% in hives with movable frames to 17.9% in frameless hives). The perceived causes of losses in order of significance were issues beyond the beekeeper control (mainly theft, drought, and bushfire), absconding and pests (mainly wax moth, small and large hive beetles, ants and Varroa destructor mite), but this pattern varied greatly across countries. Among the management practices and characteristics, migratory operations and professional beekeepers experienced lower losses than stationary operations and semi-professionals and hobby beekeepers. Insights into the number of bee swarms caught revealed significant decreases in swarm availability over the past three years in Kenya. The opposite situation was observed in some regions of Ethiopia. These trends require further investigation. Overall, this comprehensive survey sheds light on the complexities and challenges beekeepers faced in Sub-Saharan Africa, pointing to the need for targeted interventions and sustained research to support the resilience and growth of the apicultural sector.
{"title":"Managed honey bee colony losses and causes during the active beekeeping season 2022/2023 in nine Sub-Saharan African countries","authors":"Beatrice Tchuidjang Nganso, Workneh Ayalew, Abebe J. Wubie, Freweini Assefa, Lulseged Belayhun, Nelly N. Ndungu, Daniel Toroitich, Z. Ngalo Otieno-Ayayo, Mbatha B. Wambua, Yudah O. Oyieyo, Ntirenganya Elie, Rachidatou Sikirou, Souradji B. Idrissou, Willy Mwiza, Simon Turner, Bridget O. Bobadoye, Sidonie T. Fameni, Sayemie Gaboe, Mawufe K. Agbodzavu, Patrick Mafwila, Geraud C. Tasse Taboue, Kimathi Emily, Tonnang Z.E. Henri, Saliou Niassy, Simplice N. Fonkou, Christian W.W. Pirk, Alison Gray, Robert Brodschneider, Victoria Soroker, Sevgan Subramanian","doi":"10.1101/2024.04.30.591982","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.04.30.591982","url":null,"abstract":"This study reports for the first-time managed honey bee colony loss rates and associated risk factors during the active beekeeping season 2022/2023 in nine Sub-Saharan African countries, namely Kenya, Ethiopia, Rwanda, Uganda, Benin, Liberia, Nigeria, Cameroon and Democratic Republic of the Congo. The sustainability of bee swarm catches as a main honey bee colony source tool for operation expansion by African beekeepers was also evaluated in Kenya and Ethiopia. In this survey, the 1,786 interviewed beekeepers across these countries collectively managing 41,761 colonies registered an overall loss rate of 21.3%, which varied significantly among countries (from 9.7 to 45.3%) and hive types (from 10.6% in hives with movable frames to 17.9% in frameless hives). The perceived causes of losses in order of significance were issues beyond the beekeeper control (mainly theft, drought, and bushfire), absconding and pests (mainly wax moth, small and large hive beetles, ants and Varroa destructor mite), but this pattern varied greatly across countries. Among the management practices and characteristics, migratory operations and professional beekeepers experienced lower losses than stationary operations and semi-professionals and hobby beekeepers. Insights into the number of bee swarms caught revealed significant decreases in swarm availability over the past three years in Kenya. The opposite situation was observed in some regions of Ethiopia. These trends require further investigation. Overall, this comprehensive survey sheds light on the complexities and challenges beekeepers faced in Sub-Saharan Africa, pointing to the need for targeted interventions and sustained research to support the resilience and growth of the apicultural sector.","PeriodicalId":501575,"journal":{"name":"bioRxiv - Zoology","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140839535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-03DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.30.591678
Laurent Duchatelet, Gabriela A. Galeazzo, Constance Coubris, Laure Bridoux, René Rezsohazy, Marcelo R.S. Melo, Martin Marek, Sam Dupont, Anderson G. Oliveira, Jérôme Delroisse
Bioluminescence is the production of visible light by living organisms. This process occurs biochemically through the primary oxidation of specific luciferin substrates, facilitated by enzymes known as luciferases. Moreover, the bioluminescent reaction often involves additional elements like auxiliary proteins or cofactors. Auxiliary proteins, such as fluorescent proteins and coelenterazine-binding proteins, for example, may serve various roles, such as altering the wavelength of the emitted light or stabilizing the highly reactive and unstable luciferin, respectively. Calcium has been demonstrated to serve as an essential ion in luminescence processes across various species. Despite the existence of numerous bioluminescent species, only a fraction of bioluminescent systems and their associated molecular actors have been thoroughly studied. Within anthozoans, the bioluminescence system of the Renilla genus stands out as the sole extensively characterized system, involving a coelenterazine-dependent luciferase, a calcium-dependent coelenterazine-binding protein, and a green fluorescent protein. Through a multidisciplinary approach, we investigated the bioluminescent system of three sea pen species: Pennatula phosphorea, Funiculina quadrangularis, and Anthoptilum murrayi (Pennatuloidea, Anthozoa, Cnidaria). We first confirmed or characterized the emission spectra of these species, elucidated the coelenterazine-based reaction, and generated reference transcriptomes for the two first species. Our transcriptomic analysis revealed transcripts encoding luciferases, fluorescent proteins, and coelenterazine-binding proteins, also shedding light on their expression profiles. Immunodetection confirmed the presence of luciferase in P. phosphorea and F. quadrangularis, while autofluorescence patterns attributed to green fluorescent protein or the coelenterazine were observed in P. phosphorea. Furthermore, a recombinant luciferase was expressed for A. murrayi. Our findings also underscore the essential role of calcium ions in bioluminescence, possibly associated with the mechanism of coelenterazine binding and substrate release. Finally, we propose a mechanistic model of bioluminescence in anthozoans, laying the groundwork for further functional characterization and ecological exploration of these sessile and benthic luminous organisms.
生物发光是指生物体产生可见光。这一过程是通过特定荧光素底物的初级氧化作用，在称为荧光酶的酶的促进下，以生物化学的方式发生的。此外，生物发光反应通常还涉及辅助蛋白质或辅助因子等其他元素。例如，荧光蛋白和腔肠素结合蛋白等辅助蛋白可发挥各种作用，如改变发射光的波长或稳定高活性和不稳定的荧光素。钙已被证明是各种物种发光过程中不可或缺的离子。尽管存在众多生物发光物种，但只有一小部分生物发光系统及其相关的分子角色得到了深入研究。在无脊椎动物中，紫云英属的生物发光系统是唯一具有广泛特征的系统，它涉及一个依赖于腔肠素的荧光素酶、一个依赖于钙的腔肠素结合蛋白和一个绿色荧光蛋白：我们通过多学科方法研究了三个海笔物种的生物发光系统：Pennatula phosphorea、Funiculina quadrangularis 和 Anthoptilum murrayi（海笔纲，无脊椎动物，刺丝胞动物）。我们首先确认或描述了这些物种的发射光谱，阐明了基于腔肠素的反应，并生成了前两个物种的参考转录组。我们的转录组分析发现了编码荧光酶、荧光蛋白和腔肠素结合蛋白的转录本，同时也揭示了它们的表达谱。免疫检测证实了荧光素酶在磷虾和四角蛙中的存在，而在磷虾中观察到了归因于绿色荧光蛋白或腔肠素的自发荧光模式。此外，我们还为 A. murrayi 表达了重组荧光素酶。我们的研究结果还强调了钙离子在生物发光中的重要作用，这可能与腔肠素的结合和底物释放机制有关。最后，我们提出了无脊椎动物生物发光的机理模型，为这些无柄和底栖发光生物的进一步功能表征和生态探索奠定了基础。
{"title":"Waves of light at the bottom of the ocean: insights into the luminous systems of three Pennatuloidea (Anthozoa)","authors":"Laurent Duchatelet, Gabriela A. Galeazzo, Constance Coubris, Laure Bridoux, René Rezsohazy, Marcelo R.S. Melo, Martin Marek, Sam Dupont, Anderson G. Oliveira, Jérôme Delroisse","doi":"10.1101/2024.04.30.591678","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.04.30.591678","url":null,"abstract":"Bioluminescence is the production of visible light by living organisms. This process occurs biochemically through the primary oxidation of specific luciferin substrates, facilitated by enzymes known as luciferases. Moreover, the bioluminescent reaction often involves additional elements like auxiliary proteins or cofactors. Auxiliary proteins, such as fluorescent proteins and coelenterazine-binding proteins, for example, may serve various roles, such as altering the wavelength of the emitted light or stabilizing the highly reactive and unstable luciferin, respectively. Calcium has been demonstrated to serve as an essential ion in luminescence processes across various species. Despite the existence of numerous bioluminescent species, only a fraction of bioluminescent systems and their associated molecular actors have been thoroughly studied. Within anthozoans, the bioluminescence system of the Renilla genus stands out as the sole extensively characterized system, involving a coelenterazine-dependent luciferase, a calcium-dependent coelenterazine-binding protein, and a green fluorescent protein.\u0000Through a multidisciplinary approach, we investigated the bioluminescent system of three sea pen species: Pennatula phosphorea, Funiculina quadrangularis, and Anthoptilum murrayi (Pennatuloidea, Anthozoa, Cnidaria). We first confirmed or characterized the emission spectra of these species, elucidated the coelenterazine-based reaction, and generated reference transcriptomes for the two first species. Our transcriptomic analysis revealed transcripts encoding luciferases, fluorescent proteins, and coelenterazine-binding proteins, also shedding light on their expression profiles. Immunodetection confirmed the presence of luciferase in P. phosphorea and F. quadrangularis, while autofluorescence patterns attributed to green fluorescent protein or the coelenterazine were observed in P. phosphorea. Furthermore, a recombinant luciferase was expressed for A. murrayi. Our findings also underscore the essential role of calcium ions in bioluminescence, possibly associated with the mechanism of coelenterazine binding and substrate release. Finally, we propose a mechanistic model of bioluminescence in anthozoans, laying the groundwork for further functional characterization and ecological exploration of these sessile and benthic luminous organisms.","PeriodicalId":501575,"journal":{"name":"bioRxiv - Zoology","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140839347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-03DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.30.591975
Doga CEDDEN, Gozde Guney, Xavier Debaisieux, Stefan Scholten, Michael Rostas, Gregor Bucher
The cabbage stem flea beetle (CSFB, Psylliodes chrysocephala) is a key pest of oilseed rape. The ban on neonicotinoids in the European Union due to environmental concerns and the emergence of pyrethroid-resistant populations have made the control of CSFB extremely challenging. In search of a solution, we have recently shown that RNA interference (RNAi) has potential in the management of CSFB. However, the previously tested target genes for RNAi-mediated pest control (subsequently called target genes) exhibited moderate and slow-acting lethal effects. In this study, 27 double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) were orally delivered to identify highly effective target genes in CSFB adults by leveraging the findings of a genome-wide RNAi screen in Tribolium castaneum. Our screen using 500 ng of dsRNA identified 10 moderately effective (> 50% mortality) and 4 highly effective target genes (100% mortality in 8-13 days). The latter mainly included proteasome subunits. RT-qPCR experiments confirmed target gene silencing and dose-response studies revealed LD50 values as low as ~20 ng in 14 days following a single exposure to dsRNA. Four highly effective dsRNAs also inhibited leaf damage (up to ~75%) and one affected locomotion. The sequences of promising target genes were subjected to in silico target prediction in non-target organisms, e.g., beneficials such as honeybees, to design environmentally friendly dsRNAs. Overall, the study provides valuable insights for the development of dsRNA-based insecticides against CSFB.
{"title":"Effective target genes for RNA interference-based management of the cabbage stem flea beetle","authors":"Doga CEDDEN, Gozde Guney, Xavier Debaisieux, Stefan Scholten, Michael Rostas, Gregor Bucher","doi":"10.1101/2024.04.30.591975","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.04.30.591975","url":null,"abstract":"The cabbage stem flea beetle (CSFB, Psylliodes chrysocephala) is a key pest of oilseed rape. The ban on neonicotinoids in the European Union due to environmental concerns and the emergence of pyrethroid-resistant populations have made the control of CSFB extremely challenging. In search of a solution, we have recently shown that RNA interference (RNAi) has potential in the management of CSFB. However, the previously tested target genes for RNAi-mediated pest control (subsequently called target genes) exhibited moderate and slow-acting lethal effects. In this study, 27 double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) were orally delivered to identify highly effective target genes in CSFB adults by leveraging the findings of a genome-wide RNAi screen in Tribolium castaneum. Our screen using 500 ng of dsRNA identified 10 moderately effective (> 50% mortality) and 4 highly effective target genes (100% mortality in 8-13 days). The latter mainly included proteasome subunits. RT-qPCR experiments confirmed target gene silencing and dose-response studies revealed LD50 values as low as ~20 ng in 14 days following a single exposure to dsRNA. Four highly effective dsRNAs also inhibited leaf damage (up to ~75%) and one affected locomotion. The sequences of promising target genes were subjected to in silico target prediction in non-target organisms, e.g., beneficials such as honeybees, to design environmentally friendly dsRNAs. Overall, the study provides valuable insights for the development of dsRNA-based insecticides against CSFB.","PeriodicalId":501575,"journal":{"name":"bioRxiv - Zoology","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140839621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-28DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.23.590717
Hun-Young Yoon, Jae-Hwan Jung, Chang-Hyeon Cho, Woo-Suk Kim
In veterinary medicine, canine Chiari-like malformation (CLM) disease is surgically managed through foramen magnum decompression (FMD) with cranioplasty. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of cranioplasty surgery by establishing a rat CLM model and then applying FMD with and without cranioplasty and comparing the outcomes. Twenty-four 8-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent surgery to induce CLM by reducing the caudal cranial fossa volume, mimicking cerebellum herniation. The rats were randomly and equally assigned to three groups: a control group (induced CLM), an FO group (induced CLM rats undergoing FMD only), and a CR group (induced CLM rats undergoing FMD with cranioplasty). At 11 weeks of age, the FO and CR groups underwent FMD surgery. Four weeks later, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to measure the cisterna magna volume to assess surgical outcomes. Post-surgery MRI revealed that the mean cisterna magna volume was 23.82 ± 1.70, 34.88 ± 4.39, and 29.48 ± 2.20 mm3 in the control, FO, and CR groups, respectively. There was a significant increase in the cisterna magna volume in the FO and CR groups compared to that in the control group (p < 0.05), with the FO group showing a significantly greater increase than the CR group (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that FMD surgery alone is more effective at restoring the cisterna magna volume than FMD surgery with cranioplasty. FMD surgery alone resulted in a greater increase in cisterna magna volume than FMD with cranioplasty in our rat CLM model, suggesting that FMD alone may be more effective to treat canine CLM. These findings challenge the typical approach of combining FMD with cranioplasty in treating canine CLM disease and underscore the need for further investigation into optimizing surgical techniques for CLM.
{"title":"Efficacy of foramen magnum decompression with and without cranioplasty in a rat model of Chiari-like malformation","authors":"Hun-Young Yoon, Jae-Hwan Jung, Chang-Hyeon Cho, Woo-Suk Kim","doi":"10.1101/2024.04.23.590717","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.04.23.590717","url":null,"abstract":"In veterinary medicine, canine Chiari-like malformation (CLM) disease is surgically managed through foramen magnum decompression (FMD) with cranioplasty. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of cranioplasty surgery by establishing a rat CLM model and then applying FMD with and without cranioplasty and comparing the outcomes. Twenty-four 8-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent surgery to induce CLM by reducing the caudal cranial fossa volume, mimicking cerebellum herniation. The rats were randomly and equally assigned to three groups: a control group (induced CLM), an FO group (induced CLM rats undergoing FMD only), and a CR group (induced CLM rats undergoing FMD with cranioplasty). At 11 weeks of age, the FO and CR groups underwent FMD surgery. Four weeks later, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to measure the cisterna magna volume to assess surgical outcomes. Post-surgery MRI revealed that the mean cisterna magna volume was 23.82 ± 1.70, 34.88 ± 4.39, and 29.48 ± 2.20 mm3 in the control, FO, and CR groups, respectively. There was a significant increase in the cisterna magna volume in the FO and CR groups compared to that in the control group (p < 0.05), with the FO group showing a significantly greater increase than the CR group (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that FMD surgery alone is more effective at restoring the cisterna magna volume than FMD surgery with cranioplasty. FMD surgery alone resulted in a greater increase in cisterna magna volume than FMD with cranioplasty in our rat CLM model, suggesting that FMD alone may be more effective to treat canine CLM. These findings challenge the typical approach of combining FMD with cranioplasty in treating canine CLM disease and underscore the need for further investigation into optimizing surgical techniques for CLM.","PeriodicalId":501575,"journal":{"name":"bioRxiv - Zoology","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140812583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-26DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.22.590628
Kohyoh Murata, Takeshi Suzuki
Farming edible crickets has environmental and nutritional benefits, as well as social benefits such as livelihood diversification. Commercial feeds for poultry and fish farming are often used to feed crickets, and in recent years, crop and food-processing by-products have also been used to improve sustainability. However, the design of feed for crickets has not been standardized. Here, we investigated growth and development of the Asian field cricket, Teleogryllus occipitalis (Audinet-Serville) (Orthoptera: Gryllidae), fed on different forms of the same diet. Body weights and the rate of development were significantly greater in crickets fed on millimetre-order granules than in crickets fed on micrometre-order powder. The result suggests that the granular form is easier for T. occipitalis to grasp and ingest than the powdery form, or that greater hydrophobicity of the powdery form inhibits digestion. Simply feeding millimetre-order granules may contribute to the development of feed design for farming edible crickets.
{"title":"Effects of diet particle size on growth performance of the edible cricket, Teleogryllus occipitalis (Orthoptera: Gryllidae)","authors":"Kohyoh Murata, Takeshi Suzuki","doi":"10.1101/2024.04.22.590628","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.04.22.590628","url":null,"abstract":"Farming edible crickets has environmental and nutritional benefits, as well as social benefits such as livelihood diversification. Commercial feeds for poultry and fish farming are often used to feed crickets, and in recent years, crop and food-processing by-products have also been used to improve sustainability. However, the design of feed for crickets has not been standardized. Here, we investigated growth and development of the Asian field cricket, Teleogryllus occipitalis (Audinet-Serville) (Orthoptera: Gryllidae), fed on different forms of the same diet. Body weights and the rate of development were significantly greater in crickets fed on millimetre-order granules than in crickets fed on micrometre-order powder. The result suggests that the granular form is easier for T. occipitalis to grasp and ingest than the powdery form, or that greater hydrophobicity of the powdery form inhibits digestion. Simply feeding millimetre-order granules may contribute to the development of feed design for farming edible crickets.","PeriodicalId":501575,"journal":{"name":"bioRxiv - Zoology","volume":"67 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140799687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anemonefish association with giant sea anemone is an iconic example of mutualistic symbiosis. Living inside the sea anemone without triggering the firing of highly toxic nematocysts present at the surface of sea anemone tentacles provides a unique shelter to the fish, which in return, by its territorial aggressiveness, protects the sea anemone from predators. The mechanisms by which the fish avoids triggering nematocysts discharge remain elusive. One hypothesis proposes that absence of sialic acids might disable nematocysts discharge. Here, we verified four predictions about the role of sialic acids in anemonefish protection: (i) sialic acid levels are lower in anemonefish mucus than in non-symbiotic and sensitive damselfish mucus; (ii) this decrease is specific to mucus and not observed in other organs; (iii) during post-embryonic development the levels of sialic acids are inversely correlated with the level of protection; (iv) the levels of sialic acids are minimal in sea anemone mucus. Taken together, our results allow us to propose a general model, in which anemonefish specifically regulates the level of sialic acids in their mucus to avoid nematocysts discharge. Our analysis also highlights several genes implicated in sialic acid removal as potential targets for allowing protection. Interestingly, our results also suggest that unrelated juveniles of damselfish (Dascyllus trimaculatus) capable to live in proximity with giant sea anemone may use the same mechanisms. Altogether, our data suggest that clownfish use sialic acids as a Trojan horse system to downplay the defenses of the sea anemones and illustrate the convergent tinkering used by fish to allow a mutualistic association with their hosts.
{"title":"Anemonefish use sialic acid metabolism as Trojan horse to avoid giant sea anemone stinging","authors":"Natacha Roux, Clement Delannoy, Shin-Yi Yu, Saori Miura, Lilian Carlu, Laurence Besseau, Takahiro Nakagawa, Chihiro Sato, Ken Kitajima, Yann Guerardel, Vincent Laudet","doi":"10.1101/2024.04.22.590498","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.04.22.590498","url":null,"abstract":"Anemonefish association with giant sea anemone is an iconic example of mutualistic symbiosis. Living inside the sea anemone without triggering the firing of highly toxic nematocysts present at the surface of sea anemone tentacles provides a unique shelter to the fish, which in return, by its territorial aggressiveness, protects the sea anemone from predators. The mechanisms by which the fish avoids triggering nematocysts discharge remain elusive. One hypothesis proposes that absence of sialic acids might disable nematocysts discharge. Here, we verified four predictions about the role of sialic acids in anemonefish protection: (i) sialic acid levels are lower in anemonefish mucus than in non-symbiotic and sensitive damselfish mucus; (ii) this decrease is specific to mucus and not observed in other organs; (iii) during post-embryonic development the levels of sialic acids are inversely correlated with the level of protection; (iv) the levels of sialic acids are minimal in sea anemone mucus. Taken together, our results allow us to propose a general model, in which anemonefish specifically regulates the level of sialic acids in their mucus to avoid nematocysts discharge. Our analysis also highlights several genes implicated in sialic acid removal as potential targets for allowing protection. Interestingly, our results also suggest that unrelated juveniles of damselfish (Dascyllus trimaculatus) capable to live in proximity with giant sea anemone may use the same mechanisms. Altogether, our data suggest that clownfish use sialic acids as a Trojan horse system to downplay the defenses of the sea anemones and illustrate the convergent tinkering used by fish to allow a mutualistic association with their hosts.","PeriodicalId":501575,"journal":{"name":"bioRxiv - Zoology","volume":"94 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140806250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The departure of juveniles from parental care is an important period influenced by various factors. In the laboratory, 3-5 days after copulation, ten parent individuals of Orientobdelloides siamensis deposited approximately 361.6±37.79 eggs on the substrate and covered them until departure. The parents incubated their single-egg cocoons for around 7-9 days until the juveniles hatched. Subsequently, the newborns turned to attach to the ventral annuli of the parent using their caudal sucker. Between seven to eleven days after hatching, when the caudal sucker of juveniles expanded over the parent's annuli, signaling their readiness to depart, they detached from beneath the parent vent to the substrate but continued to live beneath it. Finally, to determine the timing of juvenile departure, the insufficient space availability beneath the parental vent and yolk depletion around 14-21 days after hatching were analyzed. Through these morphological characteristics and behavior, this study indicated the interactions among these factors contributing to the mechanisms influencing juvenile departure in O. siamensis.
{"title":"Factors affecting the juvenile departure in Orientobdelloides siamensis (Oka, 1917)","authors":"Poramad Trivalairat, Krittiya Trivalairat, Tashfia Raquib, Watchariya Purivirojkul","doi":"10.1101/2024.04.17.589961","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.04.17.589961","url":null,"abstract":"The departure of juveniles from parental care is an important period influenced by various factors. In the laboratory, 3-5 days after copulation, ten parent individuals of Orientobdelloides siamensis deposited approximately 361.6±37.79 eggs on the substrate and covered them until departure. The parents incubated their single-egg cocoons for around 7-9 days until the juveniles hatched. Subsequently, the newborns turned to attach to the ventral annuli of the parent using their caudal sucker. Between seven to eleven days after hatching, when the caudal sucker of juveniles expanded over the parent's annuli, signaling their readiness to depart, they detached from beneath the parent vent to the substrate but continued to live beneath it. Finally, to determine the timing of juvenile departure, the insufficient space availability beneath the parental vent and yolk depletion around 14-21 days after hatching were analyzed. Through these morphological characteristics and behavior, this study indicated the interactions among these factors contributing to the mechanisms influencing juvenile departure in O. siamensis.","PeriodicalId":501575,"journal":{"name":"bioRxiv - Zoology","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140637498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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