Jonathan R Argov, Nesha B Michaels, Rachel A Smiley, Brittany L Wagler, Jack N Gavin, Alyson B Courtemanch, Dean Clause, Rusty C Kaiser, Daryl Lutz, Brandon Scurlock, Kevin L Monteith
Reproductive phenology is a critical element of how animals persist in their environment and affects survival of young, especially in seasonal environments. We investigated the correlation between fetal eye diameter and birth timing to determine if birthdates could be predicted by a prenatal metric. We used ultrasonography to measure eye diameters of fetuses and vaginal implant transmitters to determine birthdates of Rocky Mountain Bighorn Sheep (Ovis canadensis canadensis) in Wyoming, United States, from 2019 to 2023. Fetal eye diameter strongly predicted days until birth (β = −2.8; pseudo-R2 = 0.88). Effective prediction of birthdates via ultrasonography can yield opportunities for logistical planning in neonatal studies, monitoring changes in reproductive phenology, and evaluating questions of resource allocation relative to reproductive processes.
{"title":"Prediction of birthdates based on fetal development in Bighorn Sheep (Ovis canadensis)","authors":"Jonathan R Argov, Nesha B Michaels, Rachel A Smiley, Brittany L Wagler, Jack N Gavin, Alyson B Courtemanch, Dean Clause, Rusty C Kaiser, Daryl Lutz, Brandon Scurlock, Kevin L Monteith","doi":"10.1093/jmammal/gyae082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyae082","url":null,"abstract":"Reproductive phenology is a critical element of how animals persist in their environment and affects survival of young, especially in seasonal environments. We investigated the correlation between fetal eye diameter and birth timing to determine if birthdates could be predicted by a prenatal metric. We used ultrasonography to measure eye diameters of fetuses and vaginal implant transmitters to determine birthdates of Rocky Mountain Bighorn Sheep (Ovis canadensis canadensis) in Wyoming, United States, from 2019 to 2023. Fetal eye diameter strongly predicted days until birth (β = −2.8; pseudo-R2 = 0.88). Effective prediction of birthdates via ultrasonography can yield opportunities for logistical planning in neonatal studies, monitoring changes in reproductive phenology, and evaluating questions of resource allocation relative to reproductive processes.","PeriodicalId":50157,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mammalogy","volume":"167 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141942609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The House Mouse, Mus musculus, is a model organism that has greatly contributed to evolutionary research. Despite its significance, there remain gaps in our understanding of its phylogeography and population genetic structure in Asian regions. This comprehensive study aims to elucidate the evolutionary history, genetic diversity, and distribution patterns of M. musculus. A diverse data set of 281 M. musculus samples was collected from across Asia, covering 101 localities in 19 countries. Phylogenetic analysis using Cytochrome b and D-Loop region unveiled well-supported lineages. These lineages correspond to: M. m. musculus, M. m. domesticus, M. m. castaneus, and M. m. bactrianus. Also, validity of M. m. bactrianus was questioned. The analysis suggests a monophyletic origin of these subspecies approximately 0.59 million years ago (Mya), followed by 2 main lineages—one consisting of M. m. domesticus (~0.59 Mya) and the other comprising M. m. castaneus, M. m. bactrianus, and M. m. musculus (~0.56 Mya). Genetic diversity varied among subspecies, with M. m. domesticus exhibiting the highest diversity due to its extensive global distribution and M. m. bactrianus exhibiting the lowest diversity due to restriction in southwest Asia. Pairwise genetic distances and Fst values confirmed significant genetic differentiation among the subspecies, underlining their historical isolation. Additionally, a Mantel test indicated that geographical distance played a pivotal role in shaping genetic differentiation. Demographic analysis revealed evidence of population expansions in M. m. domesticus, M. m. musculus, and M. m. castaneus, while M. m. bactrianus showed characteristics of neutral selection and genetic drift. Species distribution modeling, assessing both Current Conditions and the Last Glacial Maximum, indicated habitat shifts and losses during glacial periods, particularly in the eastern and northern regions of Asia. However, each subspecies displayed unique responses to climatic changes, reflecting their distinct ecological adaptations. Historical biogeography analysis pointed to complex origins and a network of dispersal and vicariance events that led to the contemporary distribution of subspecies. Deserts and xeric shrublands emerged as critical areas for diversification and speciation. This study contributes to our understanding of the phylogeography and population genetics of M. musculus in Asia, highlighting the significance of geographical factors and climatic fluctuations in shaping its evolutionary history and genetic diversity.
家鼠（Mus musculus）是一种模式生物，为进化研究做出了巨大贡献。尽管它具有重要意义，但我们对其在亚洲地区的系统地理学和种群遗传结构的了解仍然存在差距。这项综合研究旨在阐明麝的进化历史、遗传多样性和分布模式。该研究从亚洲各地收集了 281 个 M. musculus 样本，涵盖 19 个国家的 101 个地点。利用细胞色素b和D-环区域进行的系统发育分析揭示了支持良好的世系。这些世系分别对应于M. m. musculus、M. m. domesticus、M. m. castaneus 和 M. m. bactrianus。此外，M. m. bactrianus 的有效性也受到了质疑。分析表明，这些亚种的单系起源于距今约 59 万年前，其后有两个主系--一个由 M. m. domesticus（约 59 万年前）组成，另一个由 M. m. castaneus、M. m. bactrianus 和 M. m. musculus（约 56 万年前）组成。不同亚种之间的遗传多样性各不相同，其中蓖麻蜥由于广泛分布于全球而表现出最高的多样性，而双耳蓖麻蜥由于局限于亚洲西南部而表现出最低的多样性。成对遗传距离和 Fst 值证实了各亚种之间存在显著的遗传分化，强调了其历史隔离性。此外，Mantel 检验表明，地理距离在形成遗传分化方面起着关键作用。人口统计学分析表明，骡马驯养种、骡马麝香种和骡马蓖麻种有种群扩张的迹象，而双峰骡马麝香种则表现出中性选择和遗传漂变的特征。物种分布模型同时评估了当前状况和末次冰川最盛时期，结果表明在冰川时期，尤其是在亚洲东部和北部地区，栖息地发生了迁移和消失。然而，每个亚种都对气候变化表现出独特的反应，反映出它们不同的生态适应性。历史生物地理学分析表明，亚种的复杂起源以及扩散和替代事件网络导致了亚种在当代的分布。沙漠和干旱灌木地成为物种多样化和分化的关键地区。这项研究有助于我们了解亚洲麝的系统地理学和种群遗传学，突出了地理因素和气候波动在塑造其进化史和遗传多样性方面的重要性。
{"title":"Asian Mus musculus: subspecies divergence, genetic diversity, and historical biogeography","authors":"Yaser Amir Afzali","doi":"10.1093/jmammal/gyae075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyae075","url":null,"abstract":"The House Mouse, Mus musculus, is a model organism that has greatly contributed to evolutionary research. Despite its significance, there remain gaps in our understanding of its phylogeography and population genetic structure in Asian regions. This comprehensive study aims to elucidate the evolutionary history, genetic diversity, and distribution patterns of M. musculus. A diverse data set of 281 M. musculus samples was collected from across Asia, covering 101 localities in 19 countries. Phylogenetic analysis using Cytochrome b and D-Loop region unveiled well-supported lineages. These lineages correspond to: M. m. musculus, M. m. domesticus, M. m. castaneus, and M. m. bactrianus. Also, validity of M. m. bactrianus was questioned. The analysis suggests a monophyletic origin of these subspecies approximately 0.59 million years ago (Mya), followed by 2 main lineages—one consisting of M. m. domesticus (~0.59 Mya) and the other comprising M. m. castaneus, M. m. bactrianus, and M. m. musculus (~0.56 Mya). Genetic diversity varied among subspecies, with M. m. domesticus exhibiting the highest diversity due to its extensive global distribution and M. m. bactrianus exhibiting the lowest diversity due to restriction in southwest Asia. Pairwise genetic distances and Fst values confirmed significant genetic differentiation among the subspecies, underlining their historical isolation. Additionally, a Mantel test indicated that geographical distance played a pivotal role in shaping genetic differentiation. Demographic analysis revealed evidence of population expansions in M. m. domesticus, M. m. musculus, and M. m. castaneus, while M. m. bactrianus showed characteristics of neutral selection and genetic drift. Species distribution modeling, assessing both Current Conditions and the Last Glacial Maximum, indicated habitat shifts and losses during glacial periods, particularly in the eastern and northern regions of Asia. However, each subspecies displayed unique responses to climatic changes, reflecting their distinct ecological adaptations. Historical biogeography analysis pointed to complex origins and a network of dispersal and vicariance events that led to the contemporary distribution of subspecies. Deserts and xeric shrublands emerged as critical areas for diversification and speciation. This study contributes to our understanding of the phylogeography and population genetics of M. musculus in Asia, highlighting the significance of geographical factors and climatic fluctuations in shaping its evolutionary history and genetic diversity.","PeriodicalId":50157,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mammalogy","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141773530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Claudia Tranquillo, Francesca Santicchia, Claudia Romeo, Francesco Bisi, Mattia Panzeri, Damiano Preatoni, Adriano Martinoli, Antton Alberdi, Lucas A Wauters
The fast-growing expansion of urban areas pose severe pressures on wildlife. However, some generalist native mammals thrive in urbanized landscapes, while invasive alien species (IAS) are often more abundant in cities than in rural habitats. Variation in phenotypes—such as differences in personality traits—can influence the probability to colonize anthropized areas, especially in the case of IAS where certain traits are related to invasion success. Here, we investigated the expression of activity, exploration, and social tendency in the invasive alien Eastern Gray Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) in replicated study sites along a rural–urban gradient in Northern Italy. Personality traits expression was estimated using an open field test (OFT) followed by a mirror image stimulation (MIS) test. We found that squirrels were more active in urban than in suburban and rural sites, and behaved more sociable in urban than in suburban sites. Conversely, exploration did not differ along the gradient. Results also reveal the presence of a behavioral syndrome: activity (OFT), social tendency, and activity–exploration (MIS). We suggest that variation in activity level and social behavior in urban habitats could favor some species to respond positively to urbanization. This study sheds light on the underexplored personality–urbanization relationship in IAS, helping to understand the complex process of invasion.
{"title":"Going urban: variation in personality traits of an invasive species along an urbanization gradient","authors":"Claudia Tranquillo, Francesca Santicchia, Claudia Romeo, Francesco Bisi, Mattia Panzeri, Damiano Preatoni, Adriano Martinoli, Antton Alberdi, Lucas A Wauters","doi":"10.1093/jmammal/gyae077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyae077","url":null,"abstract":"The fast-growing expansion of urban areas pose severe pressures on wildlife. However, some generalist native mammals thrive in urbanized landscapes, while invasive alien species (IAS) are often more abundant in cities than in rural habitats. Variation in phenotypes—such as differences in personality traits—can influence the probability to colonize anthropized areas, especially in the case of IAS where certain traits are related to invasion success. Here, we investigated the expression of activity, exploration, and social tendency in the invasive alien Eastern Gray Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) in replicated study sites along a rural–urban gradient in Northern Italy. Personality traits expression was estimated using an open field test (OFT) followed by a mirror image stimulation (MIS) test. We found that squirrels were more active in urban than in suburban and rural sites, and behaved more sociable in urban than in suburban sites. Conversely, exploration did not differ along the gradient. Results also reveal the presence of a behavioral syndrome: activity (OFT), social tendency, and activity–exploration (MIS). We suggest that variation in activity level and social behavior in urban habitats could favor some species to respond positively to urbanization. This study sheds light on the underexplored personality–urbanization relationship in IAS, helping to understand the complex process of invasion.","PeriodicalId":50157,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mammalogy","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141773354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alejandra Bonilla-Sánchez, Caroline Charão Sartor, Lester Alexander Fox-Rosales, Anderson Feijó, José D Ramírez-Fernández, Esteban Brenes-Mora, Michael S Mooring, Steven R Blankenship, Catalina Sánchez-Lalinde, Fabio Oliveira do Nascimento, Rebecca Zug, Marcelo Juliano Oliveira, Paulo Henrique Dantas Marinho, Guilherme Braga Ferreira, Sergio Solari, Tadeu Gomes de Oliveira, Eduardo Eizirik
The evolutionary history and taxonomy of the Leopardus tigrinus species complex have been studied based on several approaches, mostly employing genetic and morphological data, leading to distinct classification schemes. We approached this problem from an ecological perspective, with 2 main goals: (i) to evaluate ecological niche differences among regional L. tigrinus populations to determine the extent of ecological divergence among them; and (ii) to identify environmental barriers to historical dispersal that could have driven differentiation among the proposed groups. We modeled the ecological niche of all taxonomic/geographic groups proposed so far to comprise the L. tigrinus complex using the Maximum Entropy algorithm, and evaluated geographic and ecological niche differences among them. Furthermore, we investigated possible environmental barriers to historical dispersal that could have driven differentiation among regional groups. We evaluated 4 hypothetical barriers across 3 time periods to assess their potential historical effect. We found high ecological divergence between northeastern tigrina populations and the northern Andean and Central American tigrinas. Other groups within the L. tigrinus complex are less divergent. In addition, the Guiana Shield tigrina, where the type locality of the species is located, seems to be ecologically similar to populations from northeastern Brazil while also showing some overlap with Andean populations. The Panama center, the Llanos of Colombia and Venezuela, and the Amazon region were identified as historical barriers for tigrina dispersal across all time periods. The inferred historical barriers and ecological divergence observed in this study contribute to the inference of evolutionary differentiation among geographic groups comprising the L. tigrinus complex, revealing areas of consistently low habitat suitability that have likely contributed to divergence among regional populations.
{"title":"Ecological niche modeling of the Leopardus tigrinus complex sheds light on its elusive evolutionary history","authors":"Alejandra Bonilla-Sánchez, Caroline Charão Sartor, Lester Alexander Fox-Rosales, Anderson Feijó, José D Ramírez-Fernández, Esteban Brenes-Mora, Michael S Mooring, Steven R Blankenship, Catalina Sánchez-Lalinde, Fabio Oliveira do Nascimento, Rebecca Zug, Marcelo Juliano Oliveira, Paulo Henrique Dantas Marinho, Guilherme Braga Ferreira, Sergio Solari, Tadeu Gomes de Oliveira, Eduardo Eizirik","doi":"10.1093/jmammal/gyae074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyae074","url":null,"abstract":"The evolutionary history and taxonomy of the Leopardus tigrinus species complex have been studied based on several approaches, mostly employing genetic and morphological data, leading to distinct classification schemes. We approached this problem from an ecological perspective, with 2 main goals: (i) to evaluate ecological niche differences among regional L. tigrinus populations to determine the extent of ecological divergence among them; and (ii) to identify environmental barriers to historical dispersal that could have driven differentiation among the proposed groups. We modeled the ecological niche of all taxonomic/geographic groups proposed so far to comprise the L. tigrinus complex using the Maximum Entropy algorithm, and evaluated geographic and ecological niche differences among them. Furthermore, we investigated possible environmental barriers to historical dispersal that could have driven differentiation among regional groups. We evaluated 4 hypothetical barriers across 3 time periods to assess their potential historical effect. We found high ecological divergence between northeastern tigrina populations and the northern Andean and Central American tigrinas. Other groups within the L. tigrinus complex are less divergent. In addition, the Guiana Shield tigrina, where the type locality of the species is located, seems to be ecologically similar to populations from northeastern Brazil while also showing some overlap with Andean populations. The Panama center, the Llanos of Colombia and Venezuela, and the Amazon region were identified as historical barriers for tigrina dispersal across all time periods. The inferred historical barriers and ecological divergence observed in this study contribute to the inference of evolutionary differentiation among geographic groups comprising the L. tigrinus complex, revealing areas of consistently low habitat suitability that have likely contributed to divergence among regional populations.","PeriodicalId":50157,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mammalogy","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141773359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The island biogeography theory predicts that species richness in islands and island-like systems is the ultimate result of island isolation and area. Species with high dispersal capabilities are predicted to be less affected by these factors because of their capacity to move more efficiently between islands or habitats, and here we test this idea in bats, the only mammals capable of flight. We conducted mist net and acoustic surveys across 21 islands in the San Juan Archipelago (Washington State, United States) and adjacent northwest mainland to: (i) investigate the effects of island area, distance from mainland, and habitat on bat diversity; and (ii) evaluate whether differences in morphological (body mass, forearm length, wing loading) and ecological (dietary niche breadth, foraging guild) traits among species influence their prevalence across islands. We found that island size strongly influenced patterns of species richness, with larger islands having a greater number of bat species. However, neither island distance from mainland nor any measure of habitat availability was a significant predictor of species richness at the scale of this study. Additionally, we found that dietary niche breadth, as opposed to any morphological trait, best predicted the prevalence of species across the islands. Our results suggest that species with more specialized diets may be more vulnerable to habitat fragmentation, and provide insight into how geographic and ecological factors affect the diversity of insular bat communities, adding to growing knowledge about the role of species traits as mediators of their responses to large-scale landscape structure.
{"title":"Island area and diet predict diversity and distribution of bats in a Pacific Northwest archipelago","authors":"Rochelle M Kelly, Sharlene E Santana","doi":"10.1093/jmammal/gyae073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyae073","url":null,"abstract":"The island biogeography theory predicts that species richness in islands and island-like systems is the ultimate result of island isolation and area. Species with high dispersal capabilities are predicted to be less affected by these factors because of their capacity to move more efficiently between islands or habitats, and here we test this idea in bats, the only mammals capable of flight. We conducted mist net and acoustic surveys across 21 islands in the San Juan Archipelago (Washington State, United States) and adjacent northwest mainland to: (i) investigate the effects of island area, distance from mainland, and habitat on bat diversity; and (ii) evaluate whether differences in morphological (body mass, forearm length, wing loading) and ecological (dietary niche breadth, foraging guild) traits among species influence their prevalence across islands. We found that island size strongly influenced patterns of species richness, with larger islands having a greater number of bat species. However, neither island distance from mainland nor any measure of habitat availability was a significant predictor of species richness at the scale of this study. Additionally, we found that dietary niche breadth, as opposed to any morphological trait, best predicted the prevalence of species across the islands. Our results suggest that species with more specialized diets may be more vulnerable to habitat fragmentation, and provide insight into how geographic and ecological factors affect the diversity of insular bat communities, adding to growing knowledge about the role of species traits as mediators of their responses to large-scale landscape structure.","PeriodicalId":50157,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mammalogy","volume":"340 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141738243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Matthew T Turnley, Tabitha A Hughes, Randy T Larsen, Kent R Hersey, Brock R McMillan
Cumulative costs of reproduction are predicted by life-history theories of aging, but empirical support for cumulative costs of reproduction in ungulates is limited. Examinations of the relationship between previous reproductive effort and future reproductive output are often limited to successive years. We analyzed pregnancy status, lactation duration, and age class of Elk (Cervus canadensis) in Utah, United States, from 2019 to 2022 to better understand the relationship between previous reproductive effort and future reproductive output, particularly in nonsuccessive years. Pregnancy status 1 year prior, pregnancy status 2 years prior, and age had no effect on the likelihood of pregnancy in Elk. However, lactation duration 1 year prior and lactation duration 2 years prior had a negative effect on the likelihood of pregnancy. The best-fitting model to explain the relationship between pregnancy status and previous lactation was the positive interaction between lactation duration 1 year prior and lactation duration 2 years prior. The results of our study suggest long-lasting (i.e., multiple-year), cumulative costs of reproduction can influence reproductive output in female Elk, but differences in individual quality may have an even greater influence. High-quality individuals may be able to override the costs of reproduction and minimize reproductive trade-offs.
{"title":"Cumulative costs of reproduction in a long-lived ungulate","authors":"Matthew T Turnley, Tabitha A Hughes, Randy T Larsen, Kent R Hersey, Brock R McMillan","doi":"10.1093/jmammal/gyae072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyae072","url":null,"abstract":"Cumulative costs of reproduction are predicted by life-history theories of aging, but empirical support for cumulative costs of reproduction in ungulates is limited. Examinations of the relationship between previous reproductive effort and future reproductive output are often limited to successive years. We analyzed pregnancy status, lactation duration, and age class of Elk (Cervus canadensis) in Utah, United States, from 2019 to 2022 to better understand the relationship between previous reproductive effort and future reproductive output, particularly in nonsuccessive years. Pregnancy status 1 year prior, pregnancy status 2 years prior, and age had no effect on the likelihood of pregnancy in Elk. However, lactation duration 1 year prior and lactation duration 2 years prior had a negative effect on the likelihood of pregnancy. The best-fitting model to explain the relationship between pregnancy status and previous lactation was the positive interaction between lactation duration 1 year prior and lactation duration 2 years prior. The results of our study suggest long-lasting (i.e., multiple-year), cumulative costs of reproduction can influence reproductive output in female Elk, but differences in individual quality may have an even greater influence. High-quality individuals may be able to override the costs of reproduction and minimize reproductive trade-offs.","PeriodicalId":50157,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mammalogy","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141738336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Issac Camargo, P David Polly, Sergio Ticul Álvarez-Castañeda, John D Stuhler
The genus Notiosorex is the only group of shrews in North America with adaptations to arid or semiarid zones. The genus was described with a single variable species, Notiosorex crawfordi, from which 5 new species have since been distinguished. To date, the phylogenetic relationships of Notiosorex species have only been partially analyzed and it is possible that there are still distinct species included within the catch-all of N. crawfordi. Here, we use geometric morphometrics on cranial and mandibular characters of the described extant species, 3 fossil species, and a distinctive population of N. crawfordi as a proxy for an integrated assessment of phylogenetic relationships of all Notiosorex species. Our results indicate that the population from the Altiplano Mexicano is more similar to, yet distinct from, N. villai than it is to N. crawfordi—we describe it as a new species. We also used the resulting tree to reconstruct phylogeographic history within the genus, which suggests that Notiosorex sp. nov., N. villai, N. evotis, and N. tataticuli all diverged allopatrically as populations from the ancestral area that is currently occupied by N. crawfordi (and in the deeper past by the fossil species N. harrisi), and pushed south into the Gulf Coast, the Altiplano, and Baja California within the last 5 million years following the end of the Miocene.
鼩鼱属（Notiosorex）是北美洲唯一适应干旱或半干旱地区的鼩鼱类群。该属在描述时只有一个变异种--Notiosorex crawfordi，后来又从中分出了 5 个新种。迄今为止，Notiosorex 物种的系统发育关系只得到了部分分析，可能仍有一些独特的物种包含在 N. crawfordi 这一总括物种中。在这里，我们利用对已描述的现生种、3 个化石种和一个独特的 N. crawfordi 种群的头盖骨和下颌骨特征的几何形态计量学研究，来综合评估所有 Notiosorex 物种的系统发育关系。我们的结果表明，来自墨西哥高原的种群与 N. villai 更为相似，但又有别于 N. crawford--我们将其描述为一个新物种。结果表明，Notiosorex sp. nov.、N. villai、N. evotis和N. tataticuli都是从N. crawfordi（以及化石物种N. harrisi在更远的过去所占据的地区）目前所占据的祖先地区作为种群异地分化而来，并在中新世结束后的过去500万年间向南推进到墨西哥湾沿岸、阿尔蒂普拉诺高原和下加利福尼亚州。
{"title":"Paleophylogeography of Notiosorex desert shrews with description of a new species","authors":"Issac Camargo, P David Polly, Sergio Ticul Álvarez-Castañeda, John D Stuhler","doi":"10.1093/jmammal/gyae049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyae049","url":null,"abstract":"The genus Notiosorex is the only group of shrews in North America with adaptations to arid or semiarid zones. The genus was described with a single variable species, Notiosorex crawfordi, from which 5 new species have since been distinguished. To date, the phylogenetic relationships of Notiosorex species have only been partially analyzed and it is possible that there are still distinct species included within the catch-all of N. crawfordi. Here, we use geometric morphometrics on cranial and mandibular characters of the described extant species, 3 fossil species, and a distinctive population of N. crawfordi as a proxy for an integrated assessment of phylogenetic relationships of all Notiosorex species. Our results indicate that the population from the Altiplano Mexicano is more similar to, yet distinct from, N. villai than it is to N. crawfordi—we describe it as a new species. We also used the resulting tree to reconstruct phylogeographic history within the genus, which suggests that Notiosorex sp. nov., N. villai, N. evotis, and N. tataticuli all diverged allopatrically as populations from the ancestral area that is currently occupied by N. crawfordi (and in the deeper past by the fossil species N. harrisi), and pushed south into the Gulf Coast, the Altiplano, and Baja California within the last 5 million years following the end of the Miocene.","PeriodicalId":50157,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mammalogy","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141611366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Artificial light at night is increasingly recognized as a cause of habitat degradation, and as a conservation threat to wildlife species. We studied the behavioral response of Pacific kangaroo rats (Dipodomys agilis) to natural and artificial light in coastal sage scrub in southern California, United States. We used digital trail cameras to monitor visits to seed trays in shrub and open, intershrub microhabitats. Under natural-light conditions, kangaroo rats were more active on full- than new-moon nights, and concentrated foraging beneath shrubs. Surprisingly, kangaroo rats frequently interacted with other rodents in seed trays. Near to an artificial light source, kangaroo rats removed fewer seeds, had fewer foraging bouts, and spent less time in trays—especially in brightly lit open microhabitats—compared to distances farther from the light. Differences between the first and second nights of trials during both experiments suggested that kangaroo rats learned locations of resource-rich seed trays and modified their behavior accordingly. Our results are similar to recent studies showing that artificial light depresses foraging activity of rodents in the areas of highest illumination, and adds to evidence of the need to mitigate impacts of urban lighting in fragments of coastal sage scrub, especially along the urban–wildland interface.
{"title":"Effects of artificial light on foraging behavior of the Pacific Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys agilis)","authors":"Kaitlyn E Berry, Paul Stapp","doi":"10.1093/jmammal/gyae071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyae071","url":null,"abstract":"Artificial light at night is increasingly recognized as a cause of habitat degradation, and as a conservation threat to wildlife species. We studied the behavioral response of Pacific kangaroo rats (Dipodomys agilis) to natural and artificial light in coastal sage scrub in southern California, United States. We used digital trail cameras to monitor visits to seed trays in shrub and open, intershrub microhabitats. Under natural-light conditions, kangaroo rats were more active on full- than new-moon nights, and concentrated foraging beneath shrubs. Surprisingly, kangaroo rats frequently interacted with other rodents in seed trays. Near to an artificial light source, kangaroo rats removed fewer seeds, had fewer foraging bouts, and spent less time in trays—especially in brightly lit open microhabitats—compared to distances farther from the light. Differences between the first and second nights of trials during both experiments suggested that kangaroo rats learned locations of resource-rich seed trays and modified their behavior accordingly. Our results are similar to recent studies showing that artificial light depresses foraging activity of rodents in the areas of highest illumination, and adds to evidence of the need to mitigate impacts of urban lighting in fragments of coastal sage scrub, especially along the urban–wildland interface.","PeriodicalId":50157,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mammalogy","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141585416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M Alejandra Camacho, Pablo A Menéndez-Guerrero, Balázs Horváth, Dániel Cadar, Jérôme Murienne
The taxonomic status of the Neotropical bat genus Trachops is reevaluated through an integrated study that incorporates morphological, morphometric, and molecular data across its extensive geographic range. Our research, which included previously unexamined geographical regions, revealed substantial insights into the diversity within Trachops. Genetic and morphological results support elevation of T. cirrhosus ehrhardti, distributed within the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, to species status due to differences in southeastern Brazil specimens. Conversely, our analysis found insufficient evidence to maintain the subspecific distinction of T. c. coffini, which lacks diagnosable morphological characters and is not genetically distinct from T. c. cirrhosus across its distribution range. Additionally, our findings challenge a prior notion of latitudinal differentiation in body size in T. cirrhosus, because specimens from western South America and northeastern South America exhibit similar sizes to those from Central America. These results underscore the importance of revising the taxonomic framework for this bat genus—contributing to a more precise understanding of its evolutionary relationships—and further enhancing conservation efforts considering potential threats to the newly recognized species in the imperiled Atlantic Forest of Brazil.
通过一项综合研究，对新热带蝙蝠属(Trachops)的分类地位进行了重新评估，该研究结合了其广泛地理范围内的形态学、形态计量学和分子数据。我们的研究包括了以前未曾考察过的地理区域，揭示了训尾蝠属的多样性。由于巴西东南部标本的差异，遗传学和形态学结果支持将分布在巴西大西洋森林中的 T. cirrhosus ehrhardti 提升为物种。c.c coffini缺乏可诊断的形态特征，而且在整个分布区与T.此外，我们的研究结果还对之前关于T. cirrhosus体型纬度分化的观点提出了质疑，因为南美洲西部和南美洲东北部的标本与中美洲的标本体型相似。这些结果强调了修订该蝙蝠属分类框架的重要性--有助于更准确地了解其进化关系，并进一步加强保护工作，考虑到巴西大西洋森林中濒临灭绝的新物种所面临的潜在威胁。
{"title":"A polytypic species revisited: phylogenetic and morphological variation, taxonomic status, and geographical distribution of Trachops (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae)","authors":"M Alejandra Camacho, Pablo A Menéndez-Guerrero, Balázs Horváth, Dániel Cadar, Jérôme Murienne","doi":"10.1093/jmammal/gyae067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyae067","url":null,"abstract":"The taxonomic status of the Neotropical bat genus Trachops is reevaluated through an integrated study that incorporates morphological, morphometric, and molecular data across its extensive geographic range. Our research, which included previously unexamined geographical regions, revealed substantial insights into the diversity within Trachops. Genetic and morphological results support elevation of T. cirrhosus ehrhardti, distributed within the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, to species status due to differences in southeastern Brazil specimens. Conversely, our analysis found insufficient evidence to maintain the subspecific distinction of T. c. coffini, which lacks diagnosable morphological characters and is not genetically distinct from T. c. cirrhosus across its distribution range. Additionally, our findings challenge a prior notion of latitudinal differentiation in body size in T. cirrhosus, because specimens from western South America and northeastern South America exhibit similar sizes to those from Central America. These results underscore the importance of revising the taxonomic framework for this bat genus—contributing to a more precise understanding of its evolutionary relationships—and further enhancing conservation efforts considering potential threats to the newly recognized species in the imperiled Atlantic Forest of Brazil.","PeriodicalId":50157,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mammalogy","volume":"93 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141571613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Space use by small mammals should mirror their immediate needs for food and predator shelters but can also be influenced by seasonal changes in biotic and abiotic factors. Lemmings are keystone species of the tundra food web, but information on their spatial distribution in relation to habitat heterogeneity is still scant, especially at a fine scale. In this study, we used spatially explicit capture–recapture methods to determine how topography, hydrology, vegetation, and soil characteristics influence the fine-scale spatial variations in summer density of brown lemmings (Lemmus trimucronatus). Lemmings were monitored throughout the summer in wet and mesic tundra habitats and in a predator exclusion grid, which was also located in mesic tundra. We found that in wet tundra, lemming densities were higher at sites with a rugged topography dominated by hummocks, but only during snow melt. In both mesic tundra sites, lemming densities were higher in sites with poor drainage and low aspect throughout the summer. We found no clear association between lemming densities and any tested vegetation or soil variables. Overall, hydrology and topography appear to play a dominant role in small-scale space use of brown lemmings with a secondary role for predator avoidance and food plant abundance.
{"title":"Influence of habitat on fine-scale space use by brown lemmings (Lemmus trimucronatus) in the High Arctic","authors":"Marianne Valcourt, Dominique Fauteux, Gilles Gauthier","doi":"10.1093/jmammal/gyae069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyae069","url":null,"abstract":"Space use by small mammals should mirror their immediate needs for food and predator shelters but can also be influenced by seasonal changes in biotic and abiotic factors. Lemmings are keystone species of the tundra food web, but information on their spatial distribution in relation to habitat heterogeneity is still scant, especially at a fine scale. In this study, we used spatially explicit capture–recapture methods to determine how topography, hydrology, vegetation, and soil characteristics influence the fine-scale spatial variations in summer density of brown lemmings (Lemmus trimucronatus). Lemmings were monitored throughout the summer in wet and mesic tundra habitats and in a predator exclusion grid, which was also located in mesic tundra. We found that in wet tundra, lemming densities were higher at sites with a rugged topography dominated by hummocks, but only during snow melt. In both mesic tundra sites, lemming densities were higher in sites with poor drainage and low aspect throughout the summer. We found no clear association between lemming densities and any tested vegetation or soil variables. Overall, hydrology and topography appear to play a dominant role in small-scale space use of brown lemmings with a secondary role for predator avoidance and food plant abundance.","PeriodicalId":50157,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mammalogy","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141550487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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