{"title":"A debate in bad faith: naming anti-transgender bias in The Journal of Physiology.","authors":"Ev L Nichols","doi":"10.1113/jp287492","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1113/jp287492","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":501632,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142193013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Metformin and exercise prescription: Time for evidence-based guidance.","authors":"Kellie Hoehing, Adrianna Keener-Denoia","doi":"10.1113/JP286649","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1113/JP286649","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":501632,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140964637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tara D. Erker, Yasra Arif, Jason A. John, C. Embury, Kennedy A Kress, Seth D. Springer, Hannah J. Okelberry, Kellen M McDonald, G. Picci, Alex I. Wiesman, Tony W. Wilson
Fluid intelligence (Gf) involves rational thinking skills and requires the integration of information from different cortical regions to resolve novel complex problems. The effects of non-invasive brain stimulation on Gf have been studied in attempts to improve Gf, but such studies are rare and the few existing have reached conflicting conclusions. The parieto-frontal integration theory of intelligence (P-FIT) postulates that the parietal and frontal lobes play a critical role in Gf. To investigate the suggested role of parietal cortices, we applied high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) to the left and right parietal cortices of 39 healthy adults (age 19-33 years) for 20 min in three separate sessions (left active, right active and sham). After completing the stimulation session, the participants completed a logical reasoning task based on Raven's Progressive Matrices during magnetoencephalography. Significant neural responses at the sensor level across all stimulation conditions were imaged using a beamformer. Whole-brain, spectrally constrained functional connectivity was then computed to examine the network-level activity. Behaviourally, we found that participants were significantly more accurate following left compared to right parietal stimulation. Regarding neural findings, we found significant HD-tDCS montage-related effects in brain networks thought to be critical for P-FIT, including parieto-occipital, fronto-occipital, fronto-parietal and occipito-cerebellar connectivity during task performance. In conclusion, our findings showed that left parietal stimulation improved abstract reasoning abilities relative to right parietal stimulation and support both P-FIT and the neural efficiency hypothesis. KEY POINTS: Abstract reasoning is a critical component of fluid intelligence and is known to be served by multispectral oscillatory activity in the fronto-parietal cortices. Recent studies have aimed to improve abstract reasoning abilities and fluid intelligence overall through behavioural training, but the results have been mixed. High-definition transcranial direct-current stimulation (HD-tDCS) applied to the parietal cortices modulated task performance and neural oscillations during abstract reasoning. Left parietal stimulation resulted in increased accuracy and decreased functional connectivity between occipital regions and frontal, parietal, and cerebellar regions. Future studies should investigate whether HD-tDCS alters abstract reasoning abilities in those who exhibit declines in performance, such as healthy ageing populations.
{"title":"Neuromodulatory effects of parietal high-definition transcranial direct-current stimulation on network-level activity serving fluid intelligence.","authors":"Tara D. Erker, Yasra Arif, Jason A. John, C. Embury, Kennedy A Kress, Seth D. Springer, Hannah J. Okelberry, Kellen M McDonald, G. Picci, Alex I. Wiesman, Tony W. Wilson","doi":"10.1113/JP286004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1113/JP286004","url":null,"abstract":"Fluid intelligence (Gf) involves rational thinking skills and requires the integration of information from different cortical regions to resolve novel complex problems. The effects of non-invasive brain stimulation on Gf have been studied in attempts to improve Gf, but such studies are rare and the few existing have reached conflicting conclusions. The parieto-frontal integration theory of intelligence (P-FIT) postulates that the parietal and frontal lobes play a critical role in Gf. To investigate the suggested role of parietal cortices, we applied high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) to the left and right parietal cortices of 39 healthy adults (age 19-33 years) for 20 min in three separate sessions (left active, right active and sham). After completing the stimulation session, the participants completed a logical reasoning task based on Raven's Progressive Matrices during magnetoencephalography. Significant neural responses at the sensor level across all stimulation conditions were imaged using a beamformer. Whole-brain, spectrally constrained functional connectivity was then computed to examine the network-level activity. Behaviourally, we found that participants were significantly more accurate following left compared to right parietal stimulation. Regarding neural findings, we found significant HD-tDCS montage-related effects in brain networks thought to be critical for P-FIT, including parieto-occipital, fronto-occipital, fronto-parietal and occipito-cerebellar connectivity during task performance. In conclusion, our findings showed that left parietal stimulation improved abstract reasoning abilities relative to right parietal stimulation and support both P-FIT and the neural efficiency hypothesis. KEY POINTS: Abstract reasoning is a critical component of fluid intelligence and is known to be served by multispectral oscillatory activity in the fronto-parietal cortices. Recent studies have aimed to improve abstract reasoning abilities and fluid intelligence overall through behavioural training, but the results have been mixed. High-definition transcranial direct-current stimulation (HD-tDCS) applied to the parietal cortices modulated task performance and neural oscillations during abstract reasoning. Left parietal stimulation resulted in increased accuracy and decreased functional connectivity between occipital regions and frontal, parietal, and cerebellar regions. Future studies should investigate whether HD-tDCS alters abstract reasoning abilities in those who exhibit declines in performance, such as healthy ageing populations.","PeriodicalId":501632,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140965387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Aragón‐Vela, R. A. Casuso, Ana Sagrera Aparisi, J. Plaza-Díaz, Ascensión Rueda-Robles, A. Hidalgo-Gutiérrez, Luis Carlos López, A. Rodríguez-Carrillo, J. A. Enríquez, S. Cogliati, Jesús R. Huertas
In eukaryotic cells, aerobic energy is produced by mitochondria through oxygen uptake. However, little is known about the early mitochondrial responses to moderate hypobaric hypoxia (MHH) in highly metabolic active tissues. Here, we describe the mitochondrial responses to acute MHH in the heart and skeletal muscle. Rats were randomly allocated into a normoxia control group (n = 10) and a hypoxia group (n = 30), divided into three groups (0, 6, and 24 h post-MHH). The normoxia situation was recapitulated at the University of Granada, at 662 m above sea level. The MHH situation was performed at the High-Performance Altitude Training Centre of Sierra Nevada located in Granada at 2320 m above sea level. We found a significant increase in mitochondrial supercomplex assembly in the heart as soon as the animals reached 2320 m above sea level and their levels are maintained 24 h post-exposure, but not in skeletal muscle. Furthermore, in skeletal muscle, at 0 and 6 h, there was increased dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) expression and a significant reduction in Mitofusin 2. In conclusion, mitochondria from the muscle and heart respond differently to MHH: mitochondrial supercomplexes increase in the heart, whereas, in skeletal muscle, the mitochondrial pro-fission response is trigged. Considering that skeletal muscle was not actively involved in the ascent when the heart was beating faster to compensate for the hypobaric, hypoxic conditions, we speculate that the different responses to MHH are a result of the different energetic requirements of the tissues upon MHH. KEY POINTS: The heart and the skeletal muscle showed different mitochondrial responses to moderate hypobaric hypoxia. Moderate hypobaric hypoxia increases the assembly of the electron transport chain complexes into supercomplexes in the heart. Skeletal muscle shows an early mitochondrial pro-fission response following exposure to moderate hypobaric hypoxia.
{"title":"Early heart and skeletal muscle mitochondrial response to a moderate hypobaric hypoxia environment.","authors":"J. Aragón‐Vela, R. A. Casuso, Ana Sagrera Aparisi, J. Plaza-Díaz, Ascensión Rueda-Robles, A. Hidalgo-Gutiérrez, Luis Carlos López, A. Rodríguez-Carrillo, J. A. Enríquez, S. Cogliati, Jesús R. Huertas","doi":"10.1113/JP285516","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1113/JP285516","url":null,"abstract":"In eukaryotic cells, aerobic energy is produced by mitochondria through oxygen uptake. However, little is known about the early mitochondrial responses to moderate hypobaric hypoxia (MHH) in highly metabolic active tissues. Here, we describe the mitochondrial responses to acute MHH in the heart and skeletal muscle. Rats were randomly allocated into a normoxia control group (n = 10) and a hypoxia group (n = 30), divided into three groups (0, 6, and 24 h post-MHH). The normoxia situation was recapitulated at the University of Granada, at 662 m above sea level. The MHH situation was performed at the High-Performance Altitude Training Centre of Sierra Nevada located in Granada at 2320 m above sea level. We found a significant increase in mitochondrial supercomplex assembly in the heart as soon as the animals reached 2320 m above sea level and their levels are maintained 24 h post-exposure, but not in skeletal muscle. Furthermore, in skeletal muscle, at 0 and 6 h, there was increased dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) expression and a significant reduction in Mitofusin 2. In conclusion, mitochondria from the muscle and heart respond differently to MHH: mitochondrial supercomplexes increase in the heart, whereas, in skeletal muscle, the mitochondrial pro-fission response is trigged. Considering that skeletal muscle was not actively involved in the ascent when the heart was beating faster to compensate for the hypobaric, hypoxic conditions, we speculate that the different responses to MHH are a result of the different energetic requirements of the tissues upon MHH. KEY POINTS: The heart and the skeletal muscle showed different mitochondrial responses to moderate hypobaric hypoxia. Moderate hypobaric hypoxia increases the assembly of the electron transport chain complexes into supercomplexes in the heart. Skeletal muscle shows an early mitochondrial pro-fission response following exposure to moderate hypobaric hypoxia.","PeriodicalId":501632,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140693653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hikaru Hashitani, Mitsue Takeya, Dirk F. van Helden
During emission, the first phase of ejaculation, smooth muscle in organs of the male reproductive tract (MRT) vigorously contract upon sympathetic nerve excitation to expel semen consisting of sperm and seminal plasma. During inter-ejaculation phases, the epididymis, seminal vesicles and prostate undergo spontaneous phasic contractions (SPCs), this transporting and maintaining the quality of sperm and seminal plasma. Recent studies have revealed platelet-derived growth factor receptor α-expressing (PDGFRα+) subepithelial interstitial cells in seminal vesicles subserve the role of pacemaker cells that electrically drive SPCs in this organ. PDGFRα+ smooth muscle cells in the epididymis also appear to function as pacemaker cells implicating PDGFRα as a potential signature molecule in MRT pacemaking. The dominant mechanism driving pacemaking in these organs is the cytosolic Ca2+ oscillator. This operates through entrainment of the release-refill cycle of Ca2+ stores, the released Ca2+ ions opening Ca2+-activated chloride channels, including in some cases ANO1 (TMEM16A), with the resultant pacemaker potential activating L-type voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels in the smooth muscle causing contraction (viz. SPCs). A second pacemaker mechanism, namely the membrane oscillator also has a role in specific cases. Further investigations into the commonality and heterogeneity of MRT pacemakers will open an avenue for understanding the pathogenesis of male infertility associated with deterioration of seminal plasma.
{"title":"Commonality and heterogeneity of pacemaker mechanisms in the male reproductive organs","authors":"Hikaru Hashitani, Mitsue Takeya, Dirk F. van Helden","doi":"10.1113/jp284756","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1113/jp284756","url":null,"abstract":"During emission, the first phase of ejaculation, smooth muscle in organs of the male reproductive tract (MRT) vigorously contract upon sympathetic nerve excitation to expel semen consisting of sperm and seminal plasma. During inter-ejaculation phases, the epididymis, seminal vesicles and prostate undergo spontaneous phasic contractions (SPCs), this transporting and maintaining the quality of sperm and seminal plasma. Recent studies have revealed platelet-derived growth factor receptor α-expressing (PDGFRα<sup>+</sup>) subepithelial interstitial cells in seminal vesicles subserve the role of pacemaker cells that electrically drive SPCs in this organ. PDGFRα<sup>+</sup> smooth muscle cells in the epididymis also appear to function as pacemaker cells implicating PDGFRα as a potential signature molecule in MRT pacemaking. The dominant mechanism driving pacemaking in these organs is the cytosolic Ca<sup>2+</sup> oscillator. This operates through entrainment of the release-refill cycle of Ca<sup>2+</sup> stores, the released Ca<sup>2+</sup> ions opening Ca<sup>2+</sup>-activated chloride channels, including in some cases ANO1 (TMEM16A), with the resultant pacemaker potential activating L-type voltage-dependent Ca<sup>2+</sup> channels in the smooth muscle causing contraction (viz. SPCs). A second pacemaker mechanism, namely the membrane oscillator also has a role in specific cases. Further investigations into the commonality and heterogeneity of MRT pacemakers will open an avenue for understanding the pathogenesis of male infertility associated with deterioration of seminal plasma.","PeriodicalId":501632,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140597343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Accumulated fat in skeletal muscle (i.e. myosteatosis), common in sedentary older individuals, compromises skeletal muscle health and function. A mechanistic understanding of how physical activity levels dictate fat accumulation represents a critical step towards establishment of therapies that promote healthy ageing. Using a network medicine paradigm that characterized the transcriptomic response of aged muscle to exercise versus immobilization protocols, this study explored the shared molecular cascade that regulates the fate of fibro-adipogenic progenitors (FAPs), the cell population primarily responsible for fat accumulation. Specifically, gene set enrichment analyses with network propagation revealed Pgc-1α as a functional hub of a large gene regulatory network underlying the regulation of FAPs by physical activity in aged muscle, but not in young counterparts. Integrated in silico and in situ approaches to induce Pgc-1α overexpression in aged muscle promoted mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and inhibited FAP adipogenesis. These findings suggest that the Pgc-1α–mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation axis is a shared mechanism by which physical activity regulates age-related myosteatosis. The network medicine paradigm introduced provides mechanistic insight into exercise adaptation in elderly skeletal muscle and offers translational opportunities to advance exercise prescription for older populations.
{"title":"Network-based systematic dissection of exercise-induced inhibition of myosteatosis in older individuals","authors":"Hirotaka Iijima, Fabrisia Ambrosio, Yusuke Matsui","doi":"10.1113/jp285349","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1113/jp285349","url":null,"abstract":"<div>Accumulated fat in skeletal muscle (i.e. myosteatosis), common in sedentary older individuals, compromises skeletal muscle health and function. A mechanistic understanding of how physical activity levels dictate fat accumulation represents a critical step towards establishment of therapies that promote healthy ageing. Using a network medicine paradigm that characterized the transcriptomic response of aged muscle to exercise <i>versus</i> immobilization protocols, this study explored the shared molecular cascade that regulates the fate of fibro-adipogenic progenitors (FAPs), the cell population primarily responsible for fat accumulation. Specifically, gene set enrichment analyses with network propagation revealed <i>Pgc-1α</i> as a functional hub of a large gene regulatory network underlying the regulation of FAPs by physical activity in aged muscle, but not in young counterparts. Integrated <i>in silico</i> and <i>in situ</i> approaches to induce <i>Pgc-1α</i> overexpression in aged muscle promoted mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and inhibited FAP adipogenesis. These findings suggest that the <i>Pgc-1α</i>–mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation axis is a shared mechanism by which physical activity regulates age-related myosteatosis. The network medicine paradigm introduced provides mechanistic insight into exercise adaptation in elderly skeletal muscle and offers translational opportunities to advance exercise prescription for older populations. <figure>\u0000<div><picture>\u0000<source media=\"(min-width: 1650px)\" srcset=\"/cms/asset/8a0e6b81-4d6a-4f3b-961c-a24bafbb1991/tjp15847-gra-0001-m.jpg\"/><img alt=\"image\" data-lg-src=\"/cms/asset/8a0e6b81-4d6a-4f3b-961c-a24bafbb1991/tjp15847-gra-0001-m.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"/cms/asset/51a30ac7-1520-4fa5-b45a-346229b1ff2e/tjp15847-gra-0001-m.png\" title=\"image\"/></picture><p></p>\u0000</div>\u0000</figure>\u0000</div>","PeriodicalId":501632,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138685750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jonatan R. Ruiz, Raquel Sevilla-Lorente, Francisco J. Amaro-Gahete
Precision medicine is a transformative approach to health care that addresses the inherent variability among individuals in terms of genetics, environment and lifestyle. It involves the customization of medical care to the unique characteristics of each individual, with the aim of optimizing treatment efficacy and minimizing adverse effects. This paradigm shift is made possible by the integration of comprehensive data, including multi-omics and clinical information, which allows for a more nuanced understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms and individual responses to interventions. One of them, also considered as medicine, is exercise. In the realm of exercise programmes for the prevention and treatment of a range of acute and chronic conditions, precision exercise prescription becomes particularly crucial. The variable nature of individual responses to exercise requires a tailored approach to maximize the benefits for each person, while reducing the risks of injury. Within the context of metabolic syndrome (MetS) acting as a crucial factor in the ongoing global cardiovascular crisis, and knowing the key role of exercise in the development and progression of MetS, the capability to forecast individual responses facilitates the development of personalized exercise strategies designed to address an individual's distinct risk profile.
A widely recognized approach for customizing and adjusting exercise programming to align with individual goals, lifestyle, preferences and progress is encapsulated in the FITT principle, which includes frequency, intensity, time and type of exercise. By manipulating FITT criteria, a nearly limitless number of combinations can be devised to suit specific objectives. There is increasing evidence on the potential need to include a new principle, which also starts with T, and stands for time of the day when the exercise is performed. A new study by Morales-Palomo and collaborators shows that morning high-intensity interval exercise is more effective on reducing systolic blood pressure and insulin levels that afternoon exercise in adults with MetS (Morales-Palomo et al., 2023). They conducted a 16-week exercise-based randomized controlled trial, in which 139 middle-aged adults (49 women, body mass index 30.6 ± 3.0 kg m−2) were allocated into morning exercise, afternoon exercise or a non-exercise control group. As expected, both exercise groups improved several cardiovascular disease risk factors, including total and central body fat, systolic blood pressure, insulin levels and cardiorespiratory fitness, compared with the control group. Interestingly, they showed that the morning exercise group improved their systolic blood pressure and insulin levels to a greater extent than those who exercised in the afternoon, yet no differences in fasting glucose levels were noted between the morning and afternoon exercise groups. Previous exercise interventions conducted on both healthy and metaboli
{"title":"Time for precision exercise prescription: the same timing may not fit all","authors":"Jonatan R. Ruiz, Raquel Sevilla-Lorente, Francisco J. Amaro-Gahete","doi":"10.1113/jp285958","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1113/jp285958","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Precision medicine is a transformative approach to health care that addresses the inherent variability among individuals in terms of genetics, environment and lifestyle. It involves the customization of medical care to the unique characteristics of each individual, with the aim of optimizing treatment efficacy and minimizing adverse effects. This paradigm shift is made possible by the integration of comprehensive data, including multi-omics and clinical information, which allows for a more nuanced understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms and individual responses to interventions. One of them, also considered as medicine, is exercise. In the realm of exercise programmes for the prevention and treatment of a range of acute and chronic conditions, precision exercise prescription becomes particularly crucial. The variable nature of individual responses to exercise requires a tailored approach to maximize the benefits for each person, while reducing the risks of injury. Within the context of metabolic syndrome (MetS) acting as a crucial factor in the ongoing global cardiovascular crisis, and knowing the key role of exercise in the development and progression of MetS, the capability to forecast individual responses facilitates the development of personalized exercise strategies designed to address an individual's distinct risk profile.</p>\u0000<p>A widely recognized approach for customizing and adjusting exercise programming to align with individual goals, lifestyle, preferences and progress is encapsulated in the FITT principle, which includes frequency, intensity, time and type of exercise. By manipulating FITT criteria, a nearly limitless number of combinations can be devised to suit specific objectives. There is increasing evidence on the potential need to include a new principle, which also starts with T, and stands for time of the day when the exercise is performed. A new study by Morales-Palomo and collaborators shows that morning high-intensity interval exercise is more effective on reducing systolic blood pressure and insulin levels that afternoon exercise in adults with MetS (Morales-Palomo et al., <span>2023</span>). They conducted a 16-week exercise-based randomized controlled trial, in which 139 middle-aged adults (49 women, body mass index 30.6 ± 3.0 kg m<sup>−2</sup>) were allocated into morning exercise, afternoon exercise or a non-exercise control group. As expected, both exercise groups improved several cardiovascular disease risk factors, including total and central body fat, systolic blood pressure, insulin levels and cardiorespiratory fitness, compared with the control group. Interestingly, they showed that the morning exercise group improved their systolic blood pressure and insulin levels to a greater extent than those who exercised in the afternoon, yet no differences in fasting glucose levels were noted between the morning and afternoon exercise groups. Previous exercise interventions conducted on both healthy and metaboli","PeriodicalId":501632,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138685631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
High altitude is a natural setting in which to study human acclimatization and adaptation. Here, I identify where and in whom high-altitude physiology research has occurred. There has been a mismatch between countries with large high-altitude populations vs. where high-altitude research has been conducted. From 1970 to 2020, 83% of high-altitude physiology research took place in just seven countries: Nepal, China, USA, Peru, India, Bolivia and Italy. Collectively, these countries account for only 35% of the global population living above 2500 m. Furthermore, high-altitude physiology research has predominantly studied low-altitude residents visiting high altitude and female participants are under-represented. Accordingly, the included populations are not necessarily a proportional representation of high-altitude residents. Here, I discuss how this influences our understanding of high-altitude adaptation. Finally, I highlight past initiatives to increase diversity in high-altitude research. By identifying the broad gaps in high-altitude physiology research, I propose exciting, inclusive opportunities to study human high-altitude physiology.
{"title":"Mountains of research: Where and whom high-altitude physiology has overlooked","authors":"Joshua C. Tremblay","doi":"10.1113/jp285454","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1113/jp285454","url":null,"abstract":"High altitude is a natural setting in which to study human acclimatization and adaptation. Here, I identify where and in whom high-altitude physiology research has occurred. There has been a mismatch between countries with large high-altitude populations <i>vs</i>. where high-altitude research has been conducted. From 1970 to 2020, 83% of high-altitude physiology research took place in just seven countries: Nepal, China, USA, Peru, India, Bolivia and Italy. Collectively, these countries account for only 35% of the global population living above 2500 m. Furthermore, high-altitude physiology research has predominantly studied low-altitude residents visiting high altitude and female participants are under-represented. Accordingly, the included populations are not necessarily a proportional representation of high-altitude residents. Here, I discuss how this influences our understanding of high-altitude adaptation. Finally, I highlight past initiatives to increase diversity in high-altitude research. By identifying the broad gaps in high-altitude physiology research, I propose exciting, inclusive opportunities to study human high-altitude physiology.","PeriodicalId":501632,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138557182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Missing: population‐level studies of tissue oxygenation in health and disease","authors":"Peter A. Robbins","doi":"10.1113/jp285320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1113/jp285320","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":501632,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138587032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：