Ewa Papierowska, D. Sikorska, Sylwia Szporak-Wasilewska, M. Kleniewska, T. Berezowski, J. Chormański, G. Debaene, J. Szatyłowicz
Abstract Wetlands play a crucial role in buffering the effects of climate change. At the same time, they are one of the most endangered ecosystems on the globe. The knowledge of the water cycle and energy exchange is crucial for the practical preservation and exploiting their capabilities. Leaf wettability is an important parameter characterising the plant's ability to retain water on its surface, and is linked to the ecosystems' hydrological and ecological functioning. This research investigates the relationship between leaves' wettability based on contact angle measurements and water storage capacity (interception) for wetland vegetation. We performed the study for ten common plant species collected from Biebrza peatlands (Poland). We used CAM100 goniometer for the wetting contact angle measurements on the leaves' surface, and the weighing method for the plant surface water storage determination. The wetland plants' initial contact angle values ranged from 64.7° to 139.5° and 62.4° to 134.0° for the leaves' adaxial and abaxial parts, respectively. The average plant surface water storage was equal to 0.31 g·g−1, and values ranged from 0.09 to 0.76 g·g−1. The leaf hydrophobicity contributes to the amount of retained water. With increasing average contact angle, the amount of water retained on the plant decreased.
{"title":"Leaf wettability and plant surface water storage for common wetland species of the Biebrza peatlands (northeast Poland)","authors":"Ewa Papierowska, D. Sikorska, Sylwia Szporak-Wasilewska, M. Kleniewska, T. Berezowski, J. Chormański, G. Debaene, J. Szatyłowicz","doi":"10.2478/johh-2023-0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/johh-2023-0006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Wetlands play a crucial role in buffering the effects of climate change. At the same time, they are one of the most endangered ecosystems on the globe. The knowledge of the water cycle and energy exchange is crucial for the practical preservation and exploiting their capabilities. Leaf wettability is an important parameter characterising the plant's ability to retain water on its surface, and is linked to the ecosystems' hydrological and ecological functioning. This research investigates the relationship between leaves' wettability based on contact angle measurements and water storage capacity (interception) for wetland vegetation. We performed the study for ten common plant species collected from Biebrza peatlands (Poland). We used CAM100 goniometer for the wetting contact angle measurements on the leaves' surface, and the weighing method for the plant surface water storage determination. The wetland plants' initial contact angle values ranged from 64.7° to 139.5° and 62.4° to 134.0° for the leaves' adaxial and abaxial parts, respectively. The average plant surface water storage was equal to 0.31 g·g−1, and values ranged from 0.09 to 0.76 g·g−1. The leaf hydrophobicity contributes to the amount of retained water. With increasing average contact angle, the amount of water retained on the plant decreased.","PeriodicalId":50183,"journal":{"name":"Journal Of Hydrology And Hydromechanics","volume":"71 1","pages":"169 - 176"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41803593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract With dew serving as an important water source for various small organisms and plants in deserts, knowledge regarding the spatial distribution of dew (which constitutes an important fraction of the non-rainfall water, NRW) is of prime importance. This is also the case for the Negev dew desert. According to the classical model, local nocturnal katabatic winds that descend down the slopes during the night to the wadi beds are responsible for the accumulation of cold air, subsequently triggering dew formation in the wadis. Nevertheless, NRW measurements that were conducted in a one-order drainage basin in the Negev during the dewy season (late summer and fall) yielded half the amount in the wadi bed in comparison to the hilltop, attributed to the sheltered position of the wadi from the cooling effect of the regional (sea-breeze) winds, which are not considered by the classical model. Hypothesizing that the classical model may however take place at wide wadi where the sea breeze winds are not sheltered, measurements of dew and temperatures were periodically carried out at the beds of a 5 m-wide narrow (NW) and a 200 m-wide (WW) wadi beds and at the hilltop (HT). The findings did not fully support our hypothesis. In comparison to the hilltop, and despite the mutual effect of the katabatic and the sea breeze winds on the wide wadi bed, also the wide wadi exhibited lower amounts of dew than that of the hilltop, with NRW following the pattern HT > WW > NW. The overwhelming effect of the sea-breeze winds was also supported indirectly by periodic NRW and temperature measurements during the winter during which the sea breeze does not commonly take place. Evidence suggests that whereas the classical model takes place during the winter during which the katabatic winds may play a central role in dew formation, the occurrence of the sea breeze (regional wind) during the late summer and fall overshadows the effect of the local katabatic winds. Our findings point to the possibility that the classical model may not adequately predict dew formation in regions subjected to sea-breeze winds.
{"title":"The different effects of regional and local winds on dew formation in the Negev desert","authors":"G. Kidron, Rafael Kronenfeld, M. Temina","doi":"10.2478/johh-2023-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/johh-2023-0002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract With dew serving as an important water source for various small organisms and plants in deserts, knowledge regarding the spatial distribution of dew (which constitutes an important fraction of the non-rainfall water, NRW) is of prime importance. This is also the case for the Negev dew desert. According to the classical model, local nocturnal katabatic winds that descend down the slopes during the night to the wadi beds are responsible for the accumulation of cold air, subsequently triggering dew formation in the wadis. Nevertheless, NRW measurements that were conducted in a one-order drainage basin in the Negev during the dewy season (late summer and fall) yielded half the amount in the wadi bed in comparison to the hilltop, attributed to the sheltered position of the wadi from the cooling effect of the regional (sea-breeze) winds, which are not considered by the classical model. Hypothesizing that the classical model may however take place at wide wadi where the sea breeze winds are not sheltered, measurements of dew and temperatures were periodically carried out at the beds of a 5 m-wide narrow (NW) and a 200 m-wide (WW) wadi beds and at the hilltop (HT). The findings did not fully support our hypothesis. In comparison to the hilltop, and despite the mutual effect of the katabatic and the sea breeze winds on the wide wadi bed, also the wide wadi exhibited lower amounts of dew than that of the hilltop, with NRW following the pattern HT > WW > NW. The overwhelming effect of the sea-breeze winds was also supported indirectly by periodic NRW and temperature measurements during the winter during which the sea breeze does not commonly take place. Evidence suggests that whereas the classical model takes place during the winter during which the katabatic winds may play a central role in dew formation, the occurrence of the sea breeze (regional wind) during the late summer and fall overshadows the effect of the local katabatic winds. Our findings point to the possibility that the classical model may not adequately predict dew formation in regions subjected to sea-breeze winds.","PeriodicalId":50183,"journal":{"name":"Journal Of Hydrology And Hydromechanics","volume":"71 1","pages":"132 - 138"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44303930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Rodríguez-Lozano, J. Martínez-Sánchez, Jaime Maza-Maza, Y. Cantón, E. Rodríguez‐Caballero
Abstract Drylands are ecohydrologically-coupled ecosystems whose functioning depends on the interplay between hydrological connectivity between runoff source areas and the capacity of vegetation to retain water fluxes and associated resources. In this study we present a new easily applicable methodology for the ecohydrological characterization of dryland ecosystem functioning grounded in the balance between these two strongly interrelated processes using easily obtainable remote sensing data (e.g. UAV and SENTINEL-2 images), the BalanCR method (Balance between Connectivity and potential Water Retention Capacity). This methodology was first tested on synthetic hillslopes representing different configurations of the patchy and heterogenic distribution of vegetation in drylands. The analysis of these synthetic vegetation spatial patterns involving different vegetation patch densities, sizes, and fractional coverage values showed that BalanCR properly characterizes the expected ecohydrological interactions between potential conditions of runoff connectivity and water retention by plants operating in drylands. In a second step, we applied the BalanCR method on four semiarid hillslopes along an altitudinal aridity gradient covered by Mediterranean alpha steppes at very detailed spatial resolution (0.2 m) and at medium resolution (10 m). The obtained results were validated based on soil moisture data and vegetation greening and clearly recognized the four study sites as functional ecosystems, with very low water resource losses, and a pattern of increasing water redistribution processes as vegetation coverage declines. However, the sensitivity of methodology depends on the resolution of the input data (vegetation map and Digital Elevation Model; DEM), and the expected positive effect of small vegetation structures (vegetation patches smaller than the pixel size) on water redistribution is underestimated. Even in this case, the functionality and connectivity of the analyzed sites is correctly characterized as ecosystems showed similar values of both components for the methodology BalanC (hydrological connectivity component) and BalanR (potential water retention capacity component) than those obtained at very detailed scale, with a similar pattern of water allocation values in response to increased aridity. Thus, the proposed metric represents a promising tool for the proper evaluation of dryland conditions and to incorporate hillslope processes in climate change models, which is one of the main gaps to better understand the drylands response upon ongoing climate change.
{"title":"New methodological approach to characterize dryland´s ecohydrological functionality on the basis of Balance between Connectivity and potential Water Retention Capacity (BalanCR)","authors":"B. Rodríguez-Lozano, J. Martínez-Sánchez, Jaime Maza-Maza, Y. Cantón, E. Rodríguez‐Caballero","doi":"10.2478/johh-2023-0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/johh-2023-0012","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Drylands are ecohydrologically-coupled ecosystems whose functioning depends on the interplay between hydrological connectivity between runoff source areas and the capacity of vegetation to retain water fluxes and associated resources. In this study we present a new easily applicable methodology for the ecohydrological characterization of dryland ecosystem functioning grounded in the balance between these two strongly interrelated processes using easily obtainable remote sensing data (e.g. UAV and SENTINEL-2 images), the BalanCR method (Balance between Connectivity and potential Water Retention Capacity). This methodology was first tested on synthetic hillslopes representing different configurations of the patchy and heterogenic distribution of vegetation in drylands. The analysis of these synthetic vegetation spatial patterns involving different vegetation patch densities, sizes, and fractional coverage values showed that BalanCR properly characterizes the expected ecohydrological interactions between potential conditions of runoff connectivity and water retention by plants operating in drylands. In a second step, we applied the BalanCR method on four semiarid hillslopes along an altitudinal aridity gradient covered by Mediterranean alpha steppes at very detailed spatial resolution (0.2 m) and at medium resolution (10 m). The obtained results were validated based on soil moisture data and vegetation greening and clearly recognized the four study sites as functional ecosystems, with very low water resource losses, and a pattern of increasing water redistribution processes as vegetation coverage declines. However, the sensitivity of methodology depends on the resolution of the input data (vegetation map and Digital Elevation Model; DEM), and the expected positive effect of small vegetation structures (vegetation patches smaller than the pixel size) on water redistribution is underestimated. Even in this case, the functionality and connectivity of the analyzed sites is correctly characterized as ecosystems showed similar values of both components for the methodology BalanC (hydrological connectivity component) and BalanR (potential water retention capacity component) than those obtained at very detailed scale, with a similar pattern of water allocation values in response to increased aridity. Thus, the proposed metric represents a promising tool for the proper evaluation of dryland conditions and to incorporate hillslope processes in climate change models, which is one of the main gaps to better understand the drylands response upon ongoing climate change.","PeriodicalId":50183,"journal":{"name":"Journal Of Hydrology And Hydromechanics","volume":"71 1","pages":"188 - 198"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47210739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The paper deals with the determination of the discharge coefficient, effective head and newly the limit head in the Kindsvater-Shen formula for the determination of a relatively small discharge of clear water using a thin-plate weir with a triangular notch. The determination of the discharge coefficient, effective head and limit head is based on extensive experimental research and is verified by previous measurements by other authors. The experimental research was characterised by a large range of notch angles (from 5.25° to 91.17°), weir heights (from 0.00 m to 0.20 m), and water temperatures (from 15 °C to 45 °C), as well as a focus on relatively small heads (from 0.02 m to 0.18 m), which is where the strengths of the Kindsvater-Shen formula stand out. The experimental research supplemented existing knowledge about the overflow occurring with small heads and small weir notch angles. The newly determined dependencies in the Kindsvater-Shen formula extended its applicability to weirs with small notch angles and newly enabled the determination of the limit head, which restricts its applicability in the determination of small discharges.
{"title":"Discharge coefficient, effective head and limit head in the Kindsvater-Shen formula for small discharges measured by thin-plate weirs with a triangular notch","authors":"Šimon Pošpíšilík, Z. Zachoval","doi":"10.2478/johh-2022-0040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/johh-2022-0040","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The paper deals with the determination of the discharge coefficient, effective head and newly the limit head in the Kindsvater-Shen formula for the determination of a relatively small discharge of clear water using a thin-plate weir with a triangular notch. The determination of the discharge coefficient, effective head and limit head is based on extensive experimental research and is verified by previous measurements by other authors. The experimental research was characterised by a large range of notch angles (from 5.25° to 91.17°), weir heights (from 0.00 m to 0.20 m), and water temperatures (from 15 °C to 45 °C), as well as a focus on relatively small heads (from 0.02 m to 0.18 m), which is where the strengths of the Kindsvater-Shen formula stand out. The experimental research supplemented existing knowledge about the overflow occurring with small heads and small weir notch angles. The newly determined dependencies in the Kindsvater-Shen formula extended its applicability to weirs with small notch angles and newly enabled the determination of the limit head, which restricts its applicability in the determination of small discharges.","PeriodicalId":50183,"journal":{"name":"Journal Of Hydrology And Hydromechanics","volume":"71 1","pages":"35 - 48"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47104724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Sleziak, Martin Jančo, M. Danko, Ladislav Méri, L. Holko
Abstract Accurate estimation of precipitation in mountain catchments is challenging due to its high spatial variability and lack of measured ground data. Weather radar can help to provide precipitation estimates in such conditions. This study investigates the differences between measured and radar-estimated daily precipitation in the mountain catchment of the Jalovecký Creek (area 22 km2, 6 rain gauges at altitudes 815–1900 m a.s.l.) in years 2017–2020. Despite good correlations between measured and radar-based precipitation at individual sites (correlation coefficients 0.68–0.90), the radar-estimated precipitation was mostly substantially smaller than measured precipitation. The underestimation was smaller at lower altitude (on average by –4% to –17% at 815 m a.s.l.) than at higher altitudes (–35% to –59% at 1400–1900 m a.s.l.). Unlike measured data, the radar-estimated precipitation did not show the differences in precipitation amounts at lower and higher altitudes (altitudinal differences). The differences between the measured and radar-estimated precipitation were not related to synoptic weather situations. The obtained results can be useful in preparation of more accurate precipitation estimates for the small mountain catchments.
摘要山区集水区的降水量由于其高度的空间变异性和缺乏实测地面数据而具有挑战性。天气雷达可以帮助提供这种情况下的降水量估计。本研究调查了2017年至2020年JaloveckýCreek（面积22平方公里，海拔815–1900 m a.s.l.的6个雨量计）山区集水区的实测和雷达估计日降水量之间的差异。尽管各个地点的实测降水量和基于雷达的降水量之间存在良好的相关性（相关系数0.68–0.90），但雷达估计的降水量大多远小于实测降水量。较低海拔（815 m a.s.l.时平均为-4%-17%）的低估小于较高海拔（1400–1900 m a.s.l.时为-35%-59%）。与测量数据不同，雷达估计的降水量没有显示出较低和较高海拔的降水量差异（海拔差异）。测得的降水量和雷达估计的降水量之间的差异与天气状况无关。所获得的结果可用于为小型山区集水区编制更准确的降水量估计。
{"title":"Accuracy of radar-estimated precipitation in a mountain catchment in Slovakia","authors":"P. Sleziak, Martin Jančo, M. Danko, Ladislav Méri, L. Holko","doi":"10.2478/johh-2022-0037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/johh-2022-0037","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Accurate estimation of precipitation in mountain catchments is challenging due to its high spatial variability and lack of measured ground data. Weather radar can help to provide precipitation estimates in such conditions. This study investigates the differences between measured and radar-estimated daily precipitation in the mountain catchment of the Jalovecký Creek (area 22 km2, 6 rain gauges at altitudes 815–1900 m a.s.l.) in years 2017–2020. Despite good correlations between measured and radar-based precipitation at individual sites (correlation coefficients 0.68–0.90), the radar-estimated precipitation was mostly substantially smaller than measured precipitation. The underestimation was smaller at lower altitude (on average by –4% to –17% at 815 m a.s.l.) than at higher altitudes (–35% to –59% at 1400–1900 m a.s.l.). Unlike measured data, the radar-estimated precipitation did not show the differences in precipitation amounts at lower and higher altitudes (altitudinal differences). The differences between the measured and radar-estimated precipitation were not related to synoptic weather situations. The obtained results can be useful in preparation of more accurate precipitation estimates for the small mountain catchments.","PeriodicalId":50183,"journal":{"name":"Journal Of Hydrology And Hydromechanics","volume":"71 1","pages":"111 - 122"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45366406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. Bonacci, Duje Bonacci, T. roje-Bonacci, A. Vrsalović
Abstract Below-average precipitation and above-average air temperature are important factors in the occurrence and intensity of drought. In the context of global climate change, air temperature increase, as a key climatological parameter, has to be considered when calculating the drought index. We introduce a new method of drought analysis, relying on standardized values of precipitation and mean air temperatures for a certain period. The standardized value is calculated by subtracting the average value for each period from each measured value and dividing the obtained value by the standard deviation of the sample. Next, the New Drought Index (NDI) is calculated by subtracting the standardized temperature value from the standardized precipitation value. NDI values were determined for the monthly and annual precipitation time series and mean monthly and annual air temperatures measured at the stations Split-Marjan and Zagreb-Grič between 1948 and 2020. The NDI indicates that the risk of drought has intensified significantly in recent decades, which may be related to the effect of global warming.
{"title":"Proposal of a new method for drought analysis","authors":"O. Bonacci, Duje Bonacci, T. roje-Bonacci, A. Vrsalović","doi":"10.2478/johh-2022-0030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/johh-2022-0030","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Below-average precipitation and above-average air temperature are important factors in the occurrence and intensity of drought. In the context of global climate change, air temperature increase, as a key climatological parameter, has to be considered when calculating the drought index. We introduce a new method of drought analysis, relying on standardized values of precipitation and mean air temperatures for a certain period. The standardized value is calculated by subtracting the average value for each period from each measured value and dividing the obtained value by the standard deviation of the sample. Next, the New Drought Index (NDI) is calculated by subtracting the standardized temperature value from the standardized precipitation value. NDI values were determined for the monthly and annual precipitation time series and mean monthly and annual air temperatures measured at the stations Split-Marjan and Zagreb-Grič between 1948 and 2020. The NDI indicates that the risk of drought has intensified significantly in recent decades, which may be related to the effect of global warming.","PeriodicalId":50183,"journal":{"name":"Journal Of Hydrology And Hydromechanics","volume":"71 1","pages":"100 - 110"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45605485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Flash flood events are common in the Mediterranean basin, because of a combination of rugged coastal topography and climatological characteristics. The Balearic Islands are a flood-prone region with the research area, Sóller (Mallorca) being no exception. Between 1900 and 2000, Sóller experienced 48 flash floods with 17 categorised as catastrophic. In Sóller, the local surface water network comprises ephemeral streams. These are natural water networks that only carry water during periods of intense rainfall. Using the available evidence from the 1974 flash flood, this research used Flood Modeller to simulate the event. The research developed a one-dimensional (1D) and a one-dimensional two-dimensional (1D-2D) model that assisted in the understanding of the behaviour of the ephemeral stream during the flood. Analysis of hydraulic parameters such as water flow, depth and velocity provided an appreciation of the interaction between the channel and floodplain. Model development aims to forecast the impending impacts of climate change and urbanisation. The results suggest that the characteristics of Sóller’s catchment area naturally encourage flash flooding and hence can be deemed a flashy catchment. The model demonstrates that the interaction between the channel and floodplain relies heavily on surface roughness of both areas. The model proves that if flood intensity increases with climate change, the extent of flooding and consequently the damage will become more severe.
{"title":"Reconstruction of the 1974 flash flood in Sóller (Mallorca) using a hydraulic 1D/2D model","authors":"C. Thomas, I. Stamataki, Joan Rosselló-Geli","doi":"10.2478/johh-2022-0027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/johh-2022-0027","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Flash flood events are common in the Mediterranean basin, because of a combination of rugged coastal topography and climatological characteristics. The Balearic Islands are a flood-prone region with the research area, Sóller (Mallorca) being no exception. Between 1900 and 2000, Sóller experienced 48 flash floods with 17 categorised as catastrophic. In Sóller, the local surface water network comprises ephemeral streams. These are natural water networks that only carry water during periods of intense rainfall. Using the available evidence from the 1974 flash flood, this research used Flood Modeller to simulate the event. The research developed a one-dimensional (1D) and a one-dimensional two-dimensional (1D-2D) model that assisted in the understanding of the behaviour of the ephemeral stream during the flood. Analysis of hydraulic parameters such as water flow, depth and velocity provided an appreciation of the interaction between the channel and floodplain. Model development aims to forecast the impending impacts of climate change and urbanisation. The results suggest that the characteristics of Sóller’s catchment area naturally encourage flash flooding and hence can be deemed a flashy catchment. The model demonstrates that the interaction between the channel and floodplain relies heavily on surface roughness of both areas. The model proves that if flood intensity increases with climate change, the extent of flooding and consequently the damage will become more severe.","PeriodicalId":50183,"journal":{"name":"Journal Of Hydrology And Hydromechanics","volume":"71 1","pages":"49 - 63"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41434242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. H. Dias, F. Eler, Carlos Cordeiro, M. G. Ramirez, J. A. Soares, D. Nunes, M. Lima, P. Couto
Abstract Trapped or residual air (or gas) is known to affect the multiphase hydraulic properties of both soils and rocks. Trapped air is known to impact many vadose zone hydrologic applications such as infiltration and flow in the capillary fringe, but is also a major issue affecting recoverable oil reserves. Although many studies have focused on the relationship between porosity and trapped gas saturation (Sgt) in sandstones, far fewer studies have been carried out for carbonate rocks. This work aims to analyze the influence of porous media properties on trapped gas saturation in carbonate rocks. For this we used thirteen Indiana Limestone and Silurian dolomite rock samples from the USA, and several coquinas from the Morro do Chaves formation in Brazil. Pore size distributions were obtained for all samples using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), and Mercury Injection Capillary Pressure (MICP) data from three of the samples to determine their pore throat size distributions. Additionally, 3D microtomography (microCT) images were used to quantify macropore profiles and pore connectivities. Results indicate a lower capacity of gas trapping in carbonate rocks in which micro- and mesopores predominate. Results also indicate that in carbonate rocks, pore size exerts a greater influence on the ability of gas trapping compared to pore connectivity, so that rocks with a predominance of macropores have greater capacity for gas trapping, even when the macropores are well interconnected. These findings show that pore characteristics very much affect the processes governing gas trapping in carbonate rocks, and indirectly the multiphase hydraulic properties and recoverable oil reserves of carbonate rock reservoirs.
摘要众所周知，截留或残留的空气（或气体）会影响土壤和岩石的多相水力特性。众所周知，截留的空气会影响许多渗流带的水文应用，如渗透和毛细管边缘的流动，但也是影响可采石油储量的一个主要问题。尽管许多研究都集中在砂岩孔隙度和截留气体饱和度（Sgt）之间的关系上，但对碳酸盐岩的研究却少得多。本工作旨在分析多孔介质性质对碳酸盐岩中捕获气体饱和度的影响。为此，我们使用了来自美国的13个印第安纳石灰岩和志留纪白云石岩石样本，以及来自巴西Morro do Chaves地层的几个coquinas。使用核磁共振（NMR）和来自三个样品的汞注入毛细管压力（MICP）数据获得所有样品的孔径分布，以确定它们的孔喉尺寸分布。此外，3D显微成像（microCT）图像用于量化大孔轮廓和孔连通性。结果表明，在以微孔和中孔为主的碳酸盐岩中，气体捕获能力较低。结果还表明，在碳酸盐岩中，与孔隙连通性相比，孔隙大小对气体捕获能力的影响更大，因此，即使大孔隙相互连接良好，以大孔隙为主的岩石也具有更大的气体捕获能力。这些发现表明，孔隙特征对碳酸盐岩中的气藏控制过程有很大影响，并间接影响碳酸盐岩储层的多相水力性质和可采储量。
{"title":"Effects of pore size and pore connectivity on trapped gas saturation","authors":"C. H. Dias, F. Eler, Carlos Cordeiro, M. G. Ramirez, J. A. Soares, D. Nunes, M. Lima, P. Couto","doi":"10.2478/johh-2022-0042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/johh-2022-0042","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Trapped or residual air (or gas) is known to affect the multiphase hydraulic properties of both soils and rocks. Trapped air is known to impact many vadose zone hydrologic applications such as infiltration and flow in the capillary fringe, but is also a major issue affecting recoverable oil reserves. Although many studies have focused on the relationship between porosity and trapped gas saturation (Sgt) in sandstones, far fewer studies have been carried out for carbonate rocks. This work aims to analyze the influence of porous media properties on trapped gas saturation in carbonate rocks. For this we used thirteen Indiana Limestone and Silurian dolomite rock samples from the USA, and several coquinas from the Morro do Chaves formation in Brazil. Pore size distributions were obtained for all samples using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), and Mercury Injection Capillary Pressure (MICP) data from three of the samples to determine their pore throat size distributions. Additionally, 3D microtomography (microCT) images were used to quantify macropore profiles and pore connectivities. Results indicate a lower capacity of gas trapping in carbonate rocks in which micro- and mesopores predominate. Results also indicate that in carbonate rocks, pore size exerts a greater influence on the ability of gas trapping compared to pore connectivity, so that rocks with a predominance of macropores have greater capacity for gas trapping, even when the macropores are well interconnected. These findings show that pore characteristics very much affect the processes governing gas trapping in carbonate rocks, and indirectly the multiphase hydraulic properties and recoverable oil reserves of carbonate rock reservoirs.","PeriodicalId":50183,"journal":{"name":"Journal Of Hydrology And Hydromechanics","volume":"71 1","pages":"11 - 21"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49061240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Beck-Broichsitter, Z. Rizvi, R. Horn, F. Wuttke
Abstract The presence of gravel in soils modifies the porosity, pore connectivity and pore size distribution in the soil matrix as well as the soil matrix-gravel interfaces. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of relative volume of gravel in samples with gravel mass fractions of 5,10, 20 wt% and varying bulk densities (1.3, 1.45, 1.55, 1.60, 1.65 g cm–3) on (i) total porosity, field capacity, plant available water holding capacity, (ii) pore size distribution and (iii) thermal capacity of repacked sandy and silty soils. The focus of the study was to determine if laboratory measured soil water retention curves considering (i), (ii), and (iii) can be predicted by a gravel-based weighting factor, Rv, considering comprehensive significance tests. The sand-gravel mixtures show a decrease in the volume fractions of macropores and wide cores pores with an increase in the gravel contents, while the silt-gravel mixtures show an opposite trend. The root mean square errors (RMSE) between measured and fitted volumetric water contents, θ, between 0.006 and 0.0352 and between 0.002 and 0.004 for Rv-weighted volumetric water contents indicate that the van Genuchten-based Peters-Durner-Iden (PDI) model is appropriate for fitting. The soil water retention curves with mass gravel contents of up to 10 wt% for silt and 20 wt% for sand can be well predicted by weighting factors (relative volume of rock fragments) in the range between 0.045 and 0.058 for silt, and between 0.112 and 0.119 for sand. The results also indicate a decrease in the Rv-weighted saturated, cvsat, and dry, cvdry, thermal capacity with an increase in the gravel contents for both soils. Further investigations are needed to examine if and whether measured sand- and silt-gravel mixtures with mass gravel contents below 10 % or rather 20 % can be predicted with a weighting factor.
{"title":"Effect of gravel content on soil water retention characteristics and thermal capacity of sandy and silty soils","authors":"S. Beck-Broichsitter, Z. Rizvi, R. Horn, F. Wuttke","doi":"10.2478/johh-2023-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/johh-2023-0001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The presence of gravel in soils modifies the porosity, pore connectivity and pore size distribution in the soil matrix as well as the soil matrix-gravel interfaces. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of relative volume of gravel in samples with gravel mass fractions of 5,10, 20 wt% and varying bulk densities (1.3, 1.45, 1.55, 1.60, 1.65 g cm–3) on (i) total porosity, field capacity, plant available water holding capacity, (ii) pore size distribution and (iii) thermal capacity of repacked sandy and silty soils. The focus of the study was to determine if laboratory measured soil water retention curves considering (i), (ii), and (iii) can be predicted by a gravel-based weighting factor, Rv, considering comprehensive significance tests. The sand-gravel mixtures show a decrease in the volume fractions of macropores and wide cores pores with an increase in the gravel contents, while the silt-gravel mixtures show an opposite trend. The root mean square errors (RMSE) between measured and fitted volumetric water contents, θ, between 0.006 and 0.0352 and between 0.002 and 0.004 for Rv-weighted volumetric water contents indicate that the van Genuchten-based Peters-Durner-Iden (PDI) model is appropriate for fitting. The soil water retention curves with mass gravel contents of up to 10 wt% for silt and 20 wt% for sand can be well predicted by weighting factors (relative volume of rock fragments) in the range between 0.045 and 0.058 for silt, and between 0.112 and 0.119 for sand. The results also indicate a decrease in the Rv-weighted saturated, cvsat, and dry, cvdry, thermal capacity with an increase in the gravel contents for both soils. Further investigations are needed to examine if and whether measured sand- and silt-gravel mixtures with mass gravel contents below 10 % or rather 20 % can be predicted with a weighting factor.","PeriodicalId":50183,"journal":{"name":"Journal Of Hydrology And Hydromechanics","volume":"71 1","pages":"1 - 10"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48463756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract In order to mitigate vineyard degradation, we study different soil management to obtain the most suitable practices. To study the effects of water erosion on vineyards, a rainfall experiment (58 mm h-1 for 30 min) was applied on Anthrosols in humid conditions to assess the impact of treatment (Tilled, Straw and Grass) and season (Spring and Summer). Higher bulk density (BD) and soil water content (SWC) were on the Straw treatment in the Spring period. Also, the Tilled and Grass treatment noticed higher mean weight diameter (MWD) and water-stable aggregates (WSA). In the Summer, BD, SWC and MWD were significantly higher on the Grass treatment. Higher values of time to ponding (TP) and time to runoff (TR) in Spring were recorded on the Grass treatment, Runoff was higher on the Straw treatment. Higher sediment concentration (SC) and soil loss (SL) were noticed during the Tilled treatment. In the Summer period, TP was higher on the Straw treatment, while TR and Runoff were higher on the Straw, SC and SL on the Tilled treatment. This study confirms the positive effects of grass cover and straw mulching as a sustainable agricultural practice in sloped vineyards of north-western Croatia.
{"title":"Soil management and seasonality impact on soil properties and soil erosion in steep vineyards of north-western Croatia","authors":"Ivan Dugan, Igor Bogunović, Paulo Pereira","doi":"10.2478/johh-2022-0038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/johh-2022-0038","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In order to mitigate vineyard degradation, we study different soil management to obtain the most suitable practices. To study the effects of water erosion on vineyards, a rainfall experiment (58 mm h-1 for 30 min) was applied on Anthrosols in humid conditions to assess the impact of treatment (Tilled, Straw and Grass) and season (Spring and Summer). Higher bulk density (BD) and soil water content (SWC) were on the Straw treatment in the Spring period. Also, the Tilled and Grass treatment noticed higher mean weight diameter (MWD) and water-stable aggregates (WSA). In the Summer, BD, SWC and MWD were significantly higher on the Grass treatment. Higher values of time to ponding (TP) and time to runoff (TR) in Spring were recorded on the Grass treatment, Runoff was higher on the Straw treatment. Higher sediment concentration (SC) and soil loss (SL) were noticed during the Tilled treatment. In the Summer period, TP was higher on the Straw treatment, while TR and Runoff were higher on the Straw, SC and SL on the Tilled treatment. This study confirms the positive effects of grass cover and straw mulching as a sustainable agricultural practice in sloped vineyards of north-western Croatia.","PeriodicalId":50183,"journal":{"name":"Journal Of Hydrology And Hydromechanics","volume":"71 1","pages":"91 - 99"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49489778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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