Pub Date : 2011-11-01DOI: 10.1177/1042391511423451
Mohamed Salah Dimia, M. Guenfoud, T. Gernay, J. Franssen
A study has been performed on the collapse of reinforced concrete columns subjected to natural fire conditions during and after the cooling phase of the fire. The aim is, first, to highlight the phenomenon of collapse of concrete columns during and after the cooling phase of a fire and then, to analyze the influence of some determinant parameters. The main mechanisms that lead to this type of failure are found to be the delayed increase of the temperature in the central zones of the element and the additional loss of concrete strength during the cooling phase of the fire. A parametric analysis considering different fires and geometric properties of the column shows that critical conditions with respect to delayed failure arise for short-duration fires and for columns with low slenderness or massive sections. Language: en
{"title":"Collapse of concrete columns during and after the cooling phase of a fire","authors":"Mohamed Salah Dimia, M. Guenfoud, T. Gernay, J. Franssen","doi":"10.1177/1042391511423451","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1042391511423451","url":null,"abstract":"A study has been performed on the collapse of reinforced concrete columns subjected to natural fire conditions during and after the cooling phase of the fire. The aim is, first, to highlight the phenomenon of collapse of concrete columns during and after the cooling phase of a fire and then, to analyze the influence of some determinant parameters. The main mechanisms that lead to this type of failure are found to be the delayed increase of the temperature in the central zones of the element and the additional loss of concrete strength during the cooling phase of the fire. A parametric analysis considering different fires and geometric properties of the column shows that critical conditions with respect to delayed failure arise for short-duration fires and for columns with low slenderness or massive sections. Language: en","PeriodicalId":50192,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Protection Engineering","volume":"21 1","pages":"245-263"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1042391511423451","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65327194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-11-01DOI: 10.1177/1042391511427101
K. LaMalva
This article examines the influence of thermal boundary conditions used for the standard fire resistance test compared to those, which naturally exist in actual building construction. Two protected...
本文考察了用于标准耐火测试的热边界条件与实际建筑施工中自然存在的热边界条件的影响。两个保护…
{"title":"Thermal response of steel structures to fire: test versus field conditions","authors":"K. LaMalva","doi":"10.1177/1042391511427101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1042391511427101","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the influence of thermal boundary conditions used for the standard fire resistance test compared to those, which naturally exist in actual building construction. Two protected...","PeriodicalId":50192,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Protection Engineering","volume":"21 1","pages":"285-299"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1042391511427101","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65327400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-11-01DOI: 10.1177/1042391511417350
Liming Li, Q. Xie, Heping Zhang
Radiant heat transfer is an important issue when analyzing the thermal behavior of glazing during a fire. In this article, the Monte Carlo method (MCM) is evaluated for modeling the behavior of glazing that is exposed to thermal radiation. MCM can account both for radiant heat transfer across the thickness of the glazing as well as the spectral nature of the glazing. A calculation tool is developed to model the glazing temperature and the time when the first cracking occurs using MCM. Comparisons between the predictions and past experiments are made for glazing with different geometries exposed to various radiation levels. Reasonable agreement is obtained. Factors influencing glazing behavior are also studied using the MCM calculation tool. Language: en
{"title":"Evaluation of Monte Carlo method for modeling glazing behavior during radiant exposure","authors":"Liming Li, Q. Xie, Heping Zhang","doi":"10.1177/1042391511417350","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1042391511417350","url":null,"abstract":"Radiant heat transfer is an important issue when analyzing the thermal behavior of glazing during a fire. In this article, the Monte Carlo method (MCM) is evaluated for modeling the behavior of glazing that is exposed to thermal radiation. MCM can account both for radiant heat transfer across the thickness of the glazing as well as the spectral nature of the glazing. A calculation tool is developed to model the glazing temperature and the time when the first cracking occurs using MCM. Comparisons between the predictions and past experiments are made for glazing with different geometries exposed to various radiation levels. Reasonable agreement is obtained. Factors influencing glazing behavior are also studied using the MCM calculation tool. Language: en","PeriodicalId":50192,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Protection Engineering","volume":"21 1","pages":"265-283"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1042391511417350","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65326982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-08-01DOI: 10.1177/1042391511417921
N. Alvares, A. Fernandez-Pello
The cause of engine failure that resulted in a catastrophic crash of a twin turbo-jet commuter aircraft is sought. The US National Transportation Safety Board and aircraft manufacturer contend that the engines failed because the aircraft ran out of jet fuel. The aircraft operators are confident that there was adequate fuel and that some other process caused fuel starvation. There was a post-crash fire that caused substantial thermal destruction of aircraft structure. If the majority of fire damage could be attributed to the burning of jet fuel, then it would be likely that the fuel inventory, just prior to impact with the ground, was adequate for continued flight. Thus investigators would have to conclude that some other mechanism caused the fuel starvation. In this work, a methodology is presented to determine the amount of fuel necessary to cause the observed thermal damage on the aircraft structure. The methodology is based on the determination of the heat flux and burning rates from the associated jet fuel pool fire and a heat transfer analysis to obtain the time required to melt structural parts subjected to the resulting heat fluxes. For an Aluminum alloy member, 70 mm thick, the time to reach the melting temperature of the alloy (∼500° C) is almost 4 min. Fully developed jet fuel pool fires burn at a rate of ∼0.06 kg/m2s, thus, for a pool fire of 10 m2, the fuel burned would be ∼130 kg, which is equivalent to about 151.4 L (40 US liquid gallons) of fuel. This fuel quantity would have been more than sufficient for the aircraft to reach its destination. Moreover, the actual quantity of fuel burnt would have been substantially more because of the conservative assumptions made in the analysis.
{"title":"A methodology to determine pre-crash fuel quantity from post-crash fire thermal damage to an aircraft structure","authors":"N. Alvares, A. Fernandez-Pello","doi":"10.1177/1042391511417921","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1042391511417921","url":null,"abstract":"The cause of engine failure that resulted in a catastrophic crash of a twin turbo-jet commuter aircraft is sought. The US National Transportation Safety Board and aircraft manufacturer contend that the engines failed because the aircraft ran out of jet fuel. The aircraft operators are confident that there was adequate fuel and that some other process caused fuel starvation. There was a post-crash fire that caused substantial thermal destruction of aircraft structure. If the majority of fire damage could be attributed to the burning of jet fuel, then it would be likely that the fuel inventory, just prior to impact with the ground, was adequate for continued flight. Thus investigators would have to conclude that some other mechanism caused the fuel starvation. In this work, a methodology is presented to determine the amount of fuel necessary to cause the observed thermal damage on the aircraft structure. The methodology is based on the determination of the heat flux and burning rates from the associated jet fuel pool fire and a heat transfer analysis to obtain the time required to melt structural parts subjected to the resulting heat fluxes. For an Aluminum alloy member, 70 mm thick, the time to reach the melting temperature of the alloy (∼500° C) is almost 4 min. Fully developed jet fuel pool fires burn at a rate of ∼0.06 kg/m2s, thus, for a pool fire of 10 m2, the fuel burned would be ∼130 kg, which is equivalent to about 151.4 L (40 US liquid gallons) of fuel. This fuel quantity would have been more than sufficient for the aircraft to reach its destination. Moreover, the actual quantity of fuel burnt would have been substantially more because of the conservative assumptions made in the analysis.","PeriodicalId":50192,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Protection Engineering","volume":"21 1","pages":"223-236"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1042391511417921","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65327612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-08-01DOI: 10.1177/1042391511417795
V. Kodur, Nickolas R Hatinger
The current approach for evaluating fire resistance of prestressed concrete (PC) members is through prescriptive-based methods and this approach has several drawbacks. To overcome these drawbacks, a performance-based methodology is applied to evaluate the fire resistance of PC beams under realistic fire, loading, and restraint scenarios. A numerical analysis is carried out to study the effect of various factors governing the fire resistance of PC double T-beams. In the analysis, high-temperature material properties, various load and restraint levels, and material and geometric nonlinearities are accounted for, as well as realistic criteria applied to determine failure. Results from the analysis indicate that fire scenario, load level, and failure criterion have a significant influence on the fire resistance of PC double T-beams. The steps involved in undertaking a performance-based fire design are outlined.
{"title":"A performance-based approach for evaluating fire resistance of prestressed concrete double T-beams","authors":"V. Kodur, Nickolas R Hatinger","doi":"10.1177/1042391511417795","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1042391511417795","url":null,"abstract":"The current approach for evaluating fire resistance of prestressed concrete (PC) members is through prescriptive-based methods and this approach has several drawbacks. To overcome these drawbacks, a performance-based methodology is applied to evaluate the fire resistance of PC beams under realistic fire, loading, and restraint scenarios. A numerical analysis is carried out to study the effect of various factors governing the fire resistance of PC double T-beams. In the analysis, high-temperature material properties, various load and restraint levels, and material and geometric nonlinearities are accounted for, as well as realistic criteria applied to determine failure. Results from the analysis indicate that fire scenario, load level, and failure criterion have a significant influence on the fire resistance of PC double T-beams. The steps involved in undertaking a performance-based fire design are outlined.","PeriodicalId":50192,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Protection Engineering","volume":"21 1","pages":"185-222"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1042391511417795","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65327044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-08-01DOI: 10.1177/1042391511404308
E. Budnick
{"title":"Review: SFPE classic paper review: Interim guide for goal oriented systems approach to building fire safety by Harold E. 'Bud' Nelson","authors":"E. Budnick","doi":"10.1177/1042391511404308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1042391511404308","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50192,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Protection Engineering","volume":"21 1","pages":"173-183"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1042391511404308","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65326880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-05-01DOI: 10.1177/1042391510395694
C. Weinschenk, C. Beal, O. Ezekoye
Airflow control has become a large part of the tactical toolbox that firefighters use to combat fires. Control of airflow requires managing the impact of environmental conditions (i.e., wind) and optimally using mechanically generated flows from fans to drive air and combustion products through predetermined vents. This article discusses the ability of analytical and computational models to predict flow variables associated with the use of positive pressure ventilation. To make these predictions, it is shown that various levels of approximation and a knowledge of (the often neglected) structure leakage rates are required. This study details experiments and simulations of airflow rates associated with fan-induced pressure differences between the environment and a structure.
{"title":"Modeling fan-driven flows for firefighting tactics using simple analytical models and CFD","authors":"C. Weinschenk, C. Beal, O. Ezekoye","doi":"10.1177/1042391510395694","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1042391510395694","url":null,"abstract":"Airflow control has become a large part of the tactical toolbox that firefighters use to combat fires. Control of airflow requires managing the impact of environmental conditions (i.e., wind) and optimally using mechanically generated flows from fans to drive air and combustion products through predetermined vents. This article discusses the ability of analytical and computational models to predict flow variables associated with the use of positive pressure ventilation. To make these predictions, it is shown that various levels of approximation and a knowledge of (the often neglected) structure leakage rates are required. This study details experiments and simulations of airflow rates associated with fan-induced pressure differences between the environment and a structure.","PeriodicalId":50192,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Protection Engineering","volume":"21 1","pages":"85-114"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1042391510395694","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65326946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-04-11DOI: 10.1177/1042391510388879
W. D. Davis, N. Marsh, Michael Selepak
An algorithm that calculates the time dependent smoke concentration in a fire-induced ceiling jet within a smoke layer and algorithms for predicting the response of photoelectric smoke alarms, both of which are part of the computer model JET, are examined using three different fires in a small room. The objectives of this analysis are to test the ceiling jet smoke algorithm and understand the limitations of analyzing signals from photoelectric smoke alarms located in the ceiling jet to estimate fire size and thereby support decision making by emergency responders. The analysis is restricted to flaming fires that produce turbulent plumes and can be represented by axisymmetric point sources. Two different smoke yields from the literature are used to obtain ceiling jet smoke density from JET. Depending on the value of the smoke yield used, the predictions of JET follow or do not follow the photoelectric smoke alarm signals. This suggests that additional information about how smoke yields are measured or that a better calibration technique is required in order to accurately model smoke alarm response.
{"title":"Analyzing smoke alarm response to flaming fires using the fire model JET","authors":"W. D. Davis, N. Marsh, Michael Selepak","doi":"10.1177/1042391510388879","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1042391510388879","url":null,"abstract":"An algorithm that calculates the time dependent smoke concentration in a fire-induced ceiling jet within a smoke layer and algorithms for predicting the response of photoelectric smoke alarms, both of which are part of the computer model JET, are examined using three different fires in a small room. The objectives of this analysis are to test the ceiling jet smoke algorithm and understand the limitations of analyzing signals from photoelectric smoke alarms located in the ceiling jet to estimate fire size and thereby support decision making by emergency responders. The analysis is restricted to flaming fires that produce turbulent plumes and can be represented by axisymmetric point sources. Two different smoke yields from the literature are used to obtain ceiling jet smoke density from JET. Depending on the value of the smoke yield used, the predictions of JET follow or do not follow the photoelectric smoke alarm signals. This suggests that additional information about how smoke yields are measured or that a better calibration technique is required in order to accurately model smoke alarm response.","PeriodicalId":50192,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Protection Engineering","volume":"21 1","pages":"141-166"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1042391510388879","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65326476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-03-18DOI: 10.1177/1042391511398744
D. Coutts
The most commonly used emissive power correlations were developed for pool fires. A literature search has been conducted to identify available empirical data sets that could be used to benchmark these correlations and to predict emissive power of fires involving wood and similar materials. Using the benchmark data, it has been demonstrated that pool-fire correlations underpredict the flame emissive power. With the identified data, a new emissive power correlation has been developed for solid fuel fires. The new correlation permits a more realistic representation of the flames associated with burning solid fuel packages.
{"title":"An emissive power correlation for solid fuel packages","authors":"D. Coutts","doi":"10.1177/1042391511398744","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1042391511398744","url":null,"abstract":"The most commonly used emissive power correlations were developed for pool fires. A literature search has been conducted to identify available empirical data sets that could be used to benchmark these correlations and to predict emissive power of fires involving wood and similar materials. Using the benchmark data, it has been demonstrated that pool-fire correlations underpredict the flame emissive power. With the identified data, a new emissive power correlation has been developed for solid fuel fires. The new correlation permits a more realistic representation of the flames associated with burning solid fuel packages.","PeriodicalId":50192,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Protection Engineering","volume":"21 1","pages":"133-139"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1042391511398744","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65326693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-02-28DOI: 10.1177/1042391510385751
M. Arvidson
This article evaluates several antifreeze agents for automatic sprinkler systems by focusing on the expected contribution of the combustion energy of such agents to a fire. Such an energy contribution could potentially result in an excessive number of sprinklers being activated and thereby overtax the capacity of the water supply. To investigate this, an analysis and experimental program were initiated involving several different antifreeze agents. The results of this study show that only two of the antifreeze solutions did not increase the intensity of the fire source compared to water only, namely calcium chloride and potassium acetate. The other antifreeze agent solutions that were tested resulted in a significant increase in fire heat release rate. In some cases, the energy released during the period of application was 1.5--2 times higher than that found when only water was used. These results correlated well with the analysis calculations.
{"title":"Flammability of antifreeze agents for automatic sprinkler systems","authors":"M. Arvidson","doi":"10.1177/1042391510385751","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1042391510385751","url":null,"abstract":"This article evaluates several antifreeze agents for automatic sprinkler systems by focusing on the expected contribution of the combustion energy of such agents to a fire. Such an energy contribution could potentially result in an excessive number of sprinklers being activated and thereby overtax the capacity of the water supply. To investigate this, an analysis and experimental program were initiated involving several different antifreeze agents. The results of this study show that only two of the antifreeze solutions did not increase the intensity of the fire source compared to water only, namely calcium chloride and potassium acetate. The other antifreeze agent solutions that were tested resulted in a significant increase in fire heat release rate. In some cases, the energy released during the period of application was 1.5--2 times higher than that found when only water was used. These results correlated well with the analysis calculations.","PeriodicalId":50192,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Protection Engineering","volume":"21 1","pages":"115-132"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1042391510385751","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65326413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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