Pub Date : 2013-04-10DOI: 10.1177/1042391512475246
J. Rosen, Michael D Szkutak, S. Jaskółka, M. S. Connolly, K. Notarianni
The use of antifreeze in water mist fire suppression systems offers a potential alternative to the current applications of these systems in subfreezing environments. Design and development of these systems, however, requires quantitative data detailing the effect of antifreeze on factors, such as small droplet sizes and/or higher system pressures which is currently unavailable. This study investigates the use of antifreeze, of various chemical compositions and concentrations, in water mist systems by quantifying variables that affect spray characteristics, indicate the potential risk of system failure, and evaluate the interactions of the discharged agent with the fire. Extensive testing and analysis demonstrate that no tested antifreeze solution behaves ideally with respect to quantified variables. Some of the antifreezes tested should not be used above a certain concentration in high-pressure water mist systems due to solution flammability and the resulting contribution to the heat release rate of the fire. The impact of all other tested pressure and concentration combinations is less significant on the heat release rate of the fire. Therefore, solutions used at these respective pressures and concentrations are potentially suitable for use in water mist systems unless spray performance or the potential risk of system failure discourages their use. Ignitibility of the antifreeze discharge was proven to be a function of antifreeze solution concentration and droplet size. Future testing should determine the threshold droplet size for ignition of the antifreeze discharge and at what point changes in solution properties begin to significantly impact droplet size in subfreezing environments. Language: en
{"title":"Engineering performance of water mist fire protection systems with antifreeze","authors":"J. Rosen, Michael D Szkutak, S. Jaskółka, M. S. Connolly, K. Notarianni","doi":"10.1177/1042391512475246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1042391512475246","url":null,"abstract":"The use of antifreeze in water mist fire suppression systems offers a potential alternative to the current applications of these systems in subfreezing environments. Design and development of these systems, however, requires quantitative data detailing the effect of antifreeze on factors, such as small droplet sizes and/or higher system pressures which is currently unavailable. This study investigates the use of antifreeze, of various chemical compositions and concentrations, in water mist systems by quantifying variables that affect spray characteristics, indicate the potential risk of system failure, and evaluate the interactions of the discharged agent with the fire. Extensive testing and analysis demonstrate that no tested antifreeze solution behaves ideally with respect to quantified variables. Some of the antifreezes tested should not be used above a certain concentration in high-pressure water mist systems due to solution flammability and the resulting contribution to the heat release rate of the fire. The impact of all other tested pressure and concentration combinations is less significant on the heat release rate of the fire. Therefore, solutions used at these respective pressures and concentrations are potentially suitable for use in water mist systems unless spray performance or the potential risk of system failure discourages their use. Ignitibility of the antifreeze discharge was proven to be a function of antifreeze solution concentration and droplet size. Future testing should determine the threshold droplet size for ignition of the antifreeze discharge and at what point changes in solution properties begin to significantly impact droplet size in subfreezing environments. Language: en","PeriodicalId":50192,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Protection Engineering","volume":"23 1","pages":"190-225"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1042391512475246","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65328611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-04-10DOI: 10.1177/1042391512472498
R. Caldas, R. Fakury, J. Sousa, Roque Luiz da Silva Pitanqueira
A numerical model for the behavior of concrete slabs in a fire is described. This model consists of a shell finite element, a damage constitutive model for concrete with steel reinforcement and the consideration of heat transfer through the thickness of the slab. An improved damage constitutive model for concrete at elevated temperatures has been implemented considering compressive and tensile behavior through an orthotropic compliance theory. The damage in compression is based on the concrete stress-strain relationships presented by the European Committee for Standardization. Several calculations have been performed to validate the improved model. The comparison with experimental tests and numerical results confirm the validity of the approach for reinforced concrete slabs subjected to large transverse displacement. Language: en
{"title":"A numerical model for concrete slabs under fire conditions","authors":"R. Caldas, R. Fakury, J. Sousa, Roque Luiz da Silva Pitanqueira","doi":"10.1177/1042391512472498","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1042391512472498","url":null,"abstract":"A numerical model for the behavior of concrete slabs in a fire is described. This model consists of a shell finite element, a damage constitutive model for concrete with steel reinforcement and the consideration of heat transfer through the thickness of the slab. An improved damage constitutive model for concrete at elevated temperatures has been implemented considering compressive and tensile behavior through an orthotropic compliance theory. The damage in compression is based on the concrete stress-strain relationships presented by the European Committee for Standardization. Several calculations have been performed to validate the improved model. The comparison with experimental tests and numerical results confirm the validity of the approach for reinforced concrete slabs subjected to large transverse displacement. Language: en","PeriodicalId":50192,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Protection Engineering","volume":"23 1","pages":"177-189"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1042391512472498","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65328401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-03-05DOI: 10.1177/1042391512472087
William Chiu-Kit Wong, N. Dembsey, J. Alston, C. Lautenberger
A review of the literature has shown the need for a comprehensive flame spread dataset framework for computational fluid dynamics model validation purposes. To develop this framework, the flame spread process was viewed as having four key components: turbulent fluid dynamics, gas phase kinetics, flame heat transfer, and condensed-phase pyrolysis. A series of extensively instrumented inter-related experiments based on the four components was conducted under different source fire permutations. This series of three progressively more complex experiments, from free plume, to inert wall fires, to combustible wall flame spread were carried out to enable collection of data relevant to each component of flame spread. Measurements made include heat release rate, plume centerline temperature and velocity, heat flux to wall, near-wall temperature, flame height, flame spread progression, mass loss, and burn pattern. The combustible wall test data in the current research may not be enough to validate a complex real-wo...
{"title":"A multi-component dataset framework for validation of CFD flame spread models:","authors":"William Chiu-Kit Wong, N. Dembsey, J. Alston, C. Lautenberger","doi":"10.1177/1042391512472087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1042391512472087","url":null,"abstract":"A review of the literature has shown the need for a comprehensive flame spread dataset framework for computational fluid dynamics model validation purposes. To develop this framework, the flame spread process was viewed as having four key components: turbulent fluid dynamics, gas phase kinetics, flame heat transfer, and condensed-phase pyrolysis. A series of extensively instrumented inter-related experiments based on the four components was conducted under different source fire permutations. This series of three progressively more complex experiments, from free plume, to inert wall fires, to combustible wall flame spread were carried out to enable collection of data relevant to each component of flame spread. Measurements made include heat release rate, plume centerline temperature and velocity, heat flux to wall, near-wall temperature, flame height, flame spread progression, mass loss, and burn pattern. The combustible wall test data in the current research may not be enough to validate a complex real-wo...","PeriodicalId":50192,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Protection Engineering","volume":"23 1","pages":"85-134"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1042391512472087","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65328392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-02-01DOI: 10.1177/1042391512452676
D. Kong, N. Johansson, P. Hees, Shouxiang Lu, S. Lo
Available safe egress time is an important criterion to determine occupant safety in performance-based fire protection design of buildings. There are many factors affecting the calculation of available safe egress time, such as heat release rate, smoke toxicity and the geometry of the building. Heat release rate is the most critical factor. Due to the variation of fuel layout, initial ignition location and many other factors, significant uncertainties are associated with heat release rate. Traditionally, fire safety engineers prefer to ignore these uncertainties, and a fixed value of heat release rate is assigned based on experience. This makes the available safe egress time results subjective. To quantify the effect of uncertainties in heat release rate on available safe egress time, a Monte Carlo simulation approach is implemented for a case study of a single hypothetical fire compartment in a commercial building. First, the effect of deterministic peak heat release rate and fire growth rate on the predicted available safe egress time is studied. Then, the effect of uncertainties in peak heat release rate and fire growth rate are analyzed separately. Normal and log-normal distributions are employed to characterize peak heat release rate and fire growth rate, respectively. Finally, the effect of uncertainties in both peak heat release rate and fire growth rate on available safe egress time are analyzed. Illustrations are also provided on how to utilize probabilistic functions, such as the cumulative density function and complementary cumulative distribution function, to help fire safety engineers develop proper design fires. (Less)
{"title":"A Monte Carlo analysis of the effect of heat release rate uncertainty on available safe egress time","authors":"D. Kong, N. Johansson, P. Hees, Shouxiang Lu, S. Lo","doi":"10.1177/1042391512452676","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1042391512452676","url":null,"abstract":"Available safe egress time is an important criterion to determine occupant safety in performance-based fire protection design of buildings. There are many factors affecting the calculation of available safe egress time, such as heat release rate, smoke toxicity and the geometry of the building. Heat release rate is the most critical factor. Due to the variation of fuel layout, initial ignition location and many other factors, significant uncertainties are associated with heat release rate. Traditionally, fire safety engineers prefer to ignore these uncertainties, and a fixed value of heat release rate is assigned based on experience. This makes the available safe egress time results subjective. To quantify the effect of uncertainties in heat release rate on available safe egress time, a Monte Carlo simulation approach is implemented for a case study of a single hypothetical fire compartment in a commercial building. First, the effect of deterministic peak heat release rate and fire growth rate on the predicted available safe egress time is studied. Then, the effect of uncertainties in peak heat release rate and fire growth rate are analyzed separately. Normal and log-normal distributions are employed to characterize peak heat release rate and fire growth rate, respectively. Finally, the effect of uncertainties in both peak heat release rate and fire growth rate on available safe egress time are analyzed. Illustrations are also provided on how to utilize probabilistic functions, such as the cumulative density function and complementary cumulative distribution function, to help fire safety engineers develop proper design fires. (Less)","PeriodicalId":50192,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Protection Engineering","volume":"23 1","pages":"5-29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1042391512452676","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65327915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-02-01DOI: 10.1177/1042391512469521
A. Anderson, O. Ezekoye
The major factors that impact residential fire losses and casualties are relatively well known both on the national level and for any given state. Interestingly, relatively little has been done in comparing fire loss data between states. If state fire loss data are compared, one should be able to identify contributing factors that influence differences in fire losses between states. As an example, it is known that construction standards, regulatory policy, socio-economic factors, etc. all influence the frequency and severity of fires. In this study, subsets of National Fire Incident Reporting System (NFIRS) data for the two largest US states by population are studied in order to identify how areas of origin, items first ignited, and heat sources contribute to the odds of casualties or fatalities occurring in fires, as well as to examine differences between the two states for these three factors. Data on residential home fires from 2006 to 2010 were gathered from the Texas and California NFIRS databases, Texas Fire Incident Reporting System and California All Incident Reporting System, respectively, for this purpose. Examination of the datasets separately using logistic regression models emphasized that fires started in the living room or den, fires in which the item first ignited was a flammable liquid, piping, or filter, and fires that were initiated from cigarettes, pipes, and cigars, all have significantly high odds of resulting in both casualties and fatalities for both states. Additionally, logistic regression modeling with interactions between state and area of origin, item first ignited, and heat source indicated that for many categories, the odds of a fire resulting in a casualty in Texas is roughly 1.5 times higher than the same fire in California. Language: en
{"title":"A comparative study assessing factors that influence home fire casualties and fatalities using state fire incident data","authors":"A. Anderson, O. Ezekoye","doi":"10.1177/1042391512469521","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1042391512469521","url":null,"abstract":"The major factors that impact residential fire losses and casualties are relatively well known both on the national level and for any given state. Interestingly, relatively little has been done in comparing fire loss data between states. If state fire loss data are compared, one should be able to identify contributing factors that influence differences in fire losses between states. As an example, it is known that construction standards, regulatory policy, socio-economic factors, etc. all influence the frequency and severity of fires. In this study, subsets of National Fire Incident Reporting System (NFIRS) data for the two largest US states by population are studied in order to identify how areas of origin, items first ignited, and heat sources contribute to the odds of casualties or fatalities occurring in fires, as well as to examine differences between the two states for these three factors. Data on residential home fires from 2006 to 2010 were gathered from the Texas and California NFIRS databases, Texas Fire Incident Reporting System and California All Incident Reporting System, respectively, for this purpose. Examination of the datasets separately using logistic regression models emphasized that fires started in the living room or den, fires in which the item first ignited was a flammable liquid, piping, or filter, and fires that were initiated from cigarettes, pipes, and cigars, all have significantly high odds of resulting in both casualties and fatalities for both states. Additionally, logistic regression modeling with interactions between state and area of origin, item first ignited, and heat source indicated that for many categories, the odds of a fire resulting in a casualty in Texas is roughly 1.5 times higher than the same fire in California. Language: en","PeriodicalId":50192,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Protection Engineering","volume":"23 1","pages":"51-75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1042391512469521","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65328209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-01-09DOI: 10.1177/1042391512470578
Q. Xie, Shouxiang Lu, D. Kong, Jinhui Wang
In order to deal with uncertainties in evacuation time associated with the uncertainty in input parameters at a reasonable computational cost, a probabilistic method based on polynomial chaos expansion is proposed that combines evacuation models with Latin hypercube sampling. Evacuation models enable the prediction of evacuation time; polynomial chaos expansion is used to construct a surrogate model of evacuation time; Latin hypercube sampling is adopted as post-processing of the surrogate model to predict numerically the distribution of evacuation times. Additionally, an Uncertainty Factor is defined to quantify the total effect of the uncertainty of input parameters on evacuation time. To illustrate the proposed probabilistic method, evacuation of a simplified fire compartment typical of large commercial buildings is analyzed while considering uncertain input parameters including occupant density, child-occupant load ratio and exit width. This case study indicates that when exit width is small, the Uncertainty Factor is almost constant with respect to exit width but increases with an increase in specified (acceptable) reliability level. Furthermore, if exit width exceeds a certain critical value, the Uncertainty Factor will decrease with an increase in exit width and its sensitivity to reliability level will become smaller. Finally, the case study shows that compared with the conventional Monte Carlo simulation, the proposed method can give similar estimations of evacuation time uncertainty at a significantly reduced computational cost. Language: en
{"title":"Treatment of evacuation time uncertainty using polynomial chaos expansion","authors":"Q. Xie, Shouxiang Lu, D. Kong, Jinhui Wang","doi":"10.1177/1042391512470578","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1042391512470578","url":null,"abstract":"In order to deal with uncertainties in evacuation time associated with the uncertainty in input parameters at a reasonable computational cost, a probabilistic method based on polynomial chaos expansion is proposed that combines evacuation models with Latin hypercube sampling. Evacuation models enable the prediction of evacuation time; polynomial chaos expansion is used to construct a surrogate model of evacuation time; Latin hypercube sampling is adopted as post-processing of the surrogate model to predict numerically the distribution of evacuation times. Additionally, an Uncertainty Factor is defined to quantify the total effect of the uncertainty of input parameters on evacuation time. To illustrate the proposed probabilistic method, evacuation of a simplified fire compartment typical of large commercial buildings is analyzed while considering uncertain input parameters including occupant density, child-occupant load ratio and exit width. This case study indicates that when exit width is small, the Uncertainty Factor is almost constant with respect to exit width but increases with an increase in specified (acceptable) reliability level. Furthermore, if exit width exceeds a certain critical value, the Uncertainty Factor will decrease with an increase in exit width and its sensitivity to reliability level will become smaller. Finally, the case study shows that compared with the conventional Monte Carlo simulation, the proposed method can give similar estimations of evacuation time uncertainty at a significantly reduced computational cost. Language: en","PeriodicalId":50192,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Protection Engineering","volume":"23 1","pages":"31-49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1042391512470578","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65328329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-11-01DOI: 10.1177/1042391512464966
Jen-Hao Chi
The fire floor of a hotel fire that resulted in serious casualties in Taiwan was reconstructed as the site of a full-scale evacuation test. Health status assessments were conducted on 50 adults between ages of 25 and 75, and then their horizontal movement speed was measured as a function of three physical conditions: normal health, wheelchair bound and on crutches. The 50 subjects were divided into nine groups for three kinds of evacuation strategies in order to measure the evacuation time of each group. In addition, taking into consideration the three aforementioned kinds of physical conditions, 40 of the 50 subjects were organized into six types of conditions to conduct exit width tests by measuring the evacuation time for passing through exits with widths of 0.75 m and 1.2 m. The two kinds of evacuation test results can be used as a reference for improving fire safety strategies for future hotel construction. Language: en
{"title":"An analysis of occupant evacuation time during a hotel fire using evacuation tests","authors":"Jen-Hao Chi","doi":"10.1177/1042391512464966","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1042391512464966","url":null,"abstract":"The fire floor of a hotel fire that resulted in serious casualties in Taiwan was reconstructed as the site of a full-scale evacuation test. Health status assessments were conducted on 50 adults between ages of 25 and 75, and then their horizontal movement speed was measured as a function of three physical conditions: normal health, wheelchair bound and on crutches. The 50 subjects were divided into nine groups for three kinds of evacuation strategies in order to measure the evacuation time of each group. In addition, taking into consideration the three aforementioned kinds of physical conditions, 40 of the 50 subjects were organized into six types of conditions to conduct exit width tests by measuring the evacuation time for passing through exits with widths of 0.75 m and 1.2 m. The two kinds of evacuation test results can be used as a reference for improving fire safety strategies for future hotel construction. Language: en","PeriodicalId":50192,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Protection Engineering","volume":"22 1","pages":"301-314"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1042391512464966","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65328599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-09-25DOI: 10.1177/1042391512461126
W. Keller, S. Pessiki
Spray-applied fire-resistive material (SFRM) is prone to debonding, cracking, and spalling in steel moment-frame beam hinge regions during inelastic seismic response. This article presents an analytical case study designed to evaluate the effect of experimentally observed SFRM spall patterns on the thermomechanical response of a steel moment-frame beam-column assembly during post-earthquake compartment fire exposure. Earthquake-induced SFRM spalling is shown to significantly increase thermal degradation in the beam hinge region during fire exposure, leading to considerable temperature-induced softening of moment-rotation response for the beam-column assembly. This reduction in rotational stiffness increases the flexibility of the structural system for sideway motion, and exacerbates drift demands under the action of residual (post-earthquake) destabilizing forces. Language: en
{"title":"Effect of earthquake-induced damage to spray-applied fire-resistive insulation on the response of steel moment-frame beam-column connections during fire exposure","authors":"W. Keller, S. Pessiki","doi":"10.1177/1042391512461126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1042391512461126","url":null,"abstract":"Spray-applied fire-resistive material (SFRM) is prone to debonding, cracking, and spalling in steel moment-frame beam hinge regions during inelastic seismic response. This article presents an analytical case study designed to evaluate the effect of experimentally observed SFRM spall patterns on the thermomechanical response of a steel moment-frame beam-column assembly during post-earthquake compartment fire exposure. Earthquake-induced SFRM spalling is shown to significantly increase thermal degradation in the beam hinge region during fire exposure, leading to considerable temperature-induced softening of moment-rotation response for the beam-column assembly. This reduction in rotational stiffness increases the flexibility of the structural system for sideway motion, and exacerbates drift demands under the action of residual (post-earthquake) destabilizing forces. Language: en","PeriodicalId":50192,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Protection Engineering","volume":"22 1","pages":"271-299"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1042391512461126","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65327688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-09-05DOI: 10.1177/1042391512459640
X. Hu, Zhaozhi Wang, F. Jia, E. Galea
In this article, an enhanced flame spread model is used to simulate a rail car compartment fire test. The model was found to be able to reproduce the following experiential results: the predicted progressive burning locations are consistent with the experimental record; the predicted temperatures and heat fluxes at various locations essentially follow the measured trends; and the predicted onset of flashover is within 9% of the measured time of 180 s. The sensitivity of the predicted time to flashover is assessed using 18 fire scenarios in which the uncertainties in the measured material properties are systematically examined. The time to flashover is found to be most sensitive to changes in seat material properties. For the investigated rail car compartment, the impact of porosity of the overhead luggage rack structure on time to flashover is also examined and found to be significant for small ignition source fires. Language: en
{"title":"Numerical investigation of fires in small rail car compartments","authors":"X. Hu, Zhaozhi Wang, F. Jia, E. Galea","doi":"10.1177/1042391512459640","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1042391512459640","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, an enhanced flame spread model is used to simulate a rail car compartment fire test. The model was found to be able to reproduce the following experiential results: the predicted progressive burning locations are consistent with the experimental record; the predicted temperatures and heat fluxes at various locations essentially follow the measured trends; and the predicted onset of flashover is within 9% of the measured time of 180 s. The sensitivity of the predicted time to flashover is assessed using 18 fire scenarios in which the uncertainties in the measured material properties are systematically examined. The time to flashover is found to be most sensitive to changes in seat material properties. For the investigated rail car compartment, the impact of porosity of the overhead luggage rack structure on time to flashover is also examined and found to be significant for small ignition source fires. Language: en","PeriodicalId":50192,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Protection Engineering","volume":"22 1","pages":"245-270"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1042391512459640","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65328078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-08-01DOI: 10.1177/1042391512448303
K. Schebel, B. Meacham, N. Dembsey, M. Johann, J. Tubbs, J. Alston
Few robust engineering approaches currently exist to assess flame spread performance of interior finish materials for a range of source fires, in support of compartment fire hazard analysis. As a step toward closing this gap, a simplified approach for assessing (a) the propensity for a material to support self-propagating flame spread and (b) the extent of flame spread for a range of source fire conditions has been developed. In addition, a general approach for integrating the output of the simplified flame spread analysis into a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model has been developed to predict the overall fire growth and spread hazard for a passenger rail vehicle compartment. Language: en
{"title":"Fire growth simulation in passenger rail vehicles using a simplified flame spread model for integration with CFD analysis","authors":"K. Schebel, B. Meacham, N. Dembsey, M. Johann, J. Tubbs, J. Alston","doi":"10.1177/1042391512448303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1042391512448303","url":null,"abstract":"Few robust engineering approaches currently exist to assess flame spread performance of interior finish materials for a range of source fires, in support of compartment fire hazard analysis. As a step toward closing this gap, a simplified approach for assessing (a) the propensity for a material to support self-propagating flame spread and (b) the extent of flame spread for a range of source fire conditions has been developed. In addition, a general approach for integrating the output of the simplified flame spread analysis into a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model has been developed to predict the overall fire growth and spread hazard for a passenger rail vehicle compartment. Language: en","PeriodicalId":50192,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Protection Engineering","volume":"22 1","pages":"197-225"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1042391512448303","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65327659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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