Pub Date : 2012-08-01DOI: 10.1177/1042391512447045
M. Faruqi, S. Roy, A. Salem
In recent years there has been an increased interest in the use of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) materials in concrete members. However, the behavior of such members in fire is still relatively unknown. Since this is the main reason limiting the widespread use of FRP in buildings, the use of FRP in fire vulnerable structures needs additional study. In this article, a model is developed that incorporates the temperature dependent progressive changes of Elastic-modulus of FRP in predicting the deflection behavior of FRP reinforced concrete structures within the range of practical elevated temperatures. Predictions from the model correlate well with experimental results from the literature. The new approach provides an additional tool to evaluate the deflection of FRP reinforced concrete structures in fire. Language: en
{"title":"Elevated temperature deflection behavior of concrete members reinforced with FRP bars","authors":"M. Faruqi, S. Roy, A. Salem","doi":"10.1177/1042391512447045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1042391512447045","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years there has been an increased interest in the use of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) materials in concrete members. However, the behavior of such members in fire is still relatively unknown. Since this is the main reason limiting the widespread use of FRP in buildings, the use of FRP in fire vulnerable structures needs additional study. In this article, a model is developed that incorporates the temperature dependent progressive changes of Elastic-modulus of FRP in predicting the deflection behavior of FRP reinforced concrete structures within the range of practical elevated temperatures. Predictions from the model correlate well with experimental results from the literature. The new approach provides an additional tool to evaluate the deflection of FRP reinforced concrete structures in fire. Language: en","PeriodicalId":50192,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Protection Engineering","volume":"22 1","pages":"183-196"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1042391512447045","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65327984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-06-08DOI: 10.1177/1042391512450108
Zhaozhi Wang, F. Jia, E. Galea
A generalized relationship between the normalized yields of carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide for nitrogen-containing materials has recently been derived. This correlation is used in the current study to analyze experimentally derived hydrogen cyanide data from three sets of fire tests. For a reduced-scale compartment fire test, the yields of hydrogen cyanide with varied equivalence ratios and the transient hydrogen cyanide concentrations are estimated; for a series of room-corridor sofa fire tests, the extremely high hydrogen cyanide level observed is demonstrated to be a realistic result and a hydrogen cyanide yield value of 0.047 g/g is suggested for this sofa in post-flashover fires for fire safety assessments; and finally, for a series of smoke chamber tests with polyurethane, possible causes for the failure to detect hydrogen cyanide are suggested. Language: en
{"title":"Assessing levels of hydrogen cyanide in fire experiments using a generalized correlation","authors":"Zhaozhi Wang, F. Jia, E. Galea","doi":"10.1177/1042391512450108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1042391512450108","url":null,"abstract":"A generalized relationship between the normalized yields of carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide for nitrogen-containing materials has recently been derived. This correlation is used in the current study to analyze experimentally derived hydrogen cyanide data from three sets of fire tests. For a reduced-scale compartment fire test, the yields of hydrogen cyanide with varied equivalence ratios and the transient hydrogen cyanide concentrations are estimated; for a series of room-corridor sofa fire tests, the extremely high hydrogen cyanide level observed is demonstrated to be a realistic result and a hydrogen cyanide yield value of 0.047 g/g is suggested for this sofa in post-flashover fires for fire safety assessments; and finally, for a series of smoke chamber tests with polyurethane, possible causes for the failure to detect hydrogen cyanide are suggested. Language: en","PeriodicalId":50192,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Protection Engineering","volume":"22 1","pages":"227-240"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1042391512450108","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65327679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-06-06DOI: 10.1177/1042391512447044
M. Spearpoint
A network model has been used to study The Station Nightclub fire evacuation. Total evacuation times and occupant utilization of doors are compared to results obtained from previous work conducted at the National Institute of Standards and Technology and subsequent modeling carried out elsewhere. Depending on the selection of the door flow and exit choice algorithms the network model is able to get outcomes similar to those published by researchers using various fine grid/continuous models. New information regarding the occupant behavior during the incident has recently been published and this is used here to further investigate the capability of the network model. Language: en
{"title":"Network modeling of The Station Nightclub fire evacuation","authors":"M. Spearpoint","doi":"10.1177/1042391512447044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1042391512447044","url":null,"abstract":"A network model has been used to study The Station Nightclub fire evacuation. Total evacuation times and occupant utilization of doors are compared to results obtained from previous work conducted at the National Institute of Standards and Technology and subsequent modeling carried out elsewhere. Depending on the selection of the door flow and exit choice algorithms the network model is able to get outcomes similar to those published by researchers using various fine grid/continuous models. New information regarding the occupant behavior during the incident has recently been published and this is used here to further investigate the capability of the network model. Language: en","PeriodicalId":50192,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Protection Engineering","volume":"22 1","pages":"157-181"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1042391512447044","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65327506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-05-01DOI: 10.1177/1042391512445409
Ying Zhen Li, B. Lei, H. Ingason
Rescue stations are usually provided in very long railway tunnels. Those stations already constructed or under construction worldwide are reviewed and the basic pattern of smoke control during a rescue station fire is identified. A total of 54 model scale tests were carried out to investigate smoke control issues in rescue station fires. The effects of heat release rate, train obstruction, fire source location and ventilation condition on smoke control in the cross-passages of a rescue station were tested and analyzed. A critical smoke layer temperature near the fireproof door protecting the rescue station was investigated theoretically and experimentally and a simple equation for this temperature is obtained. A height of 2.2 m is proposed for the fireproof doors in cross-passages of rescue stations. Language: en
{"title":"Scale modeling and numerical simulation of smoke control for rescue stations in long railway tunnels","authors":"Ying Zhen Li, B. Lei, H. Ingason","doi":"10.1177/1042391512445409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1042391512445409","url":null,"abstract":"Rescue stations are usually provided in very long railway tunnels. Those stations already constructed or under construction worldwide are reviewed and the basic pattern of smoke control during a rescue station fire is identified. A total of 54 model scale tests were carried out to investigate smoke control issues in rescue station fires. The effects of heat release rate, train obstruction, fire source location and ventilation condition on smoke control in the cross-passages of a rescue station were tested and analyzed. A critical smoke layer temperature near the fireproof door protecting the rescue station was investigated theoretically and experimentally and a simple equation for this temperature is obtained. A height of 2.2 m is proposed for the fireproof doors in cross-passages of rescue stations. Language: en","PeriodicalId":50192,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Protection Engineering","volume":"22 1","pages":"101-131"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1042391512445409","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65327376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-02-09DOI: 10.1177/1042391512436785
S. Gwynne, D. Purser, D. Boswell, A. Sekizawa
In this article, the staff pre-warning delay concept is developed: the time between staff becoming aware of an incident by receiving a pre-alarm, or as a result of other cues, and the raising of a general alarm. This represents the potential delay in staff response as they interpret the cues received and engage in various response behaviors before warning the population and raising a general alarm; a delay that may be procedural and/or cognitive. The theoretical basis for this concept is discussed, examples of incidents involving this delay described and data from experiments and incidents examined to help demonstrate and estimate the impact and the effects upon the available safe escape time/required safe escape time calculation. Hypothetical examples of how pre-warning delay can influence required safe escape time are presented, along with a discussion of the aspects of emergency procedures that are particularly susceptible to this type of delay. A framework for understanding these susceptibilities is suggested, together with proposals for dealing with this aspect in engineering designs so as to evaluate and minimize its impact on escape time. This concept is considered important as the exclusion of a (potentially sizable) delay from the engineering design may lead to artificially optimistic results being produced. Language: en
{"title":"Understanding and representing staff pre-warning delay","authors":"S. Gwynne, D. Purser, D. Boswell, A. Sekizawa","doi":"10.1177/1042391512436785","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1042391512436785","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, the staff pre-warning delay concept is developed: the time between staff becoming aware of an incident by receiving a pre-alarm, or as a result of other cues, and the raising of a general alarm. This represents the potential delay in staff response as they interpret the cues received and engage in various response behaviors before warning the population and raising a general alarm; a delay that may be procedural and/or cognitive. The theoretical basis for this concept is discussed, examples of incidents involving this delay described and data from experiments and incidents examined to help demonstrate and estimate the impact and the effects upon the available safe escape time/required safe escape time calculation. Hypothetical examples of how pre-warning delay can influence required safe escape time are presented, along with a discussion of the aspects of emergency procedures that are particularly susceptible to this type of delay. A framework for understanding these susceptibilities is suggested, together with proposals for dealing with this aspect in engineering designs so as to evaluate and minimize its impact on escape time. This concept is considered important as the exclusion of a (potentially sizable) delay from the engineering design may lead to artificially optimistic results being produced. Language: en","PeriodicalId":50192,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Protection Engineering","volume":"22 1","pages":"77-99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1042391512436785","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65327521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-02-03DOI: 10.1177/1042391512436788
S. Gwynne, E. Kuligowski, D. Nilsson
In performance-based analyses, engineers evaluate whether a building design and/or evacuation procedure allows occupants sufficient time to evacuate before fire conditions become untenable. Guidance exists for the calculation of the time until conditions become untenable in areas of the structure (known as the available safe egress time) during fire situations. This article presents a method for determining the amount of time required for building occupants to reach a defined point of safety (known as the required safe egress time) for a particular building design or scenario. The method requires the engineer to identify real-world factors from the building conditions/situations that influence human performance (e.g. evacuation), understand the nature of their impact on human performance and then represent this impact in terms that can be employed within evacuation model calculations. An example is also presented to demonstrate the method described here.
{"title":"Representing evacuation behavior in engineering terms","authors":"S. Gwynne, E. Kuligowski, D. Nilsson","doi":"10.1177/1042391512436788","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1042391512436788","url":null,"abstract":"In performance-based analyses, engineers evaluate whether a building design and/or evacuation procedure allows occupants sufficient time to evacuate before fire conditions become untenable. Guidance exists for the calculation of the time until conditions become untenable in areas of the structure (known as the available safe egress time) during fire situations. This article presents a method for determining the amount of time required for building occupants to reach a defined point of safety (known as the required safe egress time) for a particular building design or scenario. The method requires the engineer to identify real-world factors from the building conditions/situations that influence human performance (e.g. evacuation), understand the nature of their impact on human performance and then represent this impact in terms that can be employed within evacuation model calculations. An example is also presented to demonstrate the method described here.","PeriodicalId":50192,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Protection Engineering","volume":"22 1","pages":"133-150"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1042391512436788","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65327206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-02-01DOI: 10.1177/1042391511426216
Am Claret, El Baranoski, M. Felicetti
Fires are frequent in urban slums. In general, a fire beginning in a slum community gets out of control and the resultant fire propagation affects large areas. Lack of reliable data on slum fires is an obstacle for immediate application of quantitative methods for fire risk assessment. This article proposes an evolutionary approach to risk assessment in slums. The concepts of structured and unstructured systems for risk assessment are introduced. A sequence of methods is proposed going from qualitative to fully quantitative. In addition, a critical analysis of the index method is provided; such a method might avoid subjectivity in adopting a power rule for risk and safety factors. Language: en
{"title":"An evolutionary approach for fire risk assessment in Brazilian slums","authors":"Am Claret, El Baranoski, M. Felicetti","doi":"10.1177/1042391511426216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1042391511426216","url":null,"abstract":"Fires are frequent in urban slums. In general, a fire beginning in a slum community gets out of control and the resultant fire propagation affects large areas. Lack of reliable data on slum fires is an obstacle for immediate application of quantitative methods for fire risk assessment. This article proposes an evolutionary approach to risk assessment in slums. The concepts of structured and unstructured systems for risk assessment are introduced. A sequence of methods is proposed going from qualitative to fully quantitative. In addition, a critical analysis of the index method is provided; such a method might avoid subjectivity in adopting a power rule for risk and safety factors. Language: en","PeriodicalId":50192,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Protection Engineering","volume":"22 1","pages":"11-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1042391511426216","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65327365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-02-01DOI: 10.1177/1042391511426212
N. Chalasani, M. Greiner, A. Suo-Anttila
Previously, the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission performed simulations using fire dynamics simulator (FDS) software to predict the response of spent nuclear fuel transport packages in severe naturally ventilated tunnel fires. The long-range objective of the authors' current project is to predict the response of such a package to those tunnel fires using different computational methods. The first stage of the project, which is the subject of this article, is to determine the accuracy of Container Analysis Fire Environment (CAFE) computer simulations in predicting gas speed and temperature measurements made in forced-ventilated and naturally ventilated fires from the Memorial tunnel test series performed for the Massachusetts Highway Department in the 1990s. The CAFE simulations accurately predict the average heat release rate in both types of tests. Gas speeds and temperatures are obtained from the simulations at the same locations as for the measurements. For the forced-ventilated test, CAFE predicts those quantities more accurately upstream of the fire than downstream. In addition, the predictions are less accurate for the naturally ventilated test than they are for the forced-ventilated experiment. However, the accuracy of the CAFE prediction in the naturally ventilated test is on par with that from FDS. Language: en
{"title":"Benchmarking of Container Analysis Fire Environment simulation using the memorial tunnel fire ventilation tests","authors":"N. Chalasani, M. Greiner, A. Suo-Anttila","doi":"10.1177/1042391511426212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1042391511426212","url":null,"abstract":"Previously, the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission performed simulations using fire dynamics simulator (FDS) software to predict the response of spent nuclear fuel transport packages in severe naturally ventilated tunnel fires. The long-range objective of the authors' current project is to predict the response of such a package to those tunnel fires using different computational methods. The first stage of the project, which is the subject of this article, is to determine the accuracy of Container Analysis Fire Environment (CAFE) computer simulations in predicting gas speed and temperature measurements made in forced-ventilated and naturally ventilated fires from the Memorial tunnel test series performed for the Massachusetts Highway Department in the 1990s. The CAFE simulations accurately predict the average heat release rate in both types of tests. Gas speeds and temperatures are obtained from the simulations at the same locations as for the measurements. For the forced-ventilated test, CAFE predicts those quantities more accurately upstream of the fire than downstream. In addition, the predictions are less accurate for the naturally ventilated test than they are for the forced-ventilated experiment. However, the accuracy of the CAFE prediction in the naturally ventilated test is on par with that from FDS. Language: en","PeriodicalId":50192,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Protection Engineering","volume":"22 1","pages":"45-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1042391511426212","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65327317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-02-01DOI: 10.1177/1042391511431508
N. Johansson, P. Hees, J. Wahlqvist
Abstract in Undetermined Between one and two school fires occur in Sweden every day. In most cases, arson is the cause of the fire. The most severe fires generally start outside the building and spread up along the facade and into the attic through ventilation openings in the eaves. Linear heat detectors can be placed on facades to detect these types of fires. Such devices detect fire when short-circuited at a specific temperature. In this article, an attempt to simulate linear heat detectors is presented. Data from small-scale and full-scale experiments are compared with these simulations. The small-scale experiments and simulations demonstrate that the cable failure model in Fire Dynamics Simulator can be used to predict detection in linear heat detectors that use short-circuiting as the means of signaling an overheated condition. The full-scale experiments provide a measure of the uncertainties involved, as well as the possibility of using simulations of linear heat detectors in a fire engineering design. (Less)
{"title":"Detection of a typical arson fire scenario – comparison between experiments and simulations:","authors":"N. Johansson, P. Hees, J. Wahlqvist","doi":"10.1177/1042391511431508","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1042391511431508","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract in Undetermined Between one and two school fires occur in Sweden every day. In most cases, arson is the cause of the fire. The most severe fires generally start outside the building and spread up along the facade and into the attic through ventilation openings in the eaves. Linear heat detectors can be placed on facades to detect these types of fires. Such devices detect fire when short-circuited at a specific temperature. In this article, an attempt to simulate linear heat detectors is presented. Data from small-scale and full-scale experiments are compared with these simulations. The small-scale experiments and simulations demonstrate that the cable failure model in Fire Dynamics Simulator can be used to predict detection in linear heat detectors that use short-circuiting as the means of signaling an overheated condition. The full-scale experiments provide a measure of the uncertainties involved, as well as the possibility of using simulations of linear heat detectors in a fire engineering design. (Less)","PeriodicalId":50192,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Protection Engineering","volume":"22 1","pages":"23-44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1042391511431508","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65327427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-02-01DOI: 10.1177/1042391511432532
J. R. Lawson
{"title":"SFPE classic paper review: A review of classic work by Dr William J. Parker on heat release rate measurements by oxygen consumption","authors":"J. R. Lawson","doi":"10.1177/1042391511432532","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1042391511432532","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50192,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Protection Engineering","volume":"22 1","pages":"5-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1042391511432532","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65327472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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