Pub Date : 2018-07-21DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-90844-1_12
R. Till, J. Coon
{"title":"Dry-Agent Automatic Suppression Systems","authors":"R. Till, J. Coon","doi":"10.1007/978-3-319-90844-1_12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90844-1_12","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50192,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Protection Engineering","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79379177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-21DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-90844-1_8
R. Till, J. Coon
{"title":"Firefighter Intervention: Manual Fire Suppression","authors":"R. Till, J. Coon","doi":"10.1007/978-3-319-90844-1_8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90844-1_8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50192,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Protection Engineering","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83310563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-21DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-90844-1_5
R. Till, J. Coon
{"title":"Fire Pumps and Water Supplies","authors":"R. Till, J. Coon","doi":"10.1007/978-3-319-90844-1_5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90844-1_5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50192,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Protection Engineering","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89477606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-01DOI: 10.1177/1042391513484911
A. Alvarez, B. Meacham, N. Dembsey, J. Thomas
A review of two decades of worldwide experience using standards, codes and guidelines related to performance-based fire protection design for buildings has identified shortcomings in the interpretation, application and implementation of the performance-based design process, apparent inconsistency in the resulting levels of performance achieved and several opportunities to enhance the process. In a constantly evolving building environment, technical challenges have to be overcome because fire safety engineering still depends greatly on knowledge gained from scientific and engineering research across a broad range of disciplines (e.g., better understanding of the fire phenomena, the behavior and response of the building occupants/contents/structure to the fire, tools for engineering analysis and all the necessary data needed to support tool application). Political challenges also need to be considered as performance-based fire protection design requires the approval of the authority having jurisdiction and ...
{"title":"Twenty years of performance-based fire protection design: challenges faced and a look ahead","authors":"A. Alvarez, B. Meacham, N. Dembsey, J. Thomas","doi":"10.1177/1042391513484911","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1042391513484911","url":null,"abstract":"A review of two decades of worldwide experience using standards, codes and guidelines related to performance-based fire protection design for buildings has identified shortcomings in the interpretation, application and implementation of the performance-based design process, apparent inconsistency in the resulting levels of performance achieved and several opportunities to enhance the process. In a constantly evolving building environment, technical challenges have to be overcome because fire safety engineering still depends greatly on knowledge gained from scientific and engineering research across a broad range of disciplines (e.g., better understanding of the fire phenomena, the behavior and response of the building occupants/contents/structure to the fire, tools for engineering analysis and all the necessary data needed to support tool application). Political challenges also need to be considered as performance-based fire protection design requires the approval of the authority having jurisdiction and ...","PeriodicalId":50192,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Protection Engineering","volume":"23 1","pages":"249-276"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1042391513484911","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65328243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-09-30DOI: 10.1177/1042391513505965
C. Beyler
{"title":"The most important FPE of his generation: an obituary for Philip J DiNenno, 1953–2013","authors":"C. Beyler","doi":"10.1177/1042391513505965","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1042391513505965","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50192,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Protection Engineering","volume":"23 1","pages":"245-248"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1042391513505965","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65329086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-08-01DOI: 10.1177/1042391513490298
Hong Yu
Based on the Froude-modeling scaling approach, water mist protection for a 7.47 × 7.47 × 7.47-m cut-off room where ignitable liquids are used was projected from the previously determined extinguishing requirement for heptane pool fires in a ½-scale enclosure and then verified with full-scale testing. The full-scale building occupancy was required to accommodate cut-off room door openings ranging from 1.86 × 3.73 m high up to 3.73 × 3.73 m. The fire challenge was a heptane spill fire cascading from the top of a 1.83-m dia. by 2.74-m high steel tank at a spill rate of 37.9 L/min. Two off-the-shelf nozzles were selected as candidates for the full-scale building to approximate the scaled-up water mist spray requirement. At a discharge pressure of 90 bar, one nozzle discharged 28 L/min, with a spray angle of 100° and a volume-median droplet dia. of 115 µm; the other discharged 24.4 L/min, with a 180° spray angle and median dia. of 96 µm. Nine nozzles were arranged at the ceiling level in a 3 × 3 matrix with a spacing of 1.86 × 1.86 m. Before the two candidate protection schemes were challenged with the spill fire, scaled-up heptane pool fires were used to ensure that the fire extinguishing propensity was consistent with that observed in the ½-scale enclosure. The pool fire tests showed that the nozzle with the smaller spray angle provided better fire extinguishing performance, which was later confirmed in the spill fire tests. The protection scheme with the smaller spray angle could extinguish the spill fire for door openings up to 3.05 × 3.05 m. For larger openings, two additional downward water mist sprays were required in the door opening to expedite fire extinguishment by reducing ventilation through the door opening. Water mist protection could provide adequate cooling to fuel tanks as long as such protection could extinguish the fire. Overall, the investigation demonstrated that physical scaling is a useful tool to provide an engineering estimate of water mist protection requirements. Language: en
{"title":"Physical scaling of water mist protection for ignitable liquid cut-off rooms:","authors":"Hong Yu","doi":"10.1177/1042391513490298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1042391513490298","url":null,"abstract":"Based on the Froude-modeling scaling approach, water mist protection for a 7.47 × 7.47 × 7.47-m cut-off room where ignitable liquids are used was projected from the previously determined extinguishing requirement for heptane pool fires in a ½-scale enclosure and then verified with full-scale testing. The full-scale building occupancy was required to accommodate cut-off room door openings ranging from 1.86 × 3.73 m high up to 3.73 × 3.73 m. The fire challenge was a heptane spill fire cascading from the top of a 1.83-m dia. by 2.74-m high steel tank at a spill rate of 37.9 L/min. Two off-the-shelf nozzles were selected as candidates for the full-scale building to approximate the scaled-up water mist spray requirement. At a discharge pressure of 90 bar, one nozzle discharged 28 L/min, with a spray angle of 100° and a volume-median droplet dia. of 115 µm; the other discharged 24.4 L/min, with a 180° spray angle and median dia. of 96 µm. Nine nozzles were arranged at the ceiling level in a 3 × 3 matrix with a spacing of 1.86 × 1.86 m. Before the two candidate protection schemes were challenged with the spill fire, scaled-up heptane pool fires were used to ensure that the fire extinguishing propensity was consistent with that observed in the ½-scale enclosure. The pool fire tests showed that the nozzle with the smaller spray angle provided better fire extinguishing performance, which was later confirmed in the spill fire tests. The protection scheme with the smaller spray angle could extinguish the spill fire for door openings up to 3.05 × 3.05 m. For larger openings, two additional downward water mist sprays were required in the door opening to expedite fire extinguishment by reducing ventilation through the door opening. Water mist protection could provide adequate cooling to fuel tanks as long as such protection could extinguish the fire. Overall, the investigation demonstrated that physical scaling is a useful tool to provide an engineering estimate of water mist protection requirements. Language: en","PeriodicalId":50192,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Protection Engineering","volume":"23 1","pages":"157-176"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1042391513490298","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65328757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-07-15DOI: 10.1177/1042391513487002
M. Greiner, M. D. Valle, C. López, V. Figueroa
Three large-scale fire tests were conducted in which a 2.4-m-(8-ft)-dia., 4.6-m-(15-ft)-long, 25-mm-(1-inch)-wall-thickness mild-steel pipe calorimeter was centered 1 m above a 7.9-m-dia. basin containing 7.57 m3 (2000 gal) of jet fuel. The wind conditions, calorimeter wall temperatures, and temperatures of foil radiant heat flux gages near the calorimeter were measured at several locations as functions of time during and after the fires. Video and still photography from several directions were used to monitor the calorimeter’s engulfment in flames. The objective of these tests was to determine how the fuel consumption rate, calorimeter coverage in flames and the calorimeter temperatures varied with wind conditions. These data can be used to benchmark computational and engineering models of heat transfer from large pool fires to thermally-massive objects. Those types of models are used to predict the response of rail-car-sized used-nuclear-fuel transport packages in severe accidents. The first two tests h...
{"title":"Thermal measurements of a rail-cask-size pipe-calorimeter in jet fuel fires","authors":"M. Greiner, M. D. Valle, C. López, V. Figueroa","doi":"10.1177/1042391513487002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1042391513487002","url":null,"abstract":"Three large-scale fire tests were conducted in which a 2.4-m-(8-ft)-dia., 4.6-m-(15-ft)-long, 25-mm-(1-inch)-wall-thickness mild-steel pipe calorimeter was centered 1 m above a 7.9-m-dia. basin containing 7.57 m3 (2000 gal) of jet fuel. The wind conditions, calorimeter wall temperatures, and temperatures of foil radiant heat flux gages near the calorimeter were measured at several locations as functions of time during and after the fires. Video and still photography from several directions were used to monitor the calorimeter’s engulfment in flames. The objective of these tests was to determine how the fuel consumption rate, calorimeter coverage in flames and the calorimeter temperatures varied with wind conditions. These data can be used to benchmark computational and engineering models of heat transfer from large pool fires to thermally-massive objects. Those types of models are used to predict the response of rail-car-sized used-nuclear-fuel transport packages in severe accidents. The first two tests h...","PeriodicalId":50192,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Protection Engineering","volume":"23 1","pages":"300-319"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1042391513487002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65328492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-05-30DOI: 10.1177/1042391513485954
M. Arvidson
Traditionally, the only parameter used to measure the performance of total compartment (i.e. total flooding) water mist or water spray systems during fire testing has been the time to extinguishment. However, the use of a single parameter has been criticized since it can result in poor system designs. This study evaluates additional parameters in order to improve the characterization of system performance. Two series of fire tests were conducted with a number of water mist and water spray fire protection systems: the former in a 500 m3 test compartment using three different systems; the latter in a 250 m3 compartment using four different systems. The heat release rate of the fire and the gas temperatures inside the test compartment were measured. Based on these measurements, the fire suppression capability of the systems, their temperature reduction capability and their ability to mix water vapor, water droplets and combustion gases within the compartment were determined. The tests revealed that the time to extinguishment varies several tens of percent under identical conditions. It was also observed that the relative performance of the systems was influenced by the size of the fire. The results obtained with the additional parameters were much more repeatable and consistent than using time to extinguishment alone. It is concluded that fairly simple and inexpensive measurements can improve current fire test procedures. Language: en
{"title":"A novel method to evaluate fire test performance of water mist and water spray total compartment protection","authors":"M. Arvidson","doi":"10.1177/1042391513485954","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1042391513485954","url":null,"abstract":"Traditionally, the only parameter used to measure the performance of total compartment (i.e. total flooding) water mist or water spray systems during fire testing has been the time to extinguishment. However, the use of a single parameter has been criticized since it can result in poor system designs. This study evaluates additional parameters in order to improve the characterization of system performance. Two series of fire tests were conducted with a number of water mist and water spray fire protection systems: the former in a 500 m3 test compartment using three different systems; the latter in a 250 m3 compartment using four different systems. The heat release rate of the fire and the gas temperatures inside the test compartment were measured. Based on these measurements, the fire suppression capability of the systems, their temperature reduction capability and their ability to mix water vapor, water droplets and combustion gases within the compartment were determined. The tests revealed that the time to extinguishment varies several tens of percent under identical conditions. It was also observed that the relative performance of the systems was influenced by the size of the fire. The results obtained with the additional parameters were much more repeatable and consistent than using time to extinguishment alone. It is concluded that fairly simple and inexpensive measurements can improve current fire test procedures. Language: en","PeriodicalId":50192,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Protection Engineering","volume":"23 1","pages":"277-299"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1042391513485954","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65328353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-05-23DOI: 10.1177/1042391513486464
Du Yang, Zhang Li, O. Hong
In order to investigate the effects of the humidity, temperature and slow oxidation reactions on the occurrence of explosions in gasoline-air mixtures, experiments are carried out in a cylindrical tunnel with a solid heating device. Experimental results show that whether a gasoline-air explosion occurs or not is determined by a critical relative humidity when the temperature of the heat source is maintained at a specific value. Under the experimental conditions in this study, when the heat source temperature is maintained at 550℃, the critical value of relative humidity is 32.3% ± 0.2%, and when the heat source temperature is maintained at 570℃, the critical value of relative humidity climbs to 37.7% ± 0.2%. The occurrence of gasoline-air explosions is very sensitive to the gas mixture temperature. It is shown that an explosion will not occur if the gas mixture temperature is lower than the critical value of 26℃. Influenced by slow oxidation reactions, concentrations of reactants can decrease below the explosion limit range, resulting sometimes in no observed occurrence of gasoline-air explosions. Experiments show, in this case, that the critical heat source temperature for the gas mixture explosion, defined by a probability of explosion occurrence of 20%, climbs from 510 to 550℃, i.e. it increases 40℃ solely due to the influence of slow oxidation reactions. Language: en
{"title":"Effects of humidity, temperature and slow oxidation reactions on the occurrence of gasoline-air explosions","authors":"Du Yang, Zhang Li, O. Hong","doi":"10.1177/1042391513486464","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1042391513486464","url":null,"abstract":"In order to investigate the effects of the humidity, temperature and slow oxidation reactions on the occurrence of explosions in gasoline-air mixtures, experiments are carried out in a cylindrical tunnel with a solid heating device. Experimental results show that whether a gasoline-air explosion occurs or not is determined by a critical relative humidity when the temperature of the heat source is maintained at a specific value. Under the experimental conditions in this study, when the heat source temperature is maintained at 550℃, the critical value of relative humidity is 32.3% ± 0.2%, and when the heat source temperature is maintained at 570℃, the critical value of relative humidity climbs to 37.7% ± 0.2%. The occurrence of gasoline-air explosions is very sensitive to the gas mixture temperature. It is shown that an explosion will not occur if the gas mixture temperature is lower than the critical value of 26℃. Influenced by slow oxidation reactions, concentrations of reactants can decrease below the explosion limit range, resulting sometimes in no observed occurrence of gasoline-air explosions. Experiments show, in this case, that the critical heat source temperature for the gas mixture explosion, defined by a probability of explosion occurrence of 20%, climbs from 510 to 550℃, i.e. it increases 40℃ solely due to the influence of slow oxidation reactions. Language: en","PeriodicalId":50192,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Protection Engineering","volume":"23 1","pages":"226-238"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1042391513486464","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65328429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-05-01DOI: 10.1177/1042391512474666
E. Choi, Y. Shin, H. Kim
The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of temperature distribution, concrete strength, cover thickness, and heating time on the structural behavior of reinforced concrete beams. Toward this goal, reinforced concrete beams with different concrete compressive strength and cover thickness are fabricated and subjected to furnace heating for 60, 90, and 120 min under a loaded state. In order to analyze structural behavior based on the thermal behavior of the beams, transient temperature distribution is measured during the furnace heating. After furnace heating, spalling is observed. From loading tests performed on the damaged reinforced concrete beams, residual strength, maximum loads, and beam deflections are measured and examined. The experimental results show that significant damage occurs in the reinforced concrete beams under high temperatures. In addition, it is found that thermal and structural behavior of damaged reinforced concrete beams is dependent on cover thickness and concrete s...
{"title":"Structural damage evaluation of reinforced concrete beams exposed to high temperatures","authors":"E. Choi, Y. Shin, H. Kim","doi":"10.1177/1042391512474666","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1042391512474666","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of temperature distribution, concrete strength, cover thickness, and heating time on the structural behavior of reinforced concrete beams. Toward this goal, reinforced concrete beams with different concrete compressive strength and cover thickness are fabricated and subjected to furnace heating for 60, 90, and 120 min under a loaded state. In order to analyze structural behavior based on the thermal behavior of the beams, transient temperature distribution is measured during the furnace heating. After furnace heating, spalling is observed. From loading tests performed on the damaged reinforced concrete beams, residual strength, maximum loads, and beam deflections are measured and examined. The experimental results show that significant damage occurs in the reinforced concrete beams under high temperatures. In addition, it is found that thermal and structural behavior of damaged reinforced concrete beams is dependent on cover thickness and concrete s...","PeriodicalId":50192,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Protection Engineering","volume":"54 1","pages":"135-151"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1042391512474666","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65328459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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