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Proposed Integration of Career Orientation as a Separate Subject in Secondary Curriculum 建议将职业定向作为独立科目纳入中学课程
Pub Date : 2024-03-22 DOI: 10.9734/ajess/2024/v50i51340
Vicente T. Baylon III
Proposed Integration of Career Orientation as a separate subject in the Secondary Education Curriculum, this study assesses the perception of a Regular College Students, Transferees, Shifters, Second Coursers-Doctor of Medicine undergoing Bachelor of Science in Nursing in a selected nursing school herein Metro Manila. Secondary Education Curriculum is a list of subjects that must be taken by the high school students per academic year. This task is focus on the assessment of nursing students in terms of age, gender, civil status, and their perception on Career Orientation as a separate subject in Secondary Curriculum.Aims: The study aimed to assess the knowledge and awareness of college students on the importance of Career Orientation as a separate subject in the secondary education curriculum to develop an essential recommendation to school administrations, Division Office, and Department of Education.Scope and Limitation of the Study: The central interview was made to the 48 undergraduate students in DCSLC, 27 undergraduate students in OLFU, and 25 Medical Doctors taking up nursing in a selected nursing school herein the Metro Manila.Research Design: The study employed Descriptive research with the used sample survey method and questionnaire to assess the knowledge and awareness of first courser and second courser college students. A Total of 100 college students from selected nursing school were recruited for this study.Results: A Total of 100 questionnaires were distributed, collected, validated, and analyzed.
本研究评估了大马尼拉地区一所选定的护理学校中的普通大学生、转校生、转岗生、第二课程生(医学博士、护理学学士)对职业定向作为一门独立科目的看法。中等教育课程是高中学生每学年必须选修的科目清单。这项任务的重点是评估护理专业学生的年龄、性别、婚姻状况,以及他们对职业定向作为中等教育课程中的一门独立科目的看法。研究目的:本研究旨在评估大学生对职业定向作为中等教育课程中的一门独立科目的重要性的了解和认识,以便向学校管理部门、分部办公室和教育部提出重要建议:研究范围和局限性:本研究的主要访谈对象是大马尼拉地区一所选定的护理学校中的 48 名 DCSLC 本科生、27 名 OLFU 本科生和 25 名从事护理工作的医生:本研究采用了描述性研究方法,通过抽样调查法和问卷调查来评估大学一年级和二年级学生的知识和意识。本研究共招募了 100 名来自选定护理学校的大学生:共发放、收集、验证和分析了 100 份问卷。
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引用次数: 0
Study on Learning Assurance of High-Impact Teaching in Consumer Behavior Course 消费者行为学课程高效教学的学习保障研究
Pub Date : 2024-03-21 DOI: 10.9734/ajess/2024/v50i51336
T. Yen
High-impact teaching philosophy helps students to expand their learning, exercise their critical thinking skills and apply the professional knowledge they have learned, which not only promotes the learning effect during the school year, but also focuses on the career development of students. However, less research has focused on learning security under high-impact teaching concepts. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to explore the assurance of high impact teaching in consumer behavior in the learning effect, and put forward suggestions. This study obtained data through course summary and office hour records, and concluded which measures were more effective through text analysis. The research finds that students' text analysis shows that practical training programs can best promote theoretical knowledge learning and ability training, and office hour can indeed help students establish career goals. Finally, it is suggested that schools should put forward an incentive scheme for high-impact teaching.
高影响力教学理念有助于学生拓展学习内容、锻炼思辨能力、应用所学专业知识,不仅能促进学生在校期间的学习效果,还能关注学生的职业发展。然而,有关高影响力教学理念下学习安全的研究较少。因此,本文旨在探讨高影响力教学在消费者行为学中的学习效果保障,并提出相关建议。本研究通过课程总结和办公时间记录获取数据,并通过文本分析总结出哪些措施更有效。研究发现,从学生的文本分析来看,实训项目最能促进理论知识学习和能力培养,而office hour确实能帮助学生确立职业目标。最后,建议学校提出高效教学的激励机制。
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引用次数: 0
Effectiveness of Differentiated Learning in Improving Literacy and Numeracy of Primary School Students 差异化学习在提高小学生读写能力和计算能力方面的效果
Pub Date : 2024-03-21 DOI: 10.9734/ajess/2024/v50i51337
N. Indrawatiningsih, Siti Qomariyah, Andina Rahma Nubita, Lailatul Muarofah
Literacy and numeracy are one of the critical thinking skills in solving daily life problems that must be possessed by every individual. Based on data obtained from PISA, the level of literacy and numeracy skills in Indonesia is still relatively low, which ranks 62nd out of 70 countries. Therefore, efforts are needed to improve literacy and numeracy skills, one of which is through Differentiated Learning Activities. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of differentiated learning implementation in improving students' literacy and numeracy skills. The subjects of this study were fifth grade students one of elementary school in Pasuruan with a total of 18 students. The instruments used in this study were pretest and post-test sheets, observation sheets, and documentation. The method used in this research is an experiment with a pre-experimental design (One Group Pretest-Posttest) using the t test. Data collection techniques are observation, tests (pretest and posttest), and documentation. This study found that the application of differentiated learning can improve the literacy and numeracy skills of elementary school students. This is obtained from the results of the t test which shows that literacy skills obtained a significance value = 0.04452 and numeracy skills obtained a significance value = 0.000938 with α = 0.05. Based on the test criteria that the significance value <0.05 means that differentiated learning can improve students' literacy and numeracy skills. In addition, the average score of the post-test results on literacy skills is 73.611. While the average score of the post-test results on numeracy skills is 70.277 so that the average result of normalized gain with a literacy ability value of 0.53 and a numeracy ability value of 0.58. The differentiated learning activities that have been carried out can improve students' literacy and numeracy skills.
识字和算术是解决日常生活问题的关键思维技能之一,每个人都必须掌握。根据国际学生评估项目(PISA)获得的数据,印度尼西亚的识字和算术技能水平仍然相对较低,在 70 个国家中排名第 62 位。因此,需要努力提高识字和算术技能,其中之一就是开展差异化学习活动。本研究旨在确定实施差异化学习对提高学生读写和计算能力的有效性。本研究的对象是 Pasuruan 小学五年级的学生,共有 18 名学生。本研究使用的工具包括前测和后测表、观察表和记录。本研究采用的方法是实验前设计(一组前测-后测),使用 t 检验。数据收集技术包括观察、测试(前测和后测)和记录。本研究发现,差异化学习的应用可以提高小学生的读写和计算能力。t 检验结果表明,在 α = 0.05 的条件下,识字能力的显著性值 = 0.04452,计算能力的显著性值 = 0.000938。根据显著值小于 0.05 的检验标准,差异化学习可以提高学生的识字和计算能力。此外,识字技能的后测结果平均分为 73.611。而计算能力的后测结果平均分为 70.277,因此,正常化增益的平均结果是识字能力值为 0.53,计算能力值为 0.58。已开展的差异化学习活动可以提高学生的识字和计算能力。
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引用次数: 0
The Role of Teachers in Curriculum Management Implementation: A Narrative Literature Review on Challenges, Best Practices, and Professional Development 教师在课程管理实施中的作用:关于挑战、最佳实践和专业发展的叙述性文献综述
Pub Date : 2024-03-21 DOI: 10.9734/ajess/2024/v50i51338
Prosmala Hadisaputra, Lalu Fauzi Haryadi, M. Zuhri, Muhammad Thohri, Muh. Zulkifli
Aims: This study aims to acquire comprehensive information regarding the role of teachers in curriculum management implementation. The focus of this study lies on the challenges, best practices, and professional development of teachers in the implementation of curriculum management within the educational context of Indonesia.Study Design:  This study constitutes qualitative research employing a narrative literature review approach.Duration of Study: This literature review was conducted over a two-month period, spanning from 1st September to 30th October 2023.Methodology: As this study adopts a qualitative approach with a narrative literature review, the primary data sources include scholarly journal articles and seminar proceedings. These data were collected online through the Google Scholar database. In this study, a total of 22 articles were reviewed.Results: The findings demonstrate that: 1) teachers face several challenges in the implementation of curriculum management, including: (1) Understanding Complex Curricula; (2) adapting to the interests and needs of students; (3) limited time; (4) comprehensive assessment; (5) continuous professional development, and (6) adequate resources. 2) As for best practices in curriculum management implementation, they include: (1) understanding and interpreting the curriculum; (2) structured lesson planning; (3) using varied teaching methods and strategies; 4) differentiated learning; (5) utilizing technology in teaching; (6) collaboration and knowledge exchange; (7) reflection and practice renewal; and (8) involving students in learning. 3) Regarding the professional development of teachers in curriculum management implementation, it encompasses: (1) training and workshops; (2) participation in certification programs; (3) mentoring and collaboration; (4) academic development programs; and (5) attending conferences and seminars.Conclusion: The role of teachers in curriculum management implementation confronts intricate challenges. Furthermore, best practices in curriculum management implementation encompass numerous aspects that need to be addressed. Therefore, strategic steps in teacher professional development are imperative.
研究目的:本研究旨在全面了解教师在课程管理实施中的作用。本研究的重点是在印度尼西亚的教育背景下,教师在实施课程管理过程中面临的挑战、最佳实践和专业发展: 本研究采用叙事性文献综述法进行定性研究:本文献综述从 2023 年 9 月 1 日至 10 月 30 日,历时两个月:由于本研究采用了叙事性文献综述的定性研究方法,因此主要数据来源包括学术期刊文章和研讨会论文集。这些数据是通过谷歌学术数据库在线收集的。本研究共查阅了 22 篇文章:研究结果表明1)教师在实施课程管理的过程中面临着一些挑战,包括:(1)理解复杂的课程;(2)适应学生的兴趣和需求;(3)有限的时间;(4)全面的评估;(5)持续的专业发展,以及(6)充足的资源。2) 至于课程管理实施的最佳做法,它们包括(1) 理解和詮釋課程;(2) 有系統地備課;(3) 運用多種教學方法和策略;(4) 分類學習;(5) 利用科技教學;(6) 協作和知識交流;(7) 反思和實踐更新;(8) 讓學生參與學習。3)关于教师在课程管理实施中的专业发展,它包括:(1)培训和研讨会;(2)参加认证项目;(3)指导与合作;(4)学术发展项目;(5)参加会议和研讨会:教师在课程管理实施中的作用面临着错综复杂的挑战。结论:教师在课程管理实施中的作用面临着错综复杂的挑战。此外,课程管理实施的最佳 实践包括许多需要解决的方面。因此,教师专业发展的战略步骤势在必行。
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引用次数: 0
Investigating the Correlation between English Spoken Fluency and Working Memory Capacity in both Dialogic and Monologic Presentations 调查英语口语流利程度与对话式和单一式演讲中工作记忆能力之间的相关性
Pub Date : 2024-03-16 DOI: 10.9734/ajess/2024/v50i41335
Nada Alshehri
Studies on second language (L2) speech fluency recommend studying fluency in a dialogic context. In response to the researchers' calls, this study introduced monologic and dialogic tasks to investigate the various aspects of speed, breakdown, and repair fluency in the oral performancemost L2 fluency studies have looked at oral fluency in a monologic task. Dialogue is the more authentic and natural way of communication, which is apparent in everyday language use. Currently, there is a scarcity of research examining dialogue fluency in non-native bilingual speakers who share the same L2. The existing body of research on language learning and processing has underscored significant connections between individual differences (IDs) in working memory capacity (WMC) and models of L2 speech production in both first language (L1). Nevertheless, it remains unclear whether variations in WMC are linked to dysfluency in L2 monologue and dialogue. Therefore, this study also aimed to fill this gap in the literature by investigating the correlation between utterance fluency in both monologue and dialogue and WMC. A total of 64 undergraduate Saudi students were given various tasks as part of the study. An argumentative task was presented as a monologue focused on a prevalent topic in the participants’ country. In contrast, during a dialogic discussion task, 32 pairs engaged in exchanging opinions on a popular subject in their country. Additionally, participants underwent two challenging working memory (WM) tests: the Operation Span Test and the Backward Digit Span Test. The findings aligned with prior research, indicating that L2 participants demonstrated greater fluency in dialogue compared to monologue, as evident in speed and breakdown measures of utterance fluency. Interestingly, WMC did not emerge as a robust predictor for variations in L2 oral performances between monologue and dialogue.
有关第二语言(L2)言语流利性的研究建议在对话语境中研究流利性。为了响应研究者的呼吁,本研究引入了单项任务和对话任务,以考察口语表现中的速度、分解和修复流利性等各个方面。对话是更真实、更自然的交流方式,这在日常语言使用中显而易见。目前,对母语为第二语言的非双语者对话流利性的研究还很少。关于语言学习和处理的现有研究强调了工作记忆能力(WMC)的个体差异(IDs)与第一语言(L1)的第二语言语音生成模型之间的重要联系。然而,工作记忆容量的差异是否与 L2 独白和对话中的流畅性障碍有关,目前仍不清楚。因此,本研究也旨在通过调查独白和对话中的语篇流畅性与 WMC 之间的相关性来填补这一文献空白。本研究共向 64 名沙特本科生布置了各种任务。论证任务以独白的形式呈现,重点是参与者所在国家的一个流行话题。与此相反,在对话讨论任务中,32 对参与者就本国的热门话题交换了意见。此外,参与者还接受了两项具有挑战性的工作记忆(WM)测试:操作跨度测试和后向数字跨度测试。研究结果与之前的研究结果一致,表明与独白相比,后语参与者在对话中表现出更高的流利度,这一点在语速和语句流利度的细分测量中都很明显。有趣的是,WMC 并未成为预测独白和对话之间第二语言口语表现差异的有力因素。
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引用次数: 0
Impact of Social Media on Society: A Literature Review 社交媒体对社会的影响:文献综述
Pub Date : 2024-03-16 DOI: 10.9734/ajess/2024/v50i41334
Zahid Ahmad Wani, Ayesha Bhat, Vartika Vishnoi, Hina Praveen, Naveen H Simon, Diana Hephzibah
This manuscript explores the profound impact of social media on society, with a focus on social behavior, politics, and cultural norms. Employing a systematic literature review, including diverse sources, case studies, and real-world examples, the study provides a nuanced and comprehensive analysis. The brevity enforced by character limits on platforms like Twitter has shaped concise and direct communication, with emojis, memes, and hashtags becoming integral to online discourse. The rapid spread of information on social media has, however, led to the dissemination of misinformation, influencing public opinion and potentially affecting political outcomes. Collaboration among individuals, policymakers, and technology developers is crucial to shape the future of social media responsibly. This necessitates cultivating a culture of responsible use, promoting digital literacy, and advocating for policies that safeguard user rights and well-being. Striking a balance between innovation and ethical considerations is paramount to ensure the continued positive contribution of social media to society.
本手稿探讨了社交媒体对社会的深远影响,重点关注社会行为、政治和文化规范。本研究通过系统的文献综述,包括不同的资料来源、案例研究和现实世界的例子,提供了细致入微的全面分析。推特(Twitter)等平台上的字符限制所带来的简洁性塑造了简洁直接的交流方式,表情符号、备忘录和标签已成为网络话语中不可或缺的一部分。然而,社交媒体上信息的快速传播也导致了错误信息的传播,影响了公众舆论并可能影响政治结果。个人、政策制定者和技术开发者之间的合作对于以负责任的方式塑造社交媒体的未来至关重要。这就需要培养一种负责任的使用文化,推广数字素养,倡导保障用户权利和福祉的政策。要确保社交媒体继续为社会做出积极贡献,最重要的是在创新和道德考量之间取得平衡。
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引用次数: 0
Development of Learning Models Computer and Network Engineering Expertise Concentration Based on Flipped - blended Learning 基于翻转式混合学习的计算机与网络工程专业知识集中学习模式的开发
Pub Date : 2024-03-15 DOI: 10.9734/ajess/2024/v50i41332
Noer Ekafitri Sam, Purnamawati, Abdul Muis Mappalotteng
The objectives of this research are: (1) analyzing the need for learning models; (2) designing learning tools; (3) analyzing the effectiveness of the learning model. The research method used is the development research method or Research and Development. The process of developing this learning model refers to the ADDIE development model which includes: (1) Analysis: performance analysis and needs analysis; (2) the design stage composes teaching modules, model books, LMS designs, and manual books. Preparation of research products and tools based on literature reviews that have been carried out by researchers; (3) Development through individual trials and small group trials. Then produce a product prototype (4) Implementation conduct field tests at YPPP Wonomulyo Vocational School by implementing a learning model prototype, and collecting user responses to the learning model applied; (5) Evaluation in the form of a review of research products and tools. The research results showed that at the small group testing stage and user responses were in the very good category. The learning model for concentrating computer and network engineering skills based on flipped-blended learning is effective based on observer assessments and user responses. Therefore, it is recommended that the learning model for concentrating computer and network engineering skills based on flipped-blended learning can be used as a reference for managing learning that is fun, makes things easier, increases motivation and optimizes student learning outcomes.
本研究的目标是(1) 分析对学习模式的需求;(2) 设计学习工具;(3) 分析学习模式的有效性。采用的研究方法是开发研究法或研究与开发法。该学习模式的开发过程参考了 ADDIE 开发模式,其中包括(1) 分析:绩效分析和需求分析;(2) 设计阶段包括教学模块、范本、LMS 设计和手册。根据研究人员进行的文献综述,准备研究产品和工具;(3)通过个人试验和小组试验进行开发。然后制作产品原型;(4) 在 YPPP Wonomulyo 职业学校进行实地测试,实施学习模式原型,并收集用户对所应用学习模式的反应;(5) 以研究产品和工具回顾的形式进行评估。研究结果表明,在小组测试阶段,用户反应属于非常好的一类。根据观察者的评估和用户的反应,基于翻转混合式学习的计算机与网络工程技能集中学习模式是有效的。因此,建议将基于翻转混合式学习的计算机与网络工程技能集中学习模式作为学习管理的参考,寓教于乐,化难为易,提高学习积极性,优化学生的学习效果。
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引用次数: 0
Analyzing Teachers' Attitude towards Integrating Technology in Teaching and Learning 分析教师对将技术融入教学的态度
Pub Date : 2024-03-15 DOI: 10.9734/ajess/2024/v50i41333
Tenzin Rabten
An attempt has been made to investigate the technology acceptance in teaching in relation to attitude of school teachers'. The focus of the research is to-evaluate the school teachers' attitude towards technology acceptance in teaching; find the difference in female and male school teachers' attitude towards technology acceptance in teaching. Method used for data collection was descriptive survey. A sample of three hundred and four school teachers (comprising of 151 female and 153 male school teachers) was drawn from eighteen government school (six districts namely Samdrup Jongkhar, Pema Gatshel, Tashi Gang, Tashi Yangtse, Mongar and Lhuntse of Bhutan) of Eastern Bhutan through convenience sampling. The objective and hypotheses of the study have been tested by using mean, standard deviation, frequencies, percentages and z'-test. Results revealed that 1) majority of school teachers have positive (highly favorable and favorable) attitude towards the technology acceptance in teaching; and 2) Attitude of female and male school teachers towards technology acceptance in teaching do not differ significantly from each other. Female and male school teachers have favorable attitude, to equal extent or degree, towards the technology acceptance in teaching.
本研究试图调查教学技术接受程度与学校教师态度的关系。研究的重点是评估学校教师对教学中技术接受度的态度;发现学校男女教师对教学中技术接受度态度的差异。数据收集方法为描述性调查。通过便利抽样法,从不丹东部的 18 所公立学校(不丹的六个地区,即桑德鲁琼卡、佩玛-加谢尔、塔什岗、塔什央措、蒙加和伦采)中抽取了 34 名学校教师样本(包括 151 名女教师和 153 名男教师)。研究的目标和假设通过平均值、标准差、频率、百分比和 z 检验进行了检验。结果表明:1)大多数学校教师对教学中接受技术持积极态度(非常积极和积极);2)学校男女教师对教学中接受技术的态度没有显著差异。学校男女教师对教学技术接受程度的好感程度相当。
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引用次数: 0
The Effectiveness of Essay Writing Training Module in Improving Literacy Skills of High School Students 作文训练模块在提高高中生读写能力方面的效果
Pub Date : 2024-03-14 DOI: 10.9734/ajess/2024/v50i41331
Shabiel Zakaria, H. Gani, S. Kamaruddin, Patta Bundu
This research aims to determine the effectiveness and validity of essay writing training module in improving the literacy skills of high school students. The research design used in this study is the ADDIE development research model. This development research was conducted from 15th to 30th December 2023 at secondary School. The research subjects are the supervising teachers and students who are members of the KIR UPT SMAN 1 Bone. The research objects include: (1) the essay writing skills of the students, (2) the response of the supervising teachers of KIR UPT SMAN 1 Bone to the developed training module, and (3) the response of the students who are members of KIR UPT SMAN 1 Bone to the developed training module. The instruments used to collect information in this development research are observation sheets and questionnaires. Based on the data analysis, according to the percentage of assessment by KIR UPT SMAN 1 Bone members regarding the effectiveness of the essay writing training module, out of 25 KIR UPT SMAN 1 Bone members, 19 students stated that the module is very effective, five students stated that the module is effective, and one student stated that the module is sufficiently effective. The research results show that the effectiveness test results of the essay writing training module development indicate that 76% of the respondents consider the module to be very effective, 20% of the respondents consider the module to be effective, and 4% of the respondents consider the module to be moderately effective in improving the literacy writing skills of the students. The validity test results of the essay writing training module development by subject matter experts and media experts indicate that the designed module is highly valid for use in improving the literacy writing skills of the students.
本研究旨在确定作文训练模块在提高高中生读写能力方面的有效性和有效性。本研究采用的研究设计是 ADDIE 发展研究模型。本发展研究于 2023 年 12 月 15 日至 30 日在中学进行。研究对象是 KIR UPT SMAN 1 Bone 的指导教师和学生。研究对象包括(1) 学生的论文写作技巧;(2) KIR UPT SMAN 1 Bone 的指导教师对开发的培训模块的反应;(3) KIR UPT SMAN 1 Bone 的学生对开发的培训模块的反应。本开发研究中用于收集信息的工具是观察表和调查问卷。根据数据分析,在 25 名 KIR UPT SMAN 1 Bone 成员中,根据 KIR UPT SMAN 1 Bone 成员对论文写作培训模块有效性的评价百分比,19 名学生表示该模块非常有效,5 名学生表示该模块有效,1 名学生表示该模块足够有效。研究结果显示,作文训练模块开发的有效性测试结果表明,76% 的受访者认为该模块对提高学生的读写能力非常有效,20% 的受访者认为该模块有效,4% 的受访者认为该模块对提高学生的读写能力效果一般。学科专家和媒体专家对作文训练模块开发的有效性测试结果表明,所设计的模块对提高学生的识字写作能力非常有效。
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引用次数: 0
The Effect of Padlet-assisted Flipped Classroom Learning Model on Critical Thinking Ability Padlet 辅助翻转课堂学习模式对批判性思维能力的影响
Pub Date : 2024-03-14 DOI: 10.9734/ajess/2024/v50i41329
Ika Puspitasari, Shokhibul Arifin
The aim of this research is to compare the flipped classroom learning model assisted by Padlet and the blended learning model on critical thinking skills. The problem that will be studied is whether there are differences in the two dimensions of the learning model regarding critical thinking abilities. In this study, the independent variable (X) is the flipped classroom learning model assisted by Padlet. Meanwhile, the dependent variable (Y) is critical thinking. The research sample was taken from students at SMA Muhammadiyah 1 Surabaya. The research sample was taken from students who were normally distributed, had the same characteristics (homogeneous), and had the same average value. Then two groups (classes) were taken as samples two experimental group classes used a flipped class learning model assisted by padlet and two control group classes used a blended learning model. The data analysis technique used is the independent sample T-test statistical analysis technique. With a significance level of 0.05. The resulting Sig value is known. (2-tailed) of 0.025. The results show that there are differences in critical thinking abilities between the flipped classroom learning model, assisted by Padlet, and the blended learning model.
本研究旨在比较由 Padlet 辅助的翻转课堂学习模式和混合式学习模式在批判性思维能力方面的差异。要研究的问题是,两种学习模式在批判性思维能力方面是否存在差异。在本研究中,自变量(X)是 Padlet 辅助的翻转课堂学习模式。同时,因变量(Y)是批判性思维。研究样本来自泗水 SMA Muhammadiyah 1 的学生。研究样本取自正态分布、具有相同特征(同质)和相同平均值的学生。然后以两个小组(班级)为样本,两个实验组班级使用 padlet 辅助的翻转课堂学习模式,两个对照组班级使用混合学习模式。采用的数据分析技术是独立样本 T 检验统计分析技术。显著性水平为 0.05。得出的 Sig 值为(双尾)为 0.025。结果表明,在 Padlet 的辅助下,翻转课堂学习模式与混合式学习模式在批判性思维能力方面存在差异。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Asian Journal of Education and Social Studies
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