A recent paleontological inventory of Cretaceous strata in the Ojito Wilderness near San Ysidro, Sandoval County, New Mexico, discovered a slab of sandstone of the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian) Paguate Member of the Dakota Formation with a highly unusual ichnoassemblage preserved on the surface . The sandstone is a 0.1 to 0.3 m thick bed that is medium-grained and quartzose. It has symmetrical ripples on the trace-fossil-bearing surface and is from a stratigraphic level ~ 3 m above the base of the Paguate Member. The traces are: (1) abundant Thalassinoides that form branching, polygonal networks; (2) several trails of Cruziana ; (3) four specimens of Zoophycos; and (4) an area with undertrack fallout of the horseshoe crab walking trace Kouphichnium . Some Thalassinoides crosscut Cruziana and one of the Zoophycos traces, so this suggests at least two episodes of trace formation. This ichnoassemblage from the Paguate Member clearly was preserved in a shallow, well oxygenated marine setting at or slightly above wave base. Indeed, the assemblage can readily be assigned to the Cruziana ichnofacies, which is characteristic of shallow marine settings. Nevertheless, Zoophycos has long been accepted as an indicator of deep and/or poorly oxygenated marine waters, so it is “out of place” among traces typical of the Cruziana ichnofacies. The Paguate ichnoassemblage thus presents evidence that Zoophycos is a facies crossing ichnotaxon that should not be associated with an archetypal ichnofacies.
{"title":"Unusual trace fossil assemblage from the Upper Cretaceous Paguate Member of the Dakota Formation in the Ojito Wilderness, Sandoval County, New Mexico","authors":"P. May, S. Lucas, J. B. Rogers","doi":"10.56577/sm-2022.2782","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2022.2782","url":null,"abstract":"A recent paleontological inventory of Cretaceous strata in the Ojito Wilderness near San Ysidro, Sandoval County, New Mexico, discovered a slab of sandstone of the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian) Paguate Member of the Dakota Formation with a highly unusual ichnoassemblage preserved on the surface . The sandstone is a 0.1 to 0.3 m thick bed that is medium-grained and quartzose. It has symmetrical ripples on the trace-fossil-bearing surface and is from a stratigraphic level ~ 3 m above the base of the Paguate Member. The traces are: (1) abundant Thalassinoides that form branching, polygonal networks; (2) several trails of Cruziana ; (3) four specimens of Zoophycos; and (4) an area with undertrack fallout of the horseshoe crab walking trace Kouphichnium . Some Thalassinoides crosscut Cruziana and one of the Zoophycos traces, so this suggests at least two episodes of trace formation. This ichnoassemblage from the Paguate Member clearly was preserved in a shallow, well oxygenated marine setting at or slightly above wave base. Indeed, the assemblage can readily be assigned to the Cruziana ichnofacies, which is characteristic of shallow marine settings. Nevertheless, Zoophycos has long been accepted as an indicator of deep and/or poorly oxygenated marine waters, so it is “out of place” among traces typical of the Cruziana ichnofacies. The Paguate ichnoassemblage thus presents evidence that Zoophycos is a facies crossing ichnotaxon that should not be associated with an archetypal ichnofacies.","PeriodicalId":50244,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cave and Karst Studies","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75706412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Seismic Monitoring of Flash Floods—Sediment Transport, Flood Detection, and Flow Characteristics Inferred from Seismic Signals in an Ephemeral Watershed","authors":"John McLaughlin, S. Bilek, D. Cadol","doi":"10.56577/sm-2022.2802","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2022.2802","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50244,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cave and Karst Studies","volume":"111 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78527771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The San Acacia reach of the Middle Rio Grande experiences high conveyance losses throughout the year that vary greatly based on local features, seasonal flow variability, and regional influences. Variability in loss rates are driven by hydrogeological differences, topographical differences, and vegetative differences throughout the region, with some sub-reaches occasionally gaining flow and some sub reaches frequently losing 100% of flow. Summer drying events provide insight into the most critical reaches, and close analysis of water table trends within these areas can provide further indications of the controlling local features. In addition to these local controls, there is a larger climate-related control on the entire region. During poor water years, flows have higher percentage losses than good water years, minimizing effective conveyances. It becomes difficult to counteract the effects that poor flows have on the water table, which raise hydraulic gradients and increase conveyance losses for extended periods of time. Conveyance losses are controlled by several scales of influence, but outlining them and understanding the interactions between them is a critical challenge for maximizing flow transmission in the future.
{"title":"Controls on flow conveyance losses in the San Acacia reach of the Middle Rio Grande","authors":"Katie McLain","doi":"10.56577/sm-2022.2840","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2022.2840","url":null,"abstract":"The San Acacia reach of the Middle Rio Grande experiences high conveyance losses throughout the year that vary greatly based on local features, seasonal flow variability, and regional influences. Variability in loss rates are driven by hydrogeological differences, topographical differences, and vegetative differences throughout the region, with some sub-reaches occasionally gaining flow and some sub reaches frequently losing 100% of flow. Summer drying events provide insight into the most critical reaches, and close analysis of water table trends within these areas can provide further indications of the controlling local features. In addition to these local controls, there is a larger climate-related control on the entire region. During poor water years, flows have higher percentage losses than good water years, minimizing effective conveyances. It becomes difficult to counteract the effects that poor flows have on the water table, which raise hydraulic gradients and increase conveyance losses for extended periods of time. Conveyance losses are controlled by several scales of influence, but outlining them and understanding the interactions between them is a critical challenge for maximizing flow transmission in the future.","PeriodicalId":50244,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cave and Karst Studies","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78584116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Early Cretaceous (late Albian) dinosaur tracksite at Clayton Lake in Union County encompasses approximately 533 dinosaur tracks, 182 of which are organized into 28 trackways. Most of the trackways were made by bipedal ornithopod dinosaurs, but two trackways were made by bipedal theropods, and one was made by a quadrupedal ankylosaur. To estimate dinosaur speeds from the trackways, we employed the methods of Alexander (1976, 1989) and Thulborn (1990) that rely on footprint lengths and strides as the raw data from which to estimate size and speed. On the Clayton tracks, we measured total length and width as highest edge to highest edge (rim to rim) of the maximum track shape. Though not ideal, this approach was dictated by the quality and nature of track preservation and provided a consistent methodology. For deeper tracks, these measurements are similar to the “negative vertical displacement” approach, but less than the “maximum zone of deformation.” This approach neither captures the true footprint dimensions nor the full extent of extramorphological variation but does represent the maximum lengths and widths on the bedding plane surface. Track length was measured from the anterior tip of digit III to the base of the “heel” margin, actual or inferred. In some cases, our measured track lengths exceed the true foot length of the trackmaker, and these tracks are unsuitable for size and speed estimates. However, some trackways have a “best” track(s) that exhibit(s) some combination of clear track outline, high angle footwalls, and “impressed” positives. We estimated size and speed for these. The results (using the method of Alexander, 1976) are that all of the ornithopod trackways show walking speeds of ~ 2-to 7 km /hour. The relatively fastest dinosaur speed at Clayton Lake may be
{"title":"Preliminary estimates of dinosaur size and speed at the Early Cretaceous Clayton Lake dinosaur tracksite, Union County, New Mexico","authors":"J. B. Rogers, Michael A. Kvasnak, S. Lucas","doi":"10.56577/sm-2022.2797","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2022.2797","url":null,"abstract":"The Early Cretaceous (late Albian) dinosaur tracksite at Clayton Lake in Union County encompasses approximately 533 dinosaur tracks, 182 of which are organized into 28 trackways. Most of the trackways were made by bipedal ornithopod dinosaurs, but two trackways were made by bipedal theropods, and one was made by a quadrupedal ankylosaur. To estimate dinosaur speeds from the trackways, we employed the methods of Alexander (1976, 1989) and Thulborn (1990) that rely on footprint lengths and strides as the raw data from which to estimate size and speed. On the Clayton tracks, we measured total length and width as highest edge to highest edge (rim to rim) of the maximum track shape. Though not ideal, this approach was dictated by the quality and nature of track preservation and provided a consistent methodology. For deeper tracks, these measurements are similar to the “negative vertical displacement” approach, but less than the “maximum zone of deformation.” This approach neither captures the true footprint dimensions nor the full extent of extramorphological variation but does represent the maximum lengths and widths on the bedding plane surface. Track length was measured from the anterior tip of digit III to the base of the “heel” margin, actual or inferred. In some cases, our measured track lengths exceed the true foot length of the trackmaker, and these tracks are unsuitable for size and speed estimates. However, some trackways have a “best” track(s) that exhibit(s) some combination of clear track outline, high angle footwalls, and “impressed” positives. We estimated size and speed for these. The results (using the method of Alexander, 1976) are that all of the ornithopod trackways show walking speeds of ~ 2-to 7 km /hour. The relatively fastest dinosaur speed at Clayton Lake may be","PeriodicalId":50244,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cave and Karst Studies","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87749330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Navigating the Blm Proposal Submission Process to Gain Scientific Entries to Fort Stanton Cave","authors":"Knutt Peterson","doi":"10.56577/sm-2022.2825","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2022.2825","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50244,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cave and Karst Studies","volume":"67 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85344223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Monitoring Bats on the Fort Stanton – Snowy River Cave National Conservation Area","authors":"Debbie C. Buecher, D. Northup","doi":"10.56577/sm-2022.2842","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2022.2842","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50244,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cave and Karst Studies","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81829366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. May, S. Lucas, H. Kerp, W. DiMichele, J. B. Rogers
{"title":"An early Permian fossil flora from the Arroyo de Alamillo Formation of the Yeso Group, Socorro County, NM","authors":"P. May, S. Lucas, H. Kerp, W. DiMichele, J. B. Rogers","doi":"10.56577/sm-2022.2787","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2022.2787","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50244,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cave and Karst Studies","volume":"20 2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84988833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Earth resistivity measurements near Fort Stanton Cave were begun shortly after the discovery of the Snowy River passage in 2001. Resistive anomalies were frequently detected ahead of the progress of underground exploration and survey of the cave passages, and later shown to represent cave passages when the survey lines passed through the anomalies. Many other anomalies are present between and adjacent to the passages currently known.
{"title":"Resistivity Measurements at Fort Stanton Cave New Mexico","authors":"J. McLean","doi":"10.56577/sm-2022.2815","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2022.2815","url":null,"abstract":"Earth resistivity measurements near Fort Stanton Cave were begun shortly after the discovery of the Snowy River passage in 2001. Resistive anomalies were frequently detected ahead of the progress of underground exploration and survey of the cave passages, and later shown to represent cave passages when the survey lines passed through the anomalies. Many other anomalies are present between and adjacent to the passages currently known.","PeriodicalId":50244,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cave and Karst Studies","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82558161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Microbe-Mineral Interactions in Caves","authors":"Daniel S. Jones, D. Northup, P. Boston","doi":"10.56577/sm-2022.2846","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2022.2846","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50244,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cave and Karst Studies","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79011312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Regional Geology of the Northeastern Sacramento Mountains, Lincoln and Otero Counties, New Mexico","authors":"G. Rawling","doi":"10.56577/sm-2022.2839","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2022.2839","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50244,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cave and Karst Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72992398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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