A half mile of Fort Stanton Cave’s Snowy River has been modeled in 3-D using Lidar point clouds to define the walls and photos of the floor, wall and ceiling along that entire length to map onto the wall mesh. The Unity gaming engine was used to allow easy exploration and inspection of this 3-D model on a PC, Mac, or Linux computer, either as a first-person viewer, or as an avatar. This tool (Caver Quest) is available for free on the Fort Stanton Cave Study Project web site (www.FSCSP.org). The half mile of Snowy River in Caver Quest also has been deployed to the Meta Quest 2 virtual reality headset (“Caver Trek: Snowy River”). This highly-immersive tool allows for more detailed inspection of this section of the cave. A Quest 2 headset will be available at the conference for experiencing this simulation. An additional four miles of passage in the historic section of the cave has been modeled with lidar-determined walls in Caver Quest. To reduce the file size, generic wall textures from photos in the local area are used instead of actual photos along the entire seven-mile stretch. Caver Quest can be used to familiarize researchers with the structure of the cave and estimate travel times to distant locations for sampling.
{"title":"3-D Modeling of Fort Stanton Cave using Maps, Lidar, Photogrammetry, and Gaming Engines","authors":"R. Lipinski","doi":"10.56577/sm-2022.2814","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2022.2814","url":null,"abstract":"A half mile of Fort Stanton Cave’s Snowy River has been modeled in 3-D using Lidar point clouds to define the walls and photos of the floor, wall and ceiling along that entire length to map onto the wall mesh. The Unity gaming engine was used to allow easy exploration and inspection of this 3-D model on a PC, Mac, or Linux computer, either as a first-person viewer, or as an avatar. This tool (Caver Quest) is available for free on the Fort Stanton Cave Study Project web site (www.FSCSP.org). The half mile of Snowy River in Caver Quest also has been deployed to the Meta Quest 2 virtual reality headset (“Caver Trek: Snowy River”). This highly-immersive tool allows for more detailed inspection of this section of the cave. A Quest 2 headset will be available at the conference for experiencing this simulation. An additional four miles of passage in the historic section of the cave has been modeled with lidar-determined walls in Caver Quest. To reduce the file size, generic wall textures from photos in the local area are used instead of actual photos along the entire seven-mile stretch. Caver Quest can be used to familiarize researchers with the structure of the cave and estimate travel times to distant locations for sampling.","PeriodicalId":50244,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cave and Karst Studies","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74313870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A recent paleontological inventory of Cretaceous strata in the Ojito Wilderness near San Ysidro, Sandoval County, New Mexico, discovered a slab of sandstone of the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian) Paguate Member of the Dakota Formation with a highly unusual ichnoassemblage preserved on the surface . The sandstone is a 0.1 to 0.3 m thick bed that is medium-grained and quartzose. It has symmetrical ripples on the trace-fossil-bearing surface and is from a stratigraphic level ~ 3 m above the base of the Paguate Member. The traces are: (1) abundant Thalassinoides that form branching, polygonal networks; (2) several trails of Cruziana ; (3) four specimens of Zoophycos; and (4) an area with undertrack fallout of the horseshoe crab walking trace Kouphichnium . Some Thalassinoides crosscut Cruziana and one of the Zoophycos traces, so this suggests at least two episodes of trace formation. This ichnoassemblage from the Paguate Member clearly was preserved in a shallow, well oxygenated marine setting at or slightly above wave base. Indeed, the assemblage can readily be assigned to the Cruziana ichnofacies, which is characteristic of shallow marine settings. Nevertheless, Zoophycos has long been accepted as an indicator of deep and/or poorly oxygenated marine waters, so it is “out of place” among traces typical of the Cruziana ichnofacies. The Paguate ichnoassemblage thus presents evidence that Zoophycos is a facies crossing ichnotaxon that should not be associated with an archetypal ichnofacies.
{"title":"Unusual trace fossil assemblage from the Upper Cretaceous Paguate Member of the Dakota Formation in the Ojito Wilderness, Sandoval County, New Mexico","authors":"P. May, S. Lucas, J. B. Rogers","doi":"10.56577/sm-2022.2782","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2022.2782","url":null,"abstract":"A recent paleontological inventory of Cretaceous strata in the Ojito Wilderness near San Ysidro, Sandoval County, New Mexico, discovered a slab of sandstone of the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian) Paguate Member of the Dakota Formation with a highly unusual ichnoassemblage preserved on the surface . The sandstone is a 0.1 to 0.3 m thick bed that is medium-grained and quartzose. It has symmetrical ripples on the trace-fossil-bearing surface and is from a stratigraphic level ~ 3 m above the base of the Paguate Member. The traces are: (1) abundant Thalassinoides that form branching, polygonal networks; (2) several trails of Cruziana ; (3) four specimens of Zoophycos; and (4) an area with undertrack fallout of the horseshoe crab walking trace Kouphichnium . Some Thalassinoides crosscut Cruziana and one of the Zoophycos traces, so this suggests at least two episodes of trace formation. This ichnoassemblage from the Paguate Member clearly was preserved in a shallow, well oxygenated marine setting at or slightly above wave base. Indeed, the assemblage can readily be assigned to the Cruziana ichnofacies, which is characteristic of shallow marine settings. Nevertheless, Zoophycos has long been accepted as an indicator of deep and/or poorly oxygenated marine waters, so it is “out of place” among traces typical of the Cruziana ichnofacies. The Paguate ichnoassemblage thus presents evidence that Zoophycos is a facies crossing ichnotaxon that should not be associated with an archetypal ichnofacies.","PeriodicalId":50244,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cave and Karst Studies","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75706412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
hydrogeology a conceptual the which the its the to the Snowy current known extent of the Passage. Chemistry and stream discharge data indicate that Eagle Creek is likely the main source of water for Snowy River. Seepage from Eagle Creek recharges a perched aquifer in the fluvial sediments that lie below the Snowy River calcite formation that lines the stream channel. Water in this aquifer leaks downward to recharge the regional aquifer. During periods of high stream discharge in Eagle Creek, when recharge rates exceed leakage rates, a pressure response to the head increase in the recharge area causes the water table to quickly rise above the streambed, initiating stream flow in Snowy River, which ultimately discharges at Government Spring and flows into the Rio Bonito.
{"title":"Hydrogeology of Snowy River Passage, Fort Stanton Cave, New Mexico","authors":"B. Newton","doi":"10.56577/sm-2022.2860","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2022.2860","url":null,"abstract":"hydrogeology a conceptual the which the its the to the Snowy current known extent of the Passage. Chemistry and stream discharge data indicate that Eagle Creek is likely the main source of water for Snowy River. Seepage from Eagle Creek recharges a perched aquifer in the fluvial sediments that lie below the Snowy River calcite formation that lines the stream channel. Water in this aquifer leaks downward to recharge the regional aquifer. During periods of high stream discharge in Eagle Creek, when recharge rates exceed leakage rates, a pressure response to the head increase in the recharge area causes the water table to quickly rise above the streambed, initiating stream flow in Snowy River, which ultimately discharges at Government Spring and flows into the Rio Bonito.","PeriodicalId":50244,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cave and Karst Studies","volume":"128 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72768133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Seismic Monitoring of Flash Floods—Sediment Transport, Flood Detection, and Flow Characteristics Inferred from Seismic Signals in an Ephemeral Watershed","authors":"John McLaughlin, S. Bilek, D. Cadol","doi":"10.56577/sm-2022.2802","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2022.2802","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50244,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cave and Karst Studies","volume":"111 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78527771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The San Acacia reach of the Middle Rio Grande experiences high conveyance losses throughout the year that vary greatly based on local features, seasonal flow variability, and regional influences. Variability in loss rates are driven by hydrogeological differences, topographical differences, and vegetative differences throughout the region, with some sub-reaches occasionally gaining flow and some sub reaches frequently losing 100% of flow. Summer drying events provide insight into the most critical reaches, and close analysis of water table trends within these areas can provide further indications of the controlling local features. In addition to these local controls, there is a larger climate-related control on the entire region. During poor water years, flows have higher percentage losses than good water years, minimizing effective conveyances. It becomes difficult to counteract the effects that poor flows have on the water table, which raise hydraulic gradients and increase conveyance losses for extended periods of time. Conveyance losses are controlled by several scales of influence, but outlining them and understanding the interactions between them is a critical challenge for maximizing flow transmission in the future.
{"title":"Controls on flow conveyance losses in the San Acacia reach of the Middle Rio Grande","authors":"Katie McLain","doi":"10.56577/sm-2022.2840","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2022.2840","url":null,"abstract":"The San Acacia reach of the Middle Rio Grande experiences high conveyance losses throughout the year that vary greatly based on local features, seasonal flow variability, and regional influences. Variability in loss rates are driven by hydrogeological differences, topographical differences, and vegetative differences throughout the region, with some sub-reaches occasionally gaining flow and some sub reaches frequently losing 100% of flow. Summer drying events provide insight into the most critical reaches, and close analysis of water table trends within these areas can provide further indications of the controlling local features. In addition to these local controls, there is a larger climate-related control on the entire region. During poor water years, flows have higher percentage losses than good water years, minimizing effective conveyances. It becomes difficult to counteract the effects that poor flows have on the water table, which raise hydraulic gradients and increase conveyance losses for extended periods of time. Conveyance losses are controlled by several scales of influence, but outlining them and understanding the interactions between them is a critical challenge for maximizing flow transmission in the future.","PeriodicalId":50244,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cave and Karst Studies","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78584116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Microbe-Mineral Interactions in Caves","authors":"Daniel S. Jones, D. Northup, P. Boston","doi":"10.56577/sm-2022.2846","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2022.2846","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50244,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cave and Karst Studies","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79011312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In 1993, Julie Stein and Angela Linse published, in a Geological Society of America Special Paper (283), a geological and archaeological examination of concepts of scale in those disciplines (Stein and Linse 1993). In both complementary disciplines the issue of scale is crucial for research. However, in many instances the two disciplines conceive of scale in very different ways. At times in geology the size and resolution of scale is tightly constrained, in other situations much less so. The same in archaeology. The obvious difference is in conceiving geological formations either in structure or composition. Mapping archaeological sites down to the millimeter is quite common for archaeologists, indeed expected. Geologists rarely are concerned about this level of scale in geological mapping. Geoarchaeological mapping of stone sources is often at a finer resolution as well (Shackley 1998; Shackley et al. Our research on the obsidian sources in the Mount Taylor volcanic field is where the contrasting views of scale intersected. Goff rightly, and with intensive research, characterizes the obsidian at Mount Taylor as derived from the Grants Ridge rhyolite center, which is most certainly correct. However, Shackley has identified two compositionally and structurally different obsidian "sources" that have important archaeological meaning - the scale is different. Called geoarchaeologically "Grants Ridge" or "Horace/La Jara Mesa" obsidian, the former exhibits a more vitrophyric fabric and a less desirable media for stone tool production, while the latter is generally aphyric and a somewhat better media for stone tool production. This difference is reflected in the archaeological record and archaeological contexts in the region. Is the geological definition incorrect? Of course not, but the scale of definition is quite contrasting, and just as meaningful to either discipline. After spending two days field sampling in Goff et al's (2019) geochronologically defined map units in "Grants Ridge rhyolite" a better understanding of scale for both geoarchaeology and geology has become visible. Indeed, some of the map units on Horace Mesa, based on the geoarchaeological examination of the obsidian in those units could be expanded. It's a matter of scale. We present those inferences, both for the Mount Taylor specific example, and as a potential guide for future geological and geoarchaeological research.
{"title":"Contrasting Geologic and Geoarchaeological Views of Grants Ridge Obsidian Deposits, Mount Taylor Volcanic Field, New Mexico","authors":"S. Shackley, F. Goff","doi":"10.56577/sm-2022.2791","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2022.2791","url":null,"abstract":"In 1993, Julie Stein and Angela Linse published, in a Geological Society of America Special Paper (283), a geological and archaeological examination of concepts of scale in those disciplines (Stein and Linse 1993). In both complementary disciplines the issue of scale is crucial for research. However, in many instances the two disciplines conceive of scale in very different ways. At times in geology the size and resolution of scale is tightly constrained, in other situations much less so. The same in archaeology. The obvious difference is in conceiving geological formations either in structure or composition. Mapping archaeological sites down to the millimeter is quite common for archaeologists, indeed expected. Geologists rarely are concerned about this level of scale in geological mapping. Geoarchaeological mapping of stone sources is often at a finer resolution as well (Shackley 1998; Shackley et al. Our research on the obsidian sources in the Mount Taylor volcanic field is where the contrasting views of scale intersected. Goff rightly, and with intensive research, characterizes the obsidian at Mount Taylor as derived from the Grants Ridge rhyolite center, which is most certainly correct. However, Shackley has identified two compositionally and structurally different obsidian \"sources\" that have important archaeological meaning - the scale is different. Called geoarchaeologically \"Grants Ridge\" or \"Horace/La Jara Mesa\" obsidian, the former exhibits a more vitrophyric fabric and a less desirable media for stone tool production, while the latter is generally aphyric and a somewhat better media for stone tool production. This difference is reflected in the archaeological record and archaeological contexts in the region. Is the geological definition incorrect? Of course not, but the scale of definition is quite contrasting, and just as meaningful to either discipline. After spending two days field sampling in Goff et al's (2019) geochronologically defined map units in \"Grants Ridge rhyolite\" a better understanding of scale for both geoarchaeology and geology has become visible. Indeed, some of the map units on Horace Mesa, based on the geoarchaeological examination of the obsidian in those units could be expanded. It's a matter of scale. We present those inferences, both for the Mount Taylor specific example, and as a potential guide for future geological and geoarchaeological research.","PeriodicalId":50244,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cave and Karst Studies","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77862096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Staley, P. Fawcett, R. Anderson, G. Jiménez-Moreno, V. Markgraf, E. Brown
{"title":"Stoneman Lake, Az, Sediments Archive Southwestern North America Surface Processes Over the Last Two Glacial Cycles (and Beyond)","authors":"S. Staley, P. Fawcett, R. Anderson, G. Jiménez-Moreno, V. Markgraf, E. Brown","doi":"10.56577/sm-2022.2836","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2022.2836","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50244,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cave and Karst Studies","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91193068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Alcott, Alexandra Hurst, Sofia Jenkins-Nieto, Sarah Ann K Polsin, G. Weissmann
{"title":"Measuring Microplastics in the Middle Rio Grande Through Albuquerque, New Mexico","authors":"R. Alcott, Alexandra Hurst, Sofia Jenkins-Nieto, Sarah Ann K Polsin, G. Weissmann","doi":"10.56577/sm-2022.2855","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2022.2855","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50244,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cave and Karst Studies","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84191647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Regional Geology of the Northeastern Sacramento Mountains, Lincoln and Otero Counties, New Mexico","authors":"G. Rawling","doi":"10.56577/sm-2022.2839","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2022.2839","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50244,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cave and Karst Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72992398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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