Journal of Asian Earth Sciences最新文献_第8页

New insights into the crustal structures of the Arabian Plate and surrounding plates unveiled from the crustal thickness model and its implications for geodynamics

IF 2.7 3区地球科学 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Journal of Asian Earth Sciences

Pub Date : 2024-11-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.jseaes.2024.106431

Chikondi Chisenga , Jianguo Yan , Brave Manda , Hakim Saibi , Mohamed Amrouche

Geodynamics of the Arabian Peninsula is less understood as crustal structures are not well delineated due to uneven distribution and lack of seismic measurements and ground based geophysical data in the Arabian interior. To address this, we delineated crustal structures in the Arabian Peninsula through the creation of a crustal thickness model from the inversion of GOCO60s gravity field model, which revealed details on the underlying crustal structures. Our model revealed strong crustal thickness variations in the Zagros fold belt that indicates high deformational history and crustal reworked, which also reflect directional collisional events between the Arabian and Eurasian Plates, similar to the Himalaya type as the result of mantle processes. The resolved crustal structures also reveal a relatively slow rifting process on the southern end of the Red Sea than at the northern end, which resulted in the bulging of crust in the southern part of Zagros Fold Mountains. Further, folding and bulging of crustal structures is more intense near the Arabian Platform and slower on the Eurasian side, which could indicate a relatively stable Eurasian plate compared to the geodynamically active Arabian Plate. Overall improvement in our high-resolution crustal thickness model yields an improved representation of crustal structures over previously derived models of the Arabian Peninsula and the Surrounding plates that indicates a variation in the Proterozoic crust in Arabian Plate, possibly indicating a secular variation in the crustal structure.

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引用次数: 0

Hidden Archaean basement beneath the southwestern Yangtze Craton: Evidence from 2.8 Ga xenocrystic zircons in an early Cretaceous dolerite dyke

IF 2.7 3区地球科学 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Journal of Asian Earth Sciences

Pub Date : 2024-11-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.jseaes.2024.106433

Yangguang Han , Liang Qiu , Dan-Ping Yan , Ping Xu , Minglong Li , Weihua Sun , Junting Qiu , Wei Yang

The distribution of Archaean basement rocks in the southwestern Yangtze Craton, China, is not well documented due to the scarcity of outcrops. In this study, we identified Meso–Neoarchaean zircons in a dolerite dyke that was emplaced in the Meso–Neoproterozoic Dongchuan Group in the southwestern Yangtze Craton. Ninety-seven analyses of zircons from the dolerite yielded two distinct U–Pb age groups. The younger group of zircons, characterised by euhedral crystals and relatively high Th/U ratios (0.15–2.03), has a weighted-mean age of 109.4 ± 3.0 Ma (n = 27), which is considered to be the emplacement age of the dolerite. The older group of zircons, with a weighted-mean age of 2831 ± 18 Ma (n = 33), crystallised during the Meso–Neoarchaean. These zircons might be xenocrysts captured during magma emplacement. Moreover, the zircons have ε_Hf(t) values of −24.59 to −4.16 for the young population and −9.80 to −3.86 for the old population, indicating the dolerite was derived by melting of Archaean crustal igneous rocks. These results demonstrate the existence of Archaean rocks in the southwestern Yangtze Craton and provide new evidence for the spatial distribution of Archaean basement.

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引用次数: 0

Corrigendum to “Characteristics and Genesis of Geothermal Systems in the Southern Junggar Foreland Basin, NW China” [J. Asian Earth Sci. 276 (2024) 106363] “南准噶尔前陆盆地地热系统特征及成因”[J]。中国科学：地球科学，36 (2):1063 - 1063 [j]

IF 2.7 3区地球科学 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Journal of Asian Earth Sciences

Pub Date : 2024-11-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.jseaes.2024.106425

Wei Zhang , Chaodong Wu , Shaobo Liu , Xuesong Lu , Qiulin Guo , Guorong Wang

引用次数: 0

New paleomagnetic and geochronologic results from the eastern Tethyan Himalaya refine the size of Greater India in the Early Cretaceous 来自特提斯喜马拉雅东部的新的古地磁和地质年代学结果细化了早白垩纪大印度的大小

IF 2.7 3区地球科学 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Journal of Asian Earth Sciences

Pub Date : 2024-11-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.jseaes.2024.106428

Jie Yuan, Wenxing Hao, Ruoyuan Qiu

Knowledge of the original size of Greater India in the Early Cretaceous is critical for Late Mesozoic East Gondwana reconstructions. However, estimates of Greater India extent have significant discrepancies in the Early Cretaceous. Here we report geochronologic and paleomagnetic studies on rocks of the Jiabula Formation in the northern subzone of the Tethyan Himalaya. The studied limestones are characterized by two-component magnetizations carried by detrital magnetite, which retains a primary remanence. Correspondingly, the high temperature magnetization components (350−525 °C) are isolated from 204 specimens using high-resolution thermal demagnetization. The new paleomagnetic data provide, after inclination shallowing estimation, an Early Cretaceous paleopole of 11.2°N/300.5°E, A₉₅ = 2.6°, which places the eastern part of the Tethyan Himalaya at a paleolatitude of 40.9° ± 2.6°S at ca. 126 Ma. Comparison of the new observed paleolatitude with the expected paleolatitude (49.7° ± 2.8°S) of India implies that Greater India had an extension of 968±418 km (8.8° ± 3.8°) at ca. 126 Ma. Integrating the new results with our previous Campanian results (ca. 75 Ma), we conclude that Greater India had a comparable extension of ∼900 km during ca. 126−75 Ma. The improved estimate of the dimensions of Greater India leads to an updated reconstruction of paleogeography in the Early Cretaceous.

了解早白垩世大印度的原始大小对中生代晚期东冈瓦纳的重建至关重要。然而，对大印度范围的估计在早白垩纪有很大的差异。本文报道了特提斯喜马拉雅北亚带嘉布拉组岩石的年代学和古地磁研究。研究的灰岩具有由碎屑磁铁矿携带的双组分磁化特征，并保留了原生剩余物。采用高分辨率热退磁技术，从204个样品中分离出高温磁化成分（350 ~ 525°C）。新的古地磁资料经倾斜浅化估计，提供了一个11.2°N/300.5°E, A95 = 2.6°的早白垩世古极，使特提斯喜马拉雅东部的古纬度为40.9°±2.6°S，约为126 Ma。将新观测到的古纬度与印度的预期古纬度（49.7°±2.8°S）进行比较，表明大印度在约126 Ma时延伸了968±418 km（8.8°±3.8°）。将新的结果与我们之前的坎帕尼亚期结果（约75 Ma）相结合，我们得出结论，大印度在约126−75 Ma期间有类似的延伸~ 900公里。对大印度大陆规模的改进估计导致了对早白垩纪古地理的更新重建。

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引用次数: 0

Gravity anomalies and deep structure of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau and adjacent areas 青藏高原东北部及邻区重力异常与深部构造

IF 2.7 3区地球科学 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Journal of Asian Earth Sciences

Pub Date : 2024-11-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.jseaes.2024.106430

Guoming Gao, Guofa Kang, Chunhua Bai, Limin Wen, Zaijiao Wang, Yecheng Li

The northeastern Tibetan Plateau is a region having experienced subduction, collision, and intracontinental extension. In this study, a gravity model (SGG-UGM-2) was used to investigate the distribution of gravity anomalies, Moho depth, and lithospheric effective elastic thickness in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau and adjacent areas. The results were compared with the regional heat flow, crustal magnetic anomalies, and seismicity. The Bouguer gravity anomalies correlate with the surrounding stable blocks (i.e., the Tarim Basin, Alxa Block, Ordos Basin, and Sichuan Basin) and lateral crustal extrusion of the Tibetan Plateau. The isostatic gravity anomalies, Moho depth, and lithospheric effective elastic thickness are –80 to 80 mGal, 35–70 km, and 5–105 km, respectively. Isostatic disequilibrium occurs mainly near boundaries between blocks and is associated with seismic activity. The distribution of Bouguer gravity anomalies and the Moho surface record the northeastward expansion of the Tibetan Plateau. The lithospheric effective elastic thickness decreases gradually from west to east in the Bayan Har Block, reaching its lowest values (<10 km) in the Longmenshan tectonic belt, which confirms the eastward extrusion along the block. The lithospheric effective elastic thickness in the Qaidam Basin is higher than that in the Bayan Har Block and Qilian orogenic belt, which reflects underthrusting of the East Asian lithosphere beneath the Qilian orogenic belt and the fact that extrusion from the Qiangtang Block is blocked by the Qaidam Basin.

青藏高原东北部是一个经历了俯冲、碰撞和陆内伸展的地区。本文利用重力模型（SGG-UGM-2）研究了青藏高原东北部及邻区重力异常、莫霍深度和岩石圈有效弹性厚度的分布。结果与区域热流、地壳磁异常和地震活动进行了比较。布格重力异常与周边稳定块体（塔里木盆地、阿拉好块体、鄂尔多斯盆地、四川盆地）和青藏高原地壳侧向挤压有关。均衡重力异常为-80 ~ 80 mGal，莫霍深度为35 ~ 70 km，岩石圈有效弹性厚度为5 ~ 105 km。均衡不平衡主要发生在块体边界附近，并与地震活动有关。布格重力异常的分布和莫霍面记录了青藏高原向东北方向的扩张。巴颜喀尔地块岩石圈有效弹性厚度自西向东逐渐减小，在龙门山构造带达到最小值（10 km），证实了沿地块的东挤压作用。柴达木盆地岩石圈有效弹性厚度高于巴颜喀尔地块和祁连造山带，反映了祁连造山带下东亚岩石圈的逆冲作用和羌塘地块的挤压作用被柴达木盆地阻断的事实。

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引用次数: 0

Coexistence of episodic and prolonged magmatism during the exhumation of subducted continental crust revealed by multi-method chronology of Early Paleozoic granites in South Altyn, western China 南阿尔金早古生代花岗岩多方法年代学揭示了俯冲大陆地壳发掘过程中幕式和长时间岩浆活动的共存

IF 2.7 3区地球科学 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Journal of Asian Earth Sciences

Pub Date : 2024-11-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.jseaes.2024.106427

Long Tian , Lei Kang , Liang Liu , Danling Chen , Yuting Cao , Yongsheng Gai , Tuo Ma

This study presents a comprehensive multi-method chronology, integrating zircon, titanite, and monazite dating, combined with detailed field geological investigations, petrology, and whole-rock geochemical analyses of granodiorite, diorite enclave, and monzogranite in the South Altyn Tatelekebulake area. The granodiorite yields a zircon age of 483 Ma and two episodic monazite age of 488 ± 3 Ma and 430 ± 1 Ma. In contrast, the monzogranite, with a zircon age of 451 Ma, exhibits a continuous monazite age range of 491 Ma – 431 Ma. The diorite enclave shows a titanite age of 444 ± 11 Ma. Geochemical features suggest that both the granodiorite and diorite enclave originated from the partial melting of mafic rocks within the middle and lower crust during the exhumation stage of subducted continental crust, characterized by low pressure (<1.0 GPa) and a gradual decrease in temperature over time (850°C – 700°C). The trace elements characteristics of all samples implies potential influence from fluid flux within the subduction zone during magma emplacement and ascent. In conjunction with accessory mineral dating, these ages reflect coexistence of both episodic and prolonged magmatic activity within the study area. This prolonged magmatic activity provides evidence that partial melting of Early Paleozoic continental crust rocks in the South Altyn area may have undergone complete continental crust subduction, subsequent exhumation, and post-collisional extension processes. This study emphasizes the importance of multi-method chronology in unraveling the magmatic and tectonic evolution of orogenic belts and provides new insights into the Early Paleozoic tectonic evolution of the South Altyn orogenic belt.

本文结合南阿尔金地区花岗闪长岩、闪长岩包体和二长花岗岩的详细野外地质调查、岩石学和全岩地球化学分析，提出了一套综合锆石、钛矿和独长岩定年的多方法年代学方法。花岗闪长岩的锆石年龄为483 Ma，独居石年龄分别为488±3 Ma和430±1 Ma。二长花岗岩锆石年龄为451 Ma，独居石年龄为491 ~ 431 Ma。闪长岩包裹体的钛矿年龄为444±11 Ma。地球化学特征表明，花岗闪长岩和闪长岩包体均起源于俯冲大陆地壳发掘阶段中、下地壳基性岩的部分熔融，其特征为低压（<1.0 GPa），温度随时间逐渐降低（850℃~ 700℃）。所有样品的微量元素特征暗示了岩浆侵位和上升过程中俯冲带内流体通量的潜在影响。结合辅助矿物定年，这些年龄反映了研究区内幕式岩浆活动和长期岩浆活动的共存。这种延长的岩浆活动提供了证据，表明南阿尔金地区早古生代大陆地壳岩石的部分熔融可能经历了大陆地壳完全俯冲、随后的挖掘和碰撞后的伸展过程。本研究强调了多方法年代学在揭示造山带岩浆和构造演化中的重要性，为南阿尔金造山带早古生代构造演化提供了新的认识。

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引用次数: 0

Crust and uppermost mantle S-wave velocity structure of the Wudalianchi volcanic belt from direct surface-wave tomography 五大连池火山带地壳和上地幔s波速度结构的直接面波层析成像

IF 2.7 3区地球科学 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Journal of Asian Earth Sciences

Pub Date : 2024-11-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.jseaes.2024.106426

Xiaoyan Song , Jianshe Lei , Dapeng Zhao , Yinshuang Ai

The Wudalianchi volcanic belt is located at the junction among the Greater Xing’an range, the Lesser Xing’an range, and the Songliao basin. Investigation of detailed crustal velocity structure under the Wudalianchi volcanic belt is of great significance to better understand the deep geodynamics of Northeast Asia. Applying the direct surface-wave tomography method to ambient noise records of our newly deployed dense WAVESArray stations from 2015 to 2019, we aim to determine a high-resolution three-dimensional (3-D) S-wave velocity (Vs) model of the crust and uppermost mantle down to 45 km depth beneath the Wudalianchi volcanic belt and surrounding areas. The WAVESArray stations have good azimuthal coverage around the Wudalianchi volcano. Our high-resolution tomographic model reveals low-Vs anomalies in the upper crust and the uppermost mantle beneath the Wudalianchi volcano and high-Vs anomalies in the mid-lower crust, indicating the presence of hot mantle upwelling and lower crust cooling solidification. This upwelling process is related to the complex dynamics of the big mantle wedge that has developed above the subducted Pacific slab that is stagnant in the mantle transition zone beneath East Asia. In addition, low-Vs anomalies are visible beneath the Erkeshan, Wudalianchi, Keluo, and Xunke volcanoes in the upper crust and they are connected with a low-Vs layer in the mid-lower crust, which provides a new piece of seismological evidence for the homology of these volcanoes, suggesting that there might be exchanges of material and energy between these volcanoes.

五大连池火山带位于大兴安岭、小兴安岭与松辽盆地的交界处。研究五大连池火山带地壳速度结构的细节，对更好地认识东北亚深部地球动力学具有重要意义。利用直接面波层析成像方法对2015年至2019年新部署的密集WAVESArray台站的环境噪声记录进行分析，建立了五大连池火山带及周边地区45 km深度地壳和上地幔的高分辨率三维s波速度(v)模型。WAVESArray台站在五大连池火山周围有良好的方位覆盖。我们的高分辨率层析模型揭示了五大池火山下地壳和上地幔的低vs异常以及中、下地壳的高vs异常，表明存在热地幔上涌和下地壳冷却凝固。这一上升流过程与俯冲太平洋板块上发育的大地幔楔的复杂动力学有关，该板块处于东亚地幔过渡带的停滞状态。此外，在上地壳的二克山、五大池、克罗、逊克火山下方可见低v异常，并与中下地壳的低v层相连接，为这些火山的同源性提供了新的地震学证据，表明这些火山之间可能存在物质和能量的交换。

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引用次数: 0

Estimating slip rate and geological moment in non-parallel structural zones: A case study of the Sistan and Makran zones in eastern and southeastern Iran

IF 2.7 3区地球科学 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Journal of Asian Earth Sciences

Pub Date : 2024-11-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.jseaes.2024.106408

Mahnaz Sabahi, Mohammad Mahdi Khatib

This paper reports the slip rate and geological moment rate of the seismically active non-parallel structural zones of Makran and Sistan. The long-term slip rate and geological moment are crucial for evaluating fault activity. Field surveys and remote sensing techniques were used to estimate fault slip rates, which were subsequently applied to calculate the geological moment. We provide the first quantitative estimation of Quaternary slip rates for key faults in the Sistan and Makran zones, including the Zahedan, Gosht, Johl Darak, Sedich, Darpahn, Saravan, and Qasr-e Qand, with estimated slip rates of 1.53, 1.20, 1.33, 1.36, 2.60, 5.82, and 3.57 mm/yr, respectively. Fault slip rates and geometric characteristics (strike, dip, and rake) were utilized to identify areas with high seismic potential. In the Makran zone, an analysis of 23 faults yielded an average geological moment of 1.0975E + 18 Nm/yr. Similarly, in the Sistan zone, analysis of 29 faults resulted in an average geological moment of 2.76783E + 17 Nm/yr. The highest geological moments in the Makran zone are observed along the Sabzevaran and Jiroft faults in the west, and the Saravan fault in the east, with estimated values of 2.96416 × 10¹⁸ Nm/yr, 2.81245 × 10¹⁸ Nm/yr, and 2.34318 × 10¹⁸ Nm/yr, respectively. In the Sistan zone, the Zahedan fault exhibits the highest geological moment, estimated at 1.67287 × 10¹⁸ Nm/yr. Makran seismicity is driven by the Arabian-Eurasian collision and the Indian-Eurasian stress field. Deformation in the Sistan zone is driven by N-NW strike-slip faults and NW-SE thrusts linked to Arabian plate movement.

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引用次数: 0

Evidence from zircon and apatite thermochronology provides evidence for the tectonic-thermal evolution and denudational processes in Dulan, Eastern Kunlun Mountains, China 锆石和磷灰石热年代学为中国东昆仑山都兰地区的构造-热演化和剥蚀过程提供证据

IF 2.7 3区地球科学 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Journal of Asian Earth Sciences

Pub Date : 2024-11-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.jseaes.2024.106417

Xiaolong Wang , Wanming Yuan , Zhiqiang Hu , Chenguang Ji

Since the Middle Jurassic, the East Kunlun orogenic belt in China has undergone significant denudation. This region offers crucial insights into the tectonic processes that have shaped the Tibetan Plateau. Moreover, the region boasts abundant mineral resources. This study uses techniques, such as zircon and apatite fission track (ZFT&AFT) analyses as well as citing several apatite (U-Th)-He (AHe) ages and FT ages data from the study areas, to unravel the tectonic-thermal evolution and denudation processes. The results reveal ZFT ages spanning from 167 ± 5 to 92 ± 4 Ma, and AFT ages spanning from 116 ± 6 to 64 ± 4 Ma. Based on the AFT, ZFT, and AHe data, this paper constructed a tectonic-thermal history model. In the first stage (ca. 170–120 Ma), rapid cooling at 2.00 ℃/Ma and denudation of 2.85 km occurred. The second stage (ca. 120–20 Ma) showed cooling rates of 0.60 ℃/Ma and denudation of 1.70 km. In the third stage (ca. 20–0 Ma), rapid cooling with rates of 1.50 ℃/Ma and denudation of 0.86 km were speculated. The first stage indicates the closure of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean in the Middle Jurassic, with the collision of the Lhasa and Qiangtang blocks with Eurasia along the Bangong-Nujiang suture zone in the Cretaceous. The second stage is mainly related to the northward subduction of the Neo-Tethys Ocean and the far-flung effects of the India-Eurasia collision. The uplift of the Tibetan plateau due to the Himalayan orogeny likely contributed to the third stage. The denuded thickness in the study area since 170 Ma is 5.41 km.

自中侏罗世以来，中国东昆仑造山带经历了严重的剥蚀。该地区为了解塑造青藏高原的构造过程提供了重要信息。此外，该地区还拥有丰富的矿产资源。本研究利用锆石和磷灰石裂变轨迹（ZFT&AFT）分析等技术，并引用研究地区的多个磷灰石（U-Th）-He（AHe）年龄和FT年龄数据，来揭示构造-热演化和剥蚀过程。研究结果显示，ZFT年龄跨度为167±5至92±4Ma，AFT年龄跨度为116±6至64±4Ma。根据AFT、ZFT和AHe数据，本文构建了一个构造-热历史模型。在第一阶段（约 170-120 Ma），发生了 2.00 ℃/Ma 的快速冷却和 2.85 km 的剥蚀。第二阶段（约 120-20 Ma）的冷却速度为 0.60 ℃/Ma，剥蚀长度为 1.70 km。在第三阶段（约 20-0 Ma），推测出现了 1.50 ℃/Ma 的快速冷却和 0.86 km 的剥蚀。第一阶段表明古特提斯洋在中侏罗世关闭，拉萨和羌塘地块在白垩纪沿班公错-怒江缝合带与欧亚大陆碰撞。第二阶段主要与新特提斯洋向北俯冲和印度-欧亚大陆碰撞的远距离影响有关。喜马拉雅造山运动造成的青藏高原隆升可能是第三阶段的原因。研究区域自170Ma以来的剥蚀厚度为5.41千米。

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引用次数: 0

Late Pleistocene palynological records from the Qaidam Basin (North Tibet) and their implications for Qarhan Lake evolution 柴达木盆地（藏北）的晚更新世古生物记录及其对察尔汗湖演变的影响

IF 2.7 3区地球科学 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Journal of Asian Earth Sciences

Pub Date : 2024-11-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.jseaes.2024.106418

Xue Ke , Fang Han , Xudong Bai , Tinglu Yang , Taizhong Song , Zongyan Zhang , Wenjun Yang , Jinming Zhang , Bowen Song

Qarhan Salt Lake was the depocenter of the Qaidam Basin during the Quaternary, with a very thick sequence of lacustrine sediments. Continuous lacustrine sediments provide excellent archives of detailed paleoenvironmental data regarding climatic changes in the Qaidam Basin and northern Tibetan Plateau. Nevertheless, there is considerable controversy concerning the lake and climatic evolution during Marine Isotope Stage 3 (MIS3). In this study, the palynological remains from two drill cores in Qarhan Salt Lake, Qaidam Basin, were analyzed in conjunction with Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) ¹⁴C dating, with the aim of reconstructing the vegetation and paleoenvironment changes in the Qarhan Lake area during the Late Pleistocene. In addition, based on modern pollen–climate transfer functions for the Qaidam Basin and its surrounding areas, together with the fossil pollen data from dated sediment cores, we quantitatively reconstructed the mean annual precipitation in Qarhan Salt Lake area during the Late Pleistocene. By integrating these new data with lithological and palynological records from adjacent cores in Qarhan Salt Lake, the spatial distribution pattern of the lake evolution of Qarhan Lake in the Late Pleistocene was also reconstructed.

察尔汗盐湖是第四纪柴达木盆地的沉积中心，拥有非常厚的湖相沉积物序列。连续的湖沼沉积物为有关柴达木盆地和青藏高原北部气候变化的详细古环境数据提供了极好的档案。然而，关于海洋同位素第三阶段（MIS3）的湖泊和气候演变还存在相当大的争议。本研究结合加速器质谱（AMS）14C 测定方法，对柴达木盆地察尔汗盐湖两个钻孔岩心的古生物遗迹进行了分析，旨在重建晚更新世察尔汗盐湖地区的植被和古环境变化。此外，根据盖达姆盆地及其周边地区的现代花粉-气候传递函数，结合年代沉积岩芯中的花粉化石数据，我们定量重建了晚更新世期间卡尔汗盐湖地区的年平均降水量。通过将这些新数据与Qarhan盐湖相邻岩心的岩性和古生物学记录相结合，我们还重建了Qarhan湖在晚更新世湖泊演变的空间分布格局。

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引用次数: 0