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Genetically Modified Foods from Islamic Law Perspective 伊斯兰法律视角下的转基因食品
IF 1.8 4区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-02-01 DOI: 10.1007/s10806-021-09845-4
Ayten Erol
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引用次数: 2
Multi-criteria Evaluation in Strategic Environmental Assessment in the Creation of a Sustainable Agricultural Waste Management Plan for wineries: Case Study: Oplenac Vineyard 为酒庄创建可持续农业废弃物管理计划的战略环境评估中的多标准评估:案例研究:奥普拉纳克葡萄园
IF 1.8 4区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-02-01 DOI: 10.1007/s10806-021-09846-3
Boško Josimović, Nikola Krunić, A. Gajić, B. Manić
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引用次数: 5
Pessimism and Optimism in the Debate on Climate Change: A Critical Analysis. 气候变化辩论中的悲观主义和乐观主义:批判性分析。
IF 1.8 4区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Epub Date: 2021-07-08 DOI: 10.1007/s10806-021-09865-0
Anders Nordgren

In the debate on climate change commentators often express pessimistic or optimistic views. We see this mainly in the media and popular literature, but also in various academic fields. The aim of this paper is to investigate different kinds of pessimistic and optimistic views put forward in this debate and suggest explanations of the diversity of views. The paper concludes that pessimism and optimism may concern, for example, climate change as an unmitigated or poorly mitigated process, mitigation of climate change or specific measures of mitigation. These aspects are important to distinguish, because a person can be pessimist concerning climate change as an unmitigated or poorly mitigated process and optimist concerning mitigation of climate change, and be pessimist concerning one specific mitigation measure and optimist concerning another. It is suggested that the diversity of pessimistic and optimistic views is due to the uncertainty of scientific climate models and the influence of evaluative and ideological assumptions.

在有关气候变化的辩论中,评论家们经常表达悲观或乐观的观点。我们主要在媒体和通俗文学中看到这种情况,但也在各个学术领域看到这种情况。本文旨在研究这场辩论中提出的各种悲观和乐观观点,并对观点的多样性提出解释。本文的结论是,悲观主义和乐观主义可能涉及气候变化是一个未缓解或缓解不力的过程、缓解气候变化或具体的缓解措施等问题。区分这些方面非常重要,因为一个人可以对气候变化作为一个未缓解或缓解不力的过程持悲观态度,而对缓解气候变化持乐观态度;也可以对某一具体缓解措施持悲观态度,而对另一措施持乐观态度。有人认为,悲观和乐观观点的多样性是由于科学气候模型的不确定性以及评价和意识形态假设的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Stamping Out Animal Culling: From Anthropocentrism to One Health Ethics. 杜绝捕杀动物:从人类中心主义到统一健康伦理。
IF 2.2 4区 哲学 Q2 AGRICULTURE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Epub Date: 2021-08-29 DOI: 10.1007/s10806-021-09868-x
Zohar Lederman, Manuel Magalhães-Sant'Ana, Teck Chuan Voo

Culling is used in traditional public health policies to control animal populations. These policies aim primarily to protect human interests but often fail to provide scientific evidence of effectiveness. In this article, we defend the need to move from a strictly anthropocentric approach to disease control towards a One Health ethics, using culling practices as an example. We focus on the recent badger culls in the UK, claiming that, based on data provided by the English Government, these culls may be unjustified, all thing considered. We highlight the relevance of ethical reasoning rooted in One Health for this discussion, and make several suggestions including a moratorium on culling until data are provided to support the effectiveness of culling; to conduct a randomized trial to compare proactive culling with alternative methods; to apply deliberative democratic methods to assess public opinion towards the culls, and to find in Brexit an opportunity for aiming for more effective control measures.

在传统的公共卫生政策中,扑杀被用来控制动物数量。这些政策的主要目的是保护人类利益,但往往无法提供有效的科学证据。在本文中,我们将以扑杀实践为例,为从严格的人类中心主义疾病控制方法转向 "同一健康 "伦理的必要性进行辩护。我们重点讨论了英国最近的捕杀獾事件,声称根据英国政府提供的数据,从各方面考虑,捕杀獾都是不合理的。我们强调了植根于 "一体健康 "的伦理推理与这一讨论的相关性,并提出了几项建议,包括在提供数据支持扑杀的有效性之前暂停扑杀;进行随机试验,比较主动扑杀和其他方法;应用协商民主方法评估公众对扑杀的意见,以及在英国脱欧中寻找机会,争取采取更有效的控制措施。
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引用次数: 0
African Environmental Ethics: Keys to Sustainable Development Through Agroecological Villages. 非洲环境伦理:通过生态农业村实现可持续发展的关键。
IF 1.8 4区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Epub Date: 2021-06-05 DOI: 10.1007/s10806-021-09853-4
Charles Verharen, Flordeliz Bugarin, John Tharakan, Enrico Wensing, Bekele Gutema, Joseph Fortunak, George Middendorf

This essay proposes African-based ethical solutions to profound human problems and a working African model to address those problems. The model promotes sustainability through advanced agroecological and information communication technologies. The essay's first section reviews the ethical ground of that model in the work of the Senegalese scholar, Cheikh Anta Diop. The essay's second section examines an applied African model for translating African ethical speculation into practice. Deeply immersed in European and African ethics, Godfrey Nzamujo developed the Songhaï Centers to solve the problem of rural poverty in seventeen African countries. Harnessing advanced technologies within a holistic agroecological ecosystem, Nzamujo's villages furnish education spanning the fields of ethics, information communication technology, microbiology, international development, and mechanical, electrical, civil and biological engineering in a community-based and centered development enterprise. The essay proposes a global consortium of ecovillages based on Nzamujo's model. The final section explores funding methods for the consortium. The conclusion contemplates a return to Africa to supplement environmental ethics that enhance life's future on earth.

本文针对深刻的人类问题提出了基于非洲伦理的解决方案,以及解决这些问题的可行非洲模式。该模式通过先进的生态农业技术和信息通信技术促进可持续发展。文章第一部分回顾了塞内加尔学者谢赫-安塔-迪奥普作品中该模式的伦理基础。文章的第二部分探讨了将非洲伦理推测转化为实践的非洲应用模式。戈弗雷-恩扎穆乔(Godfrey Nzamujo)深谙欧洲和非洲伦理,他建立了松海伊中心(Songhaï Centers),以解决 17 个非洲国家的农村贫困问题。Nzamujo 的村庄在整体农业生态生态系统中利用先进技术,在以社区为基础和中心的发展事业中提供横跨伦理学、信息通信技术、微生物学、国际发展以及机械、电气、土木和生物工程等领域的教育。文章建议以 Nzamujo 的模式为基础,建立一个全球生态村联盟。最后一节探讨了该联盟的筹资方法。最后,文章考虑重返非洲,补充环境伦理,以改善地球上生命的未来。
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引用次数: 0
Genome Editing in Livestock, Complicity, and the Technological Fix Objection. 家畜基因组编辑,共谋,和技术修复反对。
IF 1.8 4区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Epub Date: 2021-05-11 DOI: 10.1007/s10806-021-09858-z
Katrien Devolder

Genome editing in livestock could potentially be used in ways that help resolve some of the most urgent and serious global problems pertaining to livestock, including animal suffering, pollution, antimicrobial resistance, and the spread of infectious disease. But despite this potential, some may object to pursuing it, not because genome editing is wrong in and of itself, but because it is the wrong kind of solution to the problems it addresses: it is merely a 'technological fix' to a complex societal problem. Yet though this objection might have wide intuitive appeal, it is often not clear what, exactly, the moral problem is supposed to be. The aim of this paper is to formulate and shed some light on the 'technological fix objection' to genome editing in livestock. I suggest that three concerns may underlie it, make implicit assumptions underlying the concerns explicit, and cast some doubt on several of these assumptions, at least as they apply to the use of genome editing to produce pigs resistant to the Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome and hornless dairy cattle. I then suggest that the third, and most important, concern could be framed as a concern about complicity in factory farming. I suggest ways to evaluate this concern, and to reduce or offset any complicity in factory farming. Thinking of genome editing's contribution to factory farming in terms of complicity, may, I suggest, tie it more explicitly and strongly to the wider obligations that come with pursuing it, including the cessation of factory farming, thereby addressing the concern that technological fixes focus only on a narrow problem.

牲畜基因组编辑可能有助于解决与牲畜有关的一些最紧迫和最严重的全球问题,包括动物的痛苦、污染、抗菌素耐药性和传染病的传播。但是,尽管有这种潜力,一些人可能会反对追求它,不是因为基因组编辑本身是错误的,而是因为它对它所解决的问题是一种错误的解决方案:它只是对一个复杂的社会问题的“技术修复”。然而,尽管这种反对意见可能具有广泛的直觉吸引力,但通常并不清楚道德问题究竟应该是什么。本文的目的是阐述和阐明对牲畜基因组编辑的“技术修复异议”。我认为,可能存在以下三种担忧,对这些担忧做出明确的隐含假设,并对其中的一些假设提出一些怀疑,至少当它们适用于使用基因组编辑来生产对猪繁殖和呼吸综合征(猪繁殖和呼吸综合征)具有抗性的猪和无角奶牛时。然后,我建议第三个,也是最重要的一个担忧,可以被框定为对工厂化养殖的共谋的担忧。我提出了一些方法来评估这种担忧,并减少或抵消工厂化养殖中的任何共谋。从共谋的角度考虑基因组编辑对工厂化养殖的贡献,我建议,可以更明确、更强烈地将其与追求它所带来的更广泛的义务联系起来,包括停止工厂化养殖,从而解决技术修复只关注一个狭隘问题的担忧。
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引用次数: 4
Veganism, Moral Motivation and False Consciousness. 素食主义,道德动机和虚假意识。
IF 1.8 4区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Epub Date: 2021-04-19 DOI: 10.1007/s10806-021-09857-0
Susana Pickett

Despite the strength of arguments for veganism in the animal rights literature, alongside environmental and other anthropocentric concerns posed by industrialised animal agriculture, veganism remains only a minority standpoint. In this paper, I explore the moral motivational problem of veganism from the perspectives of moral psychology and political false consciousness. I argue that a novel interpretation of the post-Marxist notion of political false consciousness may help to make sense of the widespread refusal to shift towards veganism. Specifically, the notion of false consciousness fills some explanatory gaps left by the moral psychological notion of akrasia, often understood to refer to a weakness of will. Central to my approach is the idea that animal exploitation is largely systemic and the assumption that moral motivation is inseparable from moral thinking. In this light, the primary obstacle to the adoption of veganism arises not so much from a failure to put genuine beliefs into action, but rather in a shared, distorted way of thinking about animals. Thus, common unreflective objections to veganism may be said to be manifestations of false consciousness.

尽管素食主义在动物权利文献中有很强的论据,以及工业化动物农业带来的环境和其他人类中心主义问题,但素食主义仍然只是少数人的观点。本文从道德心理学和政治错误意识的角度探讨纯素食主义的道德动机问题。我认为,对后马克思主义政治错误意识概念的一种新颖解释,可能有助于理解人们普遍拒绝转向素食主义的原因。具体来说,虚假意识的概念填补了道德心理学概念“无欲”(akrasia)留下的一些解释空白,无欲通常被理解为意志薄弱。我的研究方法的核心观点是,动物剥削在很大程度上是系统性的,道德动机与道德思维是不可分割的。从这个角度来看,采用纯素食主义的主要障碍不是来自于未能将真正的信仰付诸行动,而是来自于对动物的一种共同的、扭曲的思考方式。因此,对素食主义的普遍不加思考的反对可以说是错误意识的表现。
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引用次数: 3
Ethical Evaluation Capacity of Turkish Food and Agricultural Engineers and Veterinary Physicians with Regard to Agriculture and Food System. 土耳其食品和农业工程师和兽医在农业和食品系统方面的伦理评估能力。
IF 1.8 4区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Epub Date: 2021-03-27 DOI: 10.1007/s10806-021-09847-2
Sukru Keles, Ayşe Kurtoğlu, Özdal Köksal, Neyyire Yasemin Yalım, Cemal Taluğ

In Turkey, the numbers of studies that deal with agriculture and food as a system and process, and that address the issue with an integrated approach are very limited. Besides, there is no empirical study available in the national literature in which agricultural and food system has been analyzed within the framework of applied ethics. The present study aims to investigate the characteristics of food and agricultural engineers and veterinary physicians in terms of their tendency to carry out ethical evaluations when faced with issues falling under the field of agriculture and food ethics, and detect their capacity to identify ethical problems.A cross-sectional survey was employed in this study. Descriptive statistics like percentages and frequencies based on the scores from the scale were used. Data were collected via survey method from three occupational groups, namely, food and agricultural engineers and veterinary physicians working in 12 regions of Turkey, and analyzed using chi-square and score test. A total of 865 professionals from 55 different cities participated in the study. Data concerning participants' level of ethics awareness regarding the identification and evaluation of ethical problems in the fields of food and agriculture were obtained. While the participating professionals could easily detect the problems in food and agriculture system that carried no ethical dilemma, they had difficulty in identifying issues that involved ethical dilemmas. It was also revealed that there was a significant difference between professionals in terms of their perception of ethical problems, demonstrating the need for a comprehensive ethics education to be imparted during and after under-graduate.

在土耳其,将农业和粮食作为一个系统和过程来处理,并以综合方法解决问题的研究数量非常有限。此外,在国家文献中没有在应用伦理学框架内分析农业和粮食系统的实证研究。本研究旨在探讨食品与农业工程师和兽医在面对农业和食品伦理领域的问题时进行伦理评估的倾向,并检测他们识别伦理问题的能力。本研究采用横断面调查法。使用了描述性统计数据,如基于量表得分的百分比和频率。采用调查法收集了土耳其12个地区的食品与农业工程师和兽医三个职业群体的数据,并采用卡方检验和得分检验进行分析。共有来自55个不同城市的865名专业人士参与了这项研究。获得了关于与会者在确定和评价粮食和农业领域的伦理问题方面的伦理意识水平的数据。虽然参与的专业人员可以很容易地发现粮食和农业系统中不存在道德困境的问题,但他们很难识别涉及道德困境的问题。调查还显示,专业人员对道德问题的看法存在显著差异,这表明在本科期间和毕业后都需要进行全面的道德教育。
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引用次数: 0
A New Conceptual 'Cylinder' Framework for Sustainable Bioeconomy Systems and Their Actors. 可持续生物经济系统及其参与者的新概念“圆柱体”框架。
IF 1.8 4区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Epub Date: 2021-04-01 DOI: 10.1007/s10806-021-09850-7
Hugo de Vries, Mechthild Donner, Monique Axelos

Concepts for sustainable bioeconomy systems are gradually replacing the ones on linear product chains. The reason is that continuously expanding linear chain activities are considered to contribute to climate change, reduced biodiversity, over-exploitation of resources, food insecurity, and the double burden of disease. Are sustainable bioeconomy systems a guarantee for a healthy planet? If yes, why, when, and how? In literature, different sustainability indicators have been presented to shed light on this complicated question. Due to high degrees of complexity and interactions of actors in bioeconomy systems, trade-offs and non-linear outcomes became apparent. This fueled the debates about the normative dimensions of the bioeconomy. In particular, the behavior of actors and the utilization of products do not seem to be harmonized according to the environmental, social, and economic pillars of sustainability. Potential conflicts require a new conceptual framework that is here introduced. It consists of a 'sustainability' cylinder captured between an inner-cylinder, representing order, and an outer-cylinder for chaos, based on the laws of physics and complex adaptive systems. Such a framework permits (bioeconomy) systems to propagate in the sustainability zone only if they follow helical pathways serving as the new norms. Helices are a combination of two sinusoidal patterns. The first represents here the sustainable behavior of interacting actors and the second the balanced usage of resources and products. The latter counteracts current growth discourses. The applicability of the conceptual cylinder framework is positively verified via 9 cases in Europe, which encompass social-organizational and product-technological innovations.

可持续生物经济系统的概念正在逐渐取代线性产品链上的概念。原因是不断扩大的线性链活动被认为会导致气候变化、生物多样性减少、资源过度开发、粮食不安全以及疾病的双重负担。可持续的生物经济系统是健康地球的保证吗?如果是,为什么,何时,如何?在文献中,提出了不同的可持续性指标来阐明这个复杂的问题。由于生物经济系统中行为者的高度复杂性和相互作用,权衡和非线性结果变得明显。这引发了关于生物经济规范维度的争论。特别是,行动者的行为和产品的利用似乎没有根据可持续性的环境、社会和经济支柱协调一致。潜在的冲突需要一个新的概念框架,在此介绍。它由一个“可持续性”圆柱体组成,在一个代表秩序的内圆柱体和一个代表混乱的外圆柱体之间,基于物理定律和复杂的自适应系统。这样的框架允许(生物经济)系统只有在遵循作为新规范的螺旋路径时才能在可持续性区域传播。螺旋是两种正弦模式的组合。前者代表了相互作用的参与者的可持续行为,后者代表了资源和产品的平衡使用。后者抵消了当前有关增长的论述。概念性圆柱体框架的适用性通过欧洲的9个案例得到了积极的验证,这些案例包括社会组织和产品技术创新。
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引用次数: 12
Default Vegetarianism and Veganism. 默认素食主义和纯素食主义。
IF 1.8 4区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Epub Date: 2021-04-01 DOI: 10.1007/s10806-021-09856-1
Timothy Perrine

This paper describes a pair of dietary practices I label default vegetarianism and default veganism. The basic idea is that one adopts a default of adhering to vegetarian and vegan diets, with periodic exceptions. While I do not exhaustively defend either of these dietary practices as morally required, I do suggest that they are more promising than other dietary practices that are normally discussed like strict veganism and vegetarianism. For they may do a better job of striking a balance between normative concerns about contemporary farming practices and competing considerations of life. Additionally, I argue that framing discussions in terms of defaults is useful for various reasons: it helps organize agreements and disagreements, it more accurately reflects the way people conceptualize their dietary practices, and it presents a more dialectically effective view.

这篇文章描述了一对饮食习惯我标签默认素食主义和默认素食主义。基本的想法是,一个人默认坚持素食和纯素饮食,偶尔会有例外。虽然我不会为这两种饮食习惯中的任何一种辩护,但我确实认为它们比其他通常讨论的饮食习惯(如严格素食主义和素食主义)更有希望。因为他们可以更好地在对当代农业实践的规范性关注和对生活的竞争性考虑之间取得平衡。此外,我认为,从默认的角度来构建讨论是有用的,原因有很多:它有助于组织协议和分歧,它更准确地反映了人们概念化饮食习惯的方式,它提出了一个更辩证有效的观点。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Ethics
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