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Orthogonal Transform-Assisted OFDM Modulation Scheme for Nonterrestrial Network Systems 非地面网络系统正交变换辅助OFDM调制方案
IF 1.6 4区 计算机科学 Q3 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2025-07-21 DOI: 10.1002/sat.70001
Jingze Yu, Cheng Ju, Dongdong Wang, Na Liu, Chunyao Chen, Jiamin Fan

Doppler frequency offset, Doppler spreading, and multipath effects are induced by the rapid movement of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites, which collectively result in two-dimensional (2D) time-frequency fading within nonterrestrial network (NTN) systems. Consequently, this leads to a degradation in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) uniformity and deep fading across the time-frequency grid in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems, which significantly impairs the bit error rate (BER) performance. The orthogonal time-frequency space (OTFS) scheme is capable of addressing 2D time-frequency fading but at the cost of increasing the complexity of the receiver. In this work, an orthogonal transform-assisted OFDM (OTA-OFDM) scheme is proposed, which is based on orthogonal transforms to map data symbols into the time-frequency grid, effectively spreading the data symbol energy throughout the time-frequency domain. Simulations within a 400 MHz NTN system indicate that at a BER of 10−3, OTA-OFDM outperforms OFDM with SNR gains of 3.73 and 1.92 dB in NTN-TDL-B and NTN-TDL-D channels under QPSK modulation. It also obtains 3.24 and 1.54 dB SNR gain respectively under 16-QAM modulation. Furthermore, OTA-OFDM achieves performance comparable to OTFS while reducing the complexity of the channel estimation and equalizer modules in the receiver by 93.33%.

低地球轨道(LEO)卫星的快速运动引起了多普勒频偏、多普勒扩频和多径效应,这些效应共同导致非地面网络(NTN)系统中的二维时频衰落。因此,这会导致正交频分复用(OFDM)系统的信噪比(SNR)均匀性下降和时频网格上的深度衰落,从而显著降低误码率(BER)性能。正交时频空间(OTFS)方案能够解决二维时频衰落问题,但代价是增加了接收机的复杂度。本文提出了一种正交变换辅助OFDM (OTA-OFDM)方案,该方案基于正交变换将数据符号映射到时频网格中,有效地将数据符号能量分散到整个时频域。在400 MHz NTN系统中进行的仿真表明,在QPSK调制下,当BER为10−3时,OTA-OFDM在NTN- tdl - b和NTN- tdl - d信道中信噪比增益分别为3.73和1.92 dB,优于OFDM。在16-QAM调制下,信噪比分别为3.24 dB和1.54 dB。此外,OTA-OFDM实现了与OTFS相当的性能,同时将接收机中信道估计和均衡器模块的复杂性降低了93.33%。
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引用次数: 0
Neural Network-Based Classification of Beamforming Matrices 基于神经网络的波束形成矩阵分类
IF 1.6 4区 计算机科学 Q3 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2025-07-12 DOI: 10.1002/sat.70002
Yogesh Kakasaheb Shejwal, Anirban J. Hati, Jayaraj U. Kidav, Ashish Kumar Singh, Ramesh Kumar

In the rapidly advancing field of telecommunications, multibeam satellite systems are essential for delivering fast and extensive connections. These systems require adaptable beamforming algorithms to improve performance measures like peak throughput, beam width control, side lobe level regulation, and effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP). This research shows a novel supervised learning approach for the efficient categorization and creation of beamforming matrices in multi beam satellite systems. The proposed method gives machine learning techniques to increase system agility, quick enabling, and informed responses to evolving communication needs. This method gives a test accuracy of 0.988 using a neural network model developed to classify flattened beamforming matrices into clusters, demonstrating remarkable model effectiveness. Key components for facilitating this achievement include principal component analysis (PCA) for dimensionality reduction, spectral clustering for accurate cluster identification, and a neural network architecture with hidden layers and ReLU activation functions to clarify intricate data patterns. The model's ability to generalize effectively with new data highlights its robustness and reliability. This approach substantially enhances intelligent, high-performance multibeam satellite systems by guaranteeing optimal working and reliability in variable settings.

在快速发展的电信领域,多波束卫星系统对于提供快速和广泛的连接至关重要。这些系统需要自适应波束形成算法来提高峰值吞吐量、波束宽度控制、旁瓣电平调节和有效各向同性辐射功率(EIRP)等性能指标。本研究提出了一种新的监督学习方法,用于多波束卫星系统中波束形成矩阵的有效分类和创建。提出的方法使机器学习技术能够提高系统的敏捷性、快速启用和对不断变化的通信需求的知情响应。该方法利用神经网络模型对扁平波束形成矩阵进行聚类,测试精度为0.988,证明了模型的有效性。促进这一成就的关键组件包括用于降维的主成分分析(PCA),用于准确聚类识别的光谱聚类,以及具有隐藏层和ReLU激活函数的神经网络架构,以澄清复杂的数据模式。该模型对新数据进行有效泛化的能力突出了其鲁棒性和可靠性。这种方法通过保证在可变环境下的最佳工作和可靠性,大大增强了智能、高性能多波束卫星系统。
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引用次数: 0
Beam Management for Interference Mitigation in GEO-LEO Satellite Networks With Precoding 基于预编码的GEO-LEO卫星网络干扰抑制波束管理
IF 1.6 4区 计算机科学 Q3 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2025-06-10 DOI: 10.1002/sat.70000
Xing Xin, Gaofeng Cui, Weidong Wang

Spectrum scarcity can be effectively mitigated through spectrum sharing between LEO and GEO satellites. However, severe interbeam interference may be caused by the dense distribution and wide coverage of multilayer satellite systems. Furthermore, the uneven distribution of traffic demand generated by users may lead to load imbalance among satellites, by which service fairness may be degraded. In this paper, beam management and precoding design are investigated in GEO-LEO coexistence networks to mitigate interbeam interference and improve service fairness in multi-layer satellite systems. To solve the load imbalance problem, a serving satellite allocation algorithm based on game matching theory is proposed. Moreover, a heuristic-based joint beam management and precoding algorithm is proposed to mitigate interference and enhance service fairness. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms.

通过近地轨道卫星和地球同步轨道卫星之间的频谱共享,可以有效缓解频谱短缺问题。然而,由于多层卫星系统分布密集、覆盖范围广,会造成严重的波束间干扰。此外,用户产生的流量需求分布不均可能导致卫星间的负载不平衡,从而降低服务的公平性。本文研究了GEO-LEO共存网络中的波束管理和预编码设计,以减轻多层卫星系统的波束间干扰,提高服务公平性。为了解决负载不均衡问题,提出了一种基于博弈匹配理论的服务卫星分配算法。此外,提出了一种基于启发式的联合波束管理和预编码算法,以减轻干扰,提高服务公平性。仿真结果表明了所提算法的有效性。
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引用次数: 0
Performance Analysis of Twins4Space: Latency and Data Rates in a SpaceWire Network Twins4Space的性能分析:SpaceWire网络中的延迟和数据速率
IF 1.6 4区 计算机科学 Q3 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2025-05-28 DOI: 10.1002/sat.1570
Stefan Lindörfer, Sven Wente, Julian Rothe, Sergio Montenegro

Modular Space Systems are an innovative and future-oriented concept, offering the flexibility to adapt to diverse mission requirements. In our previous paper, we introduced the Twins4Space project, a modular and flexible architecture utilizing a SpaceWire network to connect distributed nodes. In this paper, we focus on the empirical performance evaluation of the system, presenting detailed measurements of its communication layer. Key performance indicators such as SpaceWire Time-Code latency and network data rates are assessed, which are essential for maintaining predictable operational conditions within decentralized nodes. Our findings demonstrate that Twins4Space can effectively meet the rigorous demands of future space applications, providing robust communication and swift reconfiguration capabilities. Furthermore, areas with optimization potential are identified, offering opportunities for further performance improvements. This validation underscores the practical potential of the Twins4Space approach in enhancing the efficiency and reliability of space mission infrastructure.

模块化空间系统是一种创新和面向未来的概念,提供了适应不同任务要求的灵活性。在我们之前的论文中,我们介绍了Twins4Space项目,这是一个模块化和灵活的架构,利用SpaceWire网络连接分布式节点。在本文中,我们着重于系统的经验性能评估,给出了其通信层的详细测量。评估了SpaceWire Time-Code延迟和网络数据速率等关键性能指标,这些指标对于在分散节点内保持可预测的操作条件至关重要。我们的研究结果表明,Twins4Space可以有效地满足未来空间应用的严格要求,提供强大的通信和快速重构能力。此外,还确定了具有优化潜力的领域,为进一步提高性能提供了机会。这一验证强调了Twins4Space方法在提高空间任务基础设施的效率和可靠性方面的实际潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Robust Space-to-Ground Laser Communication Downlink Scheduling Under Uncertainty Derived From Multisource 多源不确定性下的鲁棒空地激光通信下行调度
IF 1.6 4区 计算机科学 Q3 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2025-05-21 DOI: 10.1002/sat.1569
Pei Lyu, Kanglian Zhao, Tomaso de Cola, Hangsheng Zhao

Space-to-ground laser communication (SGLC) utilizes laser beams to establish high-capacity bidirectional links between satellites and ground stations (GSs). However, its performance is significantly impaired by cloud cover and atmospheric turbulence. In practical SGLC downlink scheduling, uncertainties derived from such atmospheric conditions are inevitable. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first to tackle downlink scheduling for SGLC under such uncertainties, with the objective of maximizing the total amount of data downloaded from satellites. We present a robust formulation of the scheduling problem that incorporates multisource uncertainties through budgeted uncertainty sets, consequently transforming the original problem into a bi-level optimization one with conflicting objectives. To address such problems, we first utilize McCormick envelopes to linearize bilinear terms in the inner optimization problem. We subsequently propose a KKT condition-based method to convert the bi-level structure into a single-level reformulation, which is further transformed into a tractable mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model. Compared with the existing method, which does not consider such uncertainties, the proposed approach achieves robust scheduling strategies with respect to data throughput.

空间对地激光通信(SGLC)利用激光束在卫星和地面站(GSs)之间建立高容量双向链路。然而,它的性能明显受到云量和大气湍流的影响。在实际的SGLC下行调度中,这种大气条件带来的不确定性是不可避免的。据我们所知,这项工作是第一个在这种不确定性下解决SGLC下行调度的工作,其目标是最大化从卫星下载的数据总量。通过预算不确定性集,我们提出了一个包含多源不确定性的调度问题的鲁棒公式,从而将原问题转化为具有冲突目标的双层优化问题。为了解决这类问题,我们首先利用麦考密克信封对内部优化问题中的双线性项进行线性化。随后,我们提出了一种基于KKT条件的方法,将双层结构转化为单层重构,并进一步转化为可处理的混合整数线性规划(MILP)模型。与不考虑这些不确定性的现有方法相比,该方法在数据吞吐量方面实现了鲁棒调度策略。
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引用次数: 0
Task-Oriented Multiobjective Computation Offloading in LEO Mega-Constellation Edge Computing Network LEO大星座边缘计算网络中面向任务的多目标计算卸载
IF 1.6 4区 计算机科学 Q3 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2025-05-19 DOI: 10.1002/sat.1567
Qingxiao Xiu, Jun Liu, Xiangjun Liu, Yufei Wang, Jingyi Wang

The low earth orbit (LEO) mega-constellation network, with its extensive coverage and low-latency characteristics, offers new opportunities to meet the demands of computation-intensive and latency-sensitive applications in remote areas. However, with the increasing complexity of task offloading demands and the limited availability of satellite resources, resource management and scheduling face significant challenges. To tackle these challenges, we propose a satellite-terrestrial integrated LEO mega-constellation edge computing network (LMCECN) management architecture, which enables satellite-terrestrial resource allocation and task offloading through the cooperative scheduling of primary and secondary satellites. Based on this architecture, we design a deep reinforcement learning-based task-oriented mega-constellation edge offloading (TOMEO) scheme, which significantly improves task offloading efficiency by incorporating task sorting and resource clustering preprocessing mechanisms. Furthermore, a multiobjective double dueling noisy deep Q-network (DDNDQN) algorithm is introduced, which comprehensively considers multiple optimization objectives, including task completion rate, load balancing degree, task delay, and energy consumption, further enhancing task offloading efficiency. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed offloading scheme outperforms the baseline schemes across all optimization objectives and improves the task offloading performance.

低地球轨道(LEO)巨型星座网络以其广泛覆盖和低延迟的特点,为满足偏远地区计算密集型和延迟敏感型应用的需求提供了新的机会。然而,随着任务卸载需求的日益复杂和卫星资源可用性的有限,资源管理和调度面临重大挑战。为了应对这些挑战,我们提出了一种星地一体化LEO大星座边缘计算网络(LMCECN)管理架构,通过主、次卫星协同调度实现星地资源分配和任务卸载。在此基础上,设计了一种基于深度强化学习的面向任务的大星座边缘卸载(TOMEO)方案,该方案结合任务排序和资源聚类预处理机制,显著提高了任务卸载效率。在此基础上,提出了一种多目标双对抗噪声深度q -网络(DDNDQN)算法,该算法综合考虑了任务完成率、负载均衡度、任务延迟和能耗等多个优化目标,进一步提高了任务卸载效率。实验结果表明,所提出的卸载方案在所有优化目标上都优于基准方案,提高了任务卸载性能。
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引用次数: 0
Featured Cover 了封面
IF 0.9 4区 计算机科学 Q3 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2025-04-29 DOI: 10.1002/sat.1566
Davide Orsucci, Philipp Kleinpaß, Jaspar Meister, Innocenzo De Marco, Stefanie Häusler, Thomas Strang, Nino Walenta, Florian Moll

The cover image is based on the article Assessment of Practical Satellite Quantum Key Distribution Architectures for Current and Near-Future Missions by Davide Orsucci et al., https://doi.org/10.1002/sat.1544.

封面图片基于Davide Orsucci等人的文章《评估当前和近期任务的实用卫星量子密钥分发架构》(https://doi.org/10.1002/sat.1544)。
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引用次数: 0
Adaptive Separation of PCMA Signals Based on Maximum Correntropy Algorithm 基于最大相关熵算法的PCMA信号自适应分离
IF 1.6 4区 计算机科学 Q3 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2025-03-28 DOI: 10.1002/sat.1561
Mojtaba Hajiabadi

Paired carrier multiple access (PCMA) is a critical technique in satellite communication systems for frequency reuse and optimizing spectrum utilization. While separation of PCMA signals in Gaussian noise environments is well-established, designing algorithms for impulsive noise remains a challenge. This paper proposes a novel correntropy-based adaptive filter with an equalizer to separate PCMA signals in the presence of impulsive noise. It is important to note that our approach is currently limited to single-beam applications and specifically for constant QPSK modulations. We compare the performance of our method with the well-known least mean square (LMS) adaptive filter using bit error rate (BER) and mean square deviation (MSD) simulations, demonstrating the superiority of our approach.

配对载波多址(PCMA)是卫星通信系统中实现频率复用和优化频谱利用的关键技术。虽然PCMA信号在高斯噪声环境下的分离已经很成熟,但设计脉冲噪声的算法仍然是一个挑战。本文提出了一种新的带均衡器的基于熵的自适应滤波器,用于分离存在脉冲噪声的PCMA信号。值得注意的是,我们的方法目前仅限于单波束应用,特别是恒定QPSK调制。我们使用误码率(BER)和均方偏差(MSD)仿真将我们的方法与众所周知的最小均方(LMS)自适应滤波器的性能进行了比较,证明了我们方法的优越性。
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引用次数: 0
Dynamic Interference Prediction and Receive Beamforming for Dense LEO Satellite Networks 密集LEO卫星网络的动态干扰预测与接收波束形成
IF 1.6 4区 计算机科学 Q3 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2025-03-25 DOI: 10.1002/sat.1563
Xing Xin, Gaofeng Cui, Weidong Wang

Dense low earth orbit (LEO) satellite networks with full frequency reuse can offer seamless global coverage and high spectrum efficiency. However, multiple satellites have overlapping coverage areas, leading to co-channel interference that degrades communication system performance. Moreover, the high dynamic nature of LEO satellites makes the interference varies over time. In this paper, we analyze the receive beamforming to mitigate the complex and time-varying interference in dense LEO satellite networks, and the interference mitigation is formulated as a long-term data rate maximizing problem. To address this problem, a joint intelligent interference prediction and receive beamforming design algorithm is proposed. First, an interference prediction algorithm based on long short-term memory (LSTM) is employed to predict the direction of arrival (DOA) information. Then, a hybrid beamforming algorithm based on deep reinforcement learning (DRL) is proposed to mitigate interference. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm effectively improves long-term data rate for users and outperforms other benchmark algorithms.

全频率复用的密集低地球轨道卫星网络可以提供无缝的全球覆盖和高频谱效率。然而,多颗卫星有重叠的覆盖区域,导致同信道干扰,降低通信系统的性能。此外,低轨道卫星的高动态性使得干扰随时间变化。本文分析了密集低轨道卫星网络中接收波束形成对复杂时变干扰的抑制作用,并将其表述为长期数据速率最大化问题。针对这一问题,提出了一种智能干扰预测与接收波束成形联合设计算法。首先,采用基于长短期记忆(LSTM)的干扰预测算法预测到达方向(DOA)信息;然后,提出了一种基于深度强化学习(DRL)的混合波束形成算法来缓解干扰。仿真结果表明,该算法有效地提高了用户的长期数据速率,优于其他基准算法。
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引用次数: 0
Update on the German and Australasian Optical Ground Station Networks 德国和澳大利亚光地面站网络的最新情况
IF 0.9 4区 计算机科学 Q3 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2025-03-25 DOI: 10.1002/sat.1564
Nicholas J. Rattenbury, Joseph Ashby, Francis Bennet, Marcus Birch, John E. Cater, Kate Ferguson, Dirk Giggenbach, Ken Grant, Andreas Knopp, Marcus T. Knopp, Ed Kruzins, Andrew Lambert, Kerry Mudge, Catherine Qualtrough, Samuele Raffa, Jonas Rittershofer, Mikhael T. Sayat, Sascha Schediwy, Robert T. Schwarz, Matthew Sellars, Oliver Thearle, Tony Travouillon, Kevin Walker, Shane Walsh, Stephen Weddell

Networks of ground stations designed to transmit and receive at visible and infra-red wavelengths through the atmosphere offer an opportunity to provide on-demand, high-bandwidth, secure communications with spacecraft in Earth orbit and beyond. This work describes the operation and activities of current free space optical communications (FSOC) ground stations in Germany and Australasia. In Germany, FSOC facilities are located at the Oberpfaffenhofen campus of the German Aerospace Center (DLR), the Laser-Bodenstation in Trauen (Responsive Space Cluster Competence Center, DLR), and the Research Center Space of the University of the Bundeswehr Munich in Neubiberg. The DLR also operates a ground station in Almería, Spain, as part of the European Optical Nucleus Network (EONN). The Australasian Optical Ground Station Network (AOGSN) is a proposed network of 0.5–0.7 m class optical telescopes located across Australia and New Zealand. The development and progress for each node of the AOGSN is reported, along with optimization of future site locations based on cloud cover analysis.

设计用于在大气中传输和接收可见光和红外线波长的地面站网络提供了与地球轨道上和更远的航天器按需、高带宽、安全通信的机会。本文描述了当前德国和澳大利亚自由空间光通信(FSOC)地面站的运行和活动。在德国,FSOC设施位于德国航空航天中心(DLR)的Oberpfaffenhofen校区,Trauen的激光博登站(响应空间集群能力中心,DLR)和德国联邦国防军慕尼黑大学的研究中心空间。DLR还在西班牙Almería运营一个地面站,作为欧洲光核网络(EONN)的一部分。澳大拉西亚光学地面站网络(AOGSN)是一个拟议的0.5-0.7米级光学望远镜网络,位于澳大利亚和新西兰。报告了AOGSN每个节点的发展和进展,以及基于云覆盖分析的未来站点位置优化。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
International Journal of Satellite Communications and Networking
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