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Robust Beamforming Design for Achievable Secrecy Rate Maximization in IRS-Aided Satellite Systems irs辅助卫星系统可实现保密率最大化的鲁棒波束形成设计
IF 0.9 4区 计算机科学 Q3 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2025-02-14 DOI: 10.1002/sat.1550
Fei Li, Yuting Mi, Zining Wang, Changfeng Ding, Min Lin

This paper investigates a robust secure transmission design for enhancing the physical layer security (PLS) in an intelligent reflecting surface (IRS)-aided satellite system. Especially since it is challenging to obtain the perfect channel state information (CSI) related to the IRS links, we consider here two different scenarios. Specifically, (1) perfect legitimate users' CSI (LCSI) and imperfect eavesdroppers' CSI (ECSI) are adopted. (2) the case of imperfect LCSI and imperfect ECSI. Under both scenarios, we formulate an optimization problem aiming to maximize the minimal achievable secrecy rate (ASR) among legitimate users subject to quality-of-service requirements and satellite transmit power budget. In order to tackle this nonconvex optimization problem, we propose a robust beamforming (BF) algorithm combining second-order Taylor series expansion and Bernstein-type inequality to jointly optimize transmit power of satellite and phase shifts of IRS. Finally, numerical results confirm the robustness and superiority of the proposed scheme under different CSI uncertainty scenarios.

研究了一种增强智能反射面辅助卫星系统物理层安全性的鲁棒安全传输设计。特别是由于获取与IRS链接相关的完美通道状态信息(CSI)具有挑战性,因此我们在这里考虑两种不同的场景。具体来说,(1)采用完全合法用户CSI (LCSI)和不完全窃听者CSI (ECSI)。(2) LCSI不完善和ECSI不完善的情况。在这两种情况下,我们制定了一个优化问题,旨在最大化合法用户之间的最小可实现保密率(ASR),同时受服务质量要求和卫星传输功率预算的限制。为了解决这一非凸优化问题,提出了一种结合二阶泰勒级数展开和bernstein型不等式的鲁棒波束形成算法,对卫星发射功率和IRS相移进行联合优化。最后,数值结果验证了该方案在不同CSI不确定性情景下的鲁棒性和优越性。
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引用次数: 0
Review and Analysis of Digital Signal Processing Algorithms for Coherent Optical Satellite Links 卫星相干光链路数字信号处理算法综述与分析
IF 0.9 4区 计算机科学 Q3 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2025-02-11 DOI: 10.1002/sat.1553
Carl Valjus, Raphael Wolf, Juraj Poliak

Coherent optical satellite links enable high-throughput communication and high accuracy ranging to and between satellites. Due to the ever-increasing demand for throughput, wavelength division multiplexing of polarization multiplexed optical signals is being considered as a solution to provide high-speed optical satellite links. Fiber-optic systems solve the implementation scalability problem of these systems by shifting design complexity to integrated circuits, thereby massively reducing the system footprint. As a result of the major advances in complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology, the implementation scalability of such systems in terrestrial fiber systems has been solved by shifting the system complexity to digital hardware, enabling intradyne reception and complex signal recovery algorithms. While the use of fiber-optic transceivers provides a fast path to high-speed coherent optical satellite links (OSLs), it requires additional mitigation techniques to combat the effects of both the OSL channel and the space environment. To support future satellite networks with Tbit/s optical links, it will be critical to further minimize the size, weight, and power (SWaP), cost and reliability of the transceivers. Thus, the development of custom intradyne optical transceivers for OSLs is emerging as an attractive option as the demand for throughput in satellite networks continues to grow. This would not only enable the use of a more optimized signal processing chain but also enable the use of radiation mitigation techniques optimized for the signal processing architecture and the use of soft-decision forward error correction (FEC) optimized for OSLs. The signal processing of coherent optical satellite receivers can be divided into three key subsystems: timing recovery, carrier synchronization, and equalization. This paper reviews state-of-the-art digital signal processing for optical communication to identify suitable algorithms for timing recovery, carrier frequency and phase compensation, equalization, and polarization demultiplexing with emphasis on high-throughput optical satellite links. Finally, the performance of different digital signal processing algorithms is assessed by numerical simulations considering different optical satellite link scenarios.

相干光学卫星链路能够实现卫星之间的高吞吐量通信和高精度测距。由于对吞吐量的需求不断增加,偏振复用光信号的波分复用被认为是提供高速卫星光链路的一种解决方案。光纤系统解决了这些系统的可扩展性问题,将设计复杂性转移到集成电路上,从而大大减少了系统的占地面积。由于互补金属氧化物半导体(CMOS)技术的重大进步,通过将系统复杂性转移到数字硬件,实现内接收和复杂信号恢复算法,解决了地面光纤系统中此类系统的可扩展性。虽然使用光纤收发器提供了通往高速相干光学卫星链路的快速途径,但它需要额外的减缓技术来对抗相干光学卫星信道和空间环境的影响。为了支持未来具有Tbit/s光链路的卫星网络,进一步减小收发器的尺寸、重量和功率(SWaP)、成本和可靠性将是至关重要的。因此,随着对卫星网络吞吐量的需求不断增长,为光学卫星网络开发定制的片内光收发器正成为一种有吸引力的选择。这不仅可以使用更优化的信号处理链,还可以使用针对信号处理架构优化的辐射减缓技术,并使用针对OSLs优化的软决策前向纠错(FEC)。相干光卫星接收机的信号处理可分为定时恢复、载波同步和均衡三个关键子系统。本文回顾了光通信中最先进的数字信号处理,以确定适合的时间恢复、载波频率和相位补偿、均衡和极化解复用的算法,重点是高通量光学卫星链路。最后,针对不同的卫星光链路场景,通过数值模拟评估了不同数字信号处理算法的性能。
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引用次数: 0
Special Issue on “Advances in Optical Space Communications” “光空间通讯的进展”特刊
IF 0.9 4区 计算机科学 Q3 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2025-02-04 DOI: 10.1002/sat.1551
Dirk Giggenbach, Ramon Mata Calvo

Optical space communications has long been considered the most efficient means for transferring information and keeping high-rate connection to various space assets, from Low-Earth Orbit via GEO and Moon towards the planets in our solar system. While technological boundaries prevented its use in the first place after the invention of the laser, initial evaluations of interorbit links for data repatriation in the 2000s proved its advantages (SILEX, OICETS, LCTSX). After that, Space Data High Way has demonstrated operational service provision with the EDRS constellation. Also, in deep space communication scenarios, LLCD and currently Psyche confirmed the advantages of optical communication in reaching the farther spots of our Solar System.

Nowadays, optical intersatellite links are already the technology of choice for network interconnects in LEO Mega-Constellations. In future, in Very-High-Throughput Satellite Systems (VHTS), the RF-feeder link will be replaced by optical feeders providing several Terabit/s in one beam instead of requiring a multitude of RF ground stations spread over several countries.

Furthermore, quantum key exchange and network securing by discrete particle states are already in early application phase on ground and in space applications, and finally, the application of deep space optical communications for Planetary Exploration promises not only extreme increase in data throughput but also new sensing and observation opportunities, up to the interplanetary internet as is required for human settling on other planets and asteroids, allowing to finally overcome the frontier of our terrestrial legacy.

Concluding, we would like to cordially thank all the authors for their excellent contributions and their perseverance during the long reviewing and publication process. We also compliment the reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions which helped to further refine the quality of all papers. We trust that the readership will perceive this special issue beneficial and will take it as a reference for future developments in the field of Optical Space Communications and their scientific application.

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

长期以来,光空间通信一直被认为是传输信息和与各种空间资产保持高速连接的最有效手段,从低地球轨道通过地球同步轨道和月球到我们太阳系的行星。虽然在激光发明后,技术限制首先阻碍了它的使用,但2000年代对数据返回的轨道间链路的初步评估证明了它的优势(SILEX、OICETS、LCTSX)。此后,空间数据高速公路已经演示了使用EDRS星座提供业务服务。此外,在深空通信场景中,LLCD和目前的Psyche证实了光通信在到达太阳系更远的地方方面的优势。目前,星间光链路已经成为低轨道大星座网络互连的首选技术。未来,在极高吞吐量卫星系统(VHTS)中,射频馈线链路将被光馈线所取代,光馈线在一个波束中提供几个太比特/秒,而不是需要分布在几个国家的多个射频地面站。此外,量子密钥交换和离散粒子态网络安全已经在地面和空间应用中处于早期应用阶段,最后,用于行星探测的深空光通信的应用不仅承诺了数据吞吐量的极大增加,而且还承诺了新的传感和观测机会,直到人类在其他行星和小行星上定居所需的行星际互联网。使我们最终能够克服陆地遗产的边界。最后,我们衷心感谢所有作者在漫长的审稿和发表过程中所做出的卓越贡献和坚持不懈的努力。我们也感谢审稿人的宝贵意见和建议,这有助于进一步提高所有论文的质量。我们相信读者会认为这期特刊是有益的,并将其作为光空间通信领域未来发展及其科学应用的参考。作者声明无利益冲突。
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引用次数: 0
Photonic Integrated Circuits for Optical Satellite Links: A Review of the Technology Status and Space Effects 卫星光链路光子集成电路:技术现状与空间效应综述
IF 0.9 4区 计算机科学 Q3 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2025-01-31 DOI: 10.1002/sat.1552
Giulio Terrasanta, Marcin Wojciech Ziarko, Nicola Bergamasco, Menno Poot, Juraj Poliak

Optical satellite communications provide high-data rates with compact and power efficient payloads that can solve the bottlenecks of RF technologies. Photonic integrated circuits have the potential to reduce the cost, size, weight, and power consumption of satellite laser communications terminals, by integrating all the required photonic components on a chip. This can be achieved by leveraging on the mature technology for fiber communications. In this article, the technology status of photonic integrated circuits for optical satellite link is reviewed. Different material platforms are compared, with a focus on high-speed coherent optical communications. The integration of the photonic chip into a communications payload is discussed, together with possible challenges and opportunities. The impact of the space environment, especially the one of radiation, on the performance of the integrated photonic devices is reviewed and discussed.

光学卫星通信提供高数据速率,具有紧凑和节能的有效载荷,可以解决射频技术的瓶颈。光子集成电路通过在一个芯片上集成所有所需的光子元件,有可能降低卫星激光通信终端的成本、尺寸、重量和功耗。这可以通过利用成熟的光纤通信技术来实现。本文综述了卫星光链路光子集成电路的技术现状。比较了不同的材料平台,重点讨论了高速相干光通信。讨论了将光子芯片集成到通信有效载荷中,以及可能面临的挑战和机遇。综述和讨论了空间环境,特别是辐射环境对集成光子器件性能的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Laser Terminals on CubeSats: Developments for Telecommunications and Quantum Links 立方体卫星上的激光终端:电信和量子链路的发展
IF 0.9 4区 计算机科学 Q3 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2025-01-17 DOI: 10.1002/sat.1545
Christian Roubal, Till Dolejsky, Benjamin Rödiger, Fabian Rein, Jorge Rosano Nonay, René Rüddenklau, Christos Papadopoulos, Christopher Schmidt, Florian Moll

Satellite-based laser communication is an emerging technology that is finding its way from research to industry. Compared to radio frequency (RF) systems, it has a more efficient size, weight, and power budget and, furthermore, is license free. The required space laser terminals can be designed in different sizes, depending on the mission needs. Data rate requirements range from CubeSats with Mb/s to large satellites with Gb/s data rates and sometimes even Tb/s. This enables, for example, the use of high-resolution imagers even in CubeSats or mega-constellation networks with high-rate intersatellite links. Space laser terminals are also necessary for satellite-based Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), which is increasingly important for the development of future quantum-safe networks. In contrast to classical optical links for data transmission, link budget constraints cannot be overcome by simply amplifying the power, but the end-to-end loss needs to be minimized. This is possible with high antenna gains defined by the transmit and receive optics size. Therefore, the optics size of the laser terminal is one of the most important parameters. Building optical terminals with large apertures for use in space is expensive and requires at least a small satellite platform, increasing the cost of development and launch. The New Space approach using a CubeSat platform is a cost-effective alternative because many components can be selected off-the-shelf. This paper reviews developments of laser communication terminals for CubeSats in space to ground and intersatellite scenarios with applications in quantum communications and telecommunications. The systems are selected with respect to clear space deployment, and their core parameters are compared. Special focus and detailed insight are given for the development OSIRIS4CubeSat (O4C).

基于卫星的激光通信是一项新兴技术,正在从研究走向工业。与射频(RF)系统相比,它具有更有效的尺寸、重量和功率预算,而且不需要许可证。所需的空间激光终端可以根据任务需要设计成不同的尺寸。数据速率要求从Mb/s的立方体卫星到Gb/s数据速率的大型卫星,有时甚至是Tb/s。例如,这使得在立方体卫星或具有高速卫星间链路的巨型星座网络中使用高分辨率成像仪成为可能。空间激光终端对于基于卫星的量子密钥分发(QKD)也是必不可少的,这对未来量子安全网络的发展越来越重要。与用于数据传输的经典光链路相比,链路预算限制不能通过简单地放大功率来克服,但需要将端到端损耗降到最低。这是可能的高天线增益定义的发射和接收光学尺寸。因此,激光终端的光学尺寸是最重要的参数之一。建造用于太空的大孔径光学终端是昂贵的,至少需要一个小型卫星平台,这增加了开发和发射的成本。使用立方体卫星平台的新空间方法是一种具有成本效益的替代方案,因为许多组件可以选择现成的。本文综述了空间对地和星间激光通信终端在量子通信和电信领域的应用进展。从空间部署的角度选择了系统,并对其核心参数进行了比较。对OSIRIS4CubeSat (O4C)的开发给予了特别的关注和详细的见解。
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引用次数: 0
A Load-Balancing Enhancement to Schedule-Aware Bundle Routing 对计划感知包路由的负载平衡增强
IF 0.9 4区 计算机科学 Q3 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2025-01-15 DOI: 10.1002/sat.1549
Jason J. Kamps, Filip Palunčić, B. T. Maharaj

Delay- and disruption-tolerant networking (DTN) enables communication in networks afflicted by long propagation delays and sporadic connectivity. DTN routing techniques such as schedule-aware bundle routing (SABR) exist to route data bundles in deterministic networks, such as those found in deep-space environments, where node contacts are predictable. This article begins with an overview of DTN architecture and SABR. SABR's method of final route selection (forwarding rules) is closely examined. The article then addresses a limitation of SABR whereby the algorithm may overlook parallel channels, leading to network congestion. To mitigate this, an enhancement is proposed. This enhancement aims to optimize data bundle distribution across candidate routes in networks with parallel channels, thus alleviating congestion and enhancing overall network performance. This is achieved with simple modifications to SABR's forwarding rules to avoid the concentration of data bundles on a minority of node contacts. The enhancement is demonstrated through simulations in a reference scenario implemented in DtnSim.

容忍延迟和中断的网络(DTN)能够在受长传播延迟和零星连接影响的网络中进行通信。DTN路由技术,如时间表感知包路由(SABR),用于在确定性网络中路由数据包,例如在深空环境中发现的那些网络,其中节点接触是可预测的。本文首先概述DTN体系结构和SABR。仔细检查了SABR的最终路由选择方法(转发规则)。然后,本文解决了SABR的一个限制,即该算法可能忽略并行通道,导致网络拥塞。为了减轻这种情况,提出了一种增强方法。该增强旨在优化具有并行通道的网络中候选路由之间的数据包分布,从而缓解拥塞并提高整体网络性能。这是通过对SABR的转发规则进行简单修改来实现的,以避免数据包集中在少数节点接触上。通过在DtnSim中实现的参考场景中的模拟演示了这种增强。
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引用次数: 0
A Unified Resource Allocation Framework and Impact Evaluation for NGSO Satellite Constellations NGSO卫星星座统一资源分配框架及影响评价
IF 0.9 4区 计算机科学 Q3 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2025-01-12 DOI: 10.1002/sat.1547
Nils Pachler, Juan Jose Garau-Luis, Edward F. Crawley, Bruce G. Cameron

The new era of satellite communications will rely on thousands of highly flexible spacecraft capable of autonomously managing constellation resources, such as power or frequency. Previous work has focused on the automation of the individual tasks that compose the resource allocation problem (RAP). However, two aspects remain unaddressed: (1) A unified method that autonomously solves the RAP under nongeosynchronous conditions is still to be developed, and (2) the cost–benefit of using optimization methods remains to be studied. Note that these studies are critical for satellite operators to take appropriate decisions concerning the automation of communications constellations operations. To close this gap, this work proposes an adaptive framework to solve the RAP for high-dimensional nongeosynchronous satellite constellations. The proposed framework uses a divide-and-conquer approach that solves each step of the RAP, leveraging different optimization algorithms at the subproblem level to produce a valid and efficient allocation of resources over long time horizons. When comparing the proposed method against scalable greedy solutions, the former achieves up to four times more constellation capacity and reduces the overall consumed power by up to a factor of 3. The cost–benefit analysis reveals which RAP subproblems should be prioritized depending on the operator's objectives. Studying diverse operational conditions, we find that optimization methods enhance capacity consistently yet might raise power consumption due to trade-offs in the routing algorithms.

卫星通信的新时代将依赖于数千个高度灵活的航天器,这些航天器能够自主管理星座资源,如功率或频率。以前的工作集中在组成资源分配问题(RAP)的单个任务的自动化上。然而,在非地球同步条件下自主求解RAP的统一方法有待开发,以及优化方法的成本效益有待研究。请注意,这些研究对于卫星运营商就通信星座操作自动化作出适当决策至关重要。为了缩小这一差距,本工作提出了一个自适应框架来解决高维非地球同步卫星星座的RAP问题。所建议的框架使用分而治之的方法来解决RAP的每个步骤,在子问题级别上利用不同的优化算法来产生长期有效的资源分配。当将所提出的方法与可扩展贪婪解决方案进行比较时,前者实现了多达四倍的星座容量,并将总消耗功率降低了多达3倍。成本效益分析揭示了哪些RAP子问题应该根据作业者的目标进行优先处理。研究了不同的运行条件,我们发现优化方法可以持续提高容量,但由于路由算法的权衡,可能会增加功耗。
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引用次数: 0
Review of Deep Space Optical Communications 深空光通信综述
IF 0.9 4区 计算机科学 Q3 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2025-01-09 DOI: 10.1002/sat.1543
Hristo Ivanov, Sinda Mejri, Andrea Di Mira, Klaus-Juergen Schulz, Clemens Heese

Amidst the next industrial revolution, advanced spaceborne optical communication technologies that offer terabit per second throughput enable seamless exploration, communication, and efficient information capacity allocation. The current paper aims to provide profound insight into the major developments of laser communication activities in deep space. To achieve this objective, a comprehensive review and comparison of the most prominent ESA-supported (European Space Agency) initiatives, including the Lunar Optical Communication Link (LOCL) and the Deep Space Optical Communications (DSOC) demonstrations, among other activities, are provided. While ESA has gained sophisticated heritage by means of manufacturing and testing a number of cutting-edge optical communication technologies within LOCL activity, it also intends to demonstrate an augmented ground infrastructure for establishing an end-to-end High Photon Efficiency (HPE) optical communication link between Earth and DSOC payload of NASA's (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) Psyche Spacecraft. To this end, critical and leading system designs including specific issues that are required for the realization of next-generation systems, along with examples of high-level architectures, are provided in the current work. Considering the enhanced technical expertise, the paper further addresses the technological prospects and envisaged deep-space optical data-return channels for future missions, encompassing the giant planets and beyond at distances larger than 4.2 Astronomical Units (AU), as part of the forthcoming planning cycle, Voyage 2050, of ESA's Space Science Programme. All those prominent goals are addressed and evaluated in terms of fundamental limitations that apply to the information capacity of the HPE optical communication system, which is then compared with a radio frequency (RF) Ka-band link. The demonstrated capabilities to extend the range over 100 AU of optical communication links, while supporting capacity characterized by a high signal-to-noise regime, have the potential to revolutionize planetary exploration.

在下一次工业革命中,先进的星载光通信技术提供每秒太比特的吞吐量,使无缝探索、通信和有效的信息容量分配成为可能。本文旨在对深空激光通信活动的主要进展提供深刻的见解。为了实现这一目标,本文对欧空局支持的最突出的计划进行了全面的审查和比较,其中包括月球光通信链路(LOCL)和深空光通信(DSOC)演示,以及其他活动。虽然ESA通过制造和测试LOCL活动中的一些尖端光通信技术获得了复杂的遗产,但它还打算展示增强的地面基础设施,用于在地球和NASA(美国国家航空航天局)Psyche航天器的DSOC有效载荷之间建立端到端的高光子效率(HPE)光通信链路。为此,在当前的工作中提供了关键和领先的系统设计,包括实现下一代系统所需的具体问题,以及高级架构的示例。考虑到技术专长的增强,本文进一步探讨了未来任务的技术前景和设想的深空光学数据返回通道,包括距离大于4.2天文单位(AU)的巨行星及更远的行星,作为ESA空间科学计划即将到来的规划周期“航行2050”的一部分。所有这些突出的目标都是根据适用于HPE光通信系统信息容量的基本限制来解决和评估的,然后将其与射频(RF) ka波段链路进行比较。所展示的将光通信链路的范围扩展到100 AU以上的能力,同时支持以高信噪比为特征的能力,具有彻底改变行星探索的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Resource Allocation Techniques in Multibeam Satellites: Conventional Methods vs. AI/ML Approaches 多波束卫星资源分配技术:传统方法与人工智能/机器学习方法
IF 0.9 4区 计算机科学 Q3 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2025-01-02 DOI: 10.1002/sat.1548
Shwet Kashyap, Nisha Gupta

This paper presents a comprehensive survey of advancements in resource allocation techniques within the realm of multibeam satellites, focusing specifically on four key areas related to payload beam hopping, along with allocations of power, bandwidth, and beamwidth. It provides a comprehensive examination of traditional approaches alongside the innovative adoption of artificial intelligence and machine learning (AI/ML) methods to tackle these obstacles. A comprehensive analysis is carried out to investigate the possible approaches to enhance the resource allocation efficiency further. While acknowledging the plethora of topics within the multibeam satellite domain, this study deliberately narrows its focus to these four fundamental aspects, providing a nuanced understanding of the evolving landscape in satellite communications.

本文全面介绍了多波束卫星领域中资源分配技术的进展,特别关注与有效载荷波束跳变相关的四个关键领域,以及功率、带宽和波束宽度的分配。它提供了对传统方法的全面检查,同时创新地采用人工智能和机器学习(AI/ML)方法来解决这些障碍。对进一步提高资源配置效率的可能途径进行了综合分析。在承认多波束卫星领域中有过多的主题的同时,本研究故意将其重点缩小到这四个基本方面,提供了对卫星通信不断发展的景观的细致入微的理解。
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引用次数: 0
Energy-Aware Protocol Design and Evaluation of the PHY Layer in Satellite IoT 卫星物联网物理层能量感知协议设计与评价
IF 0.9 4区 计算机科学 Q3 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2024-12-30 DOI: 10.1002/sat.1546
Simon Heine, Christian A. Hofmann, Andreas Knopp

Direct-to-satellite communication for the Internet of Things (IoT) has attracted significant interest from both the scientific community and major telecommunications players. The integration of satellite connectivity in smartphones and IoT devices promises a transformative impact on critical applications such as environmental monitoring, asset tracking, agriculture, and nature conservation. These applications require reliable and energy-efficient technologies for transmitting sensor data from regions without terrestrial networks, necessitating robust design of waveforms and protocols. This work investigates the most suitable IoT protocols for direct-to-satellite communication, emphasizing overhead, spectral, and energy efficiency. By introducing a framework and evaluation metrics that incorporate physical layer overhead into the evaluation, a comprehensive analysis of the effective energy efficiency in satellite IoT systems is conducted. Our findings highlight substantial differences among the Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) protocols. Consequently, we propose a new classification for the most energy-efficient protocols, termed Massive Multiple Access very Low Power Wide Area Networks (MMA-vLPWANs). This classification aims to streamline the selection process for energy-conscious satellite IoT waveforms for deployments in remote areas. The results not only advance the understanding of protocol efficiency in satellite IoT communications but also offer a guideline for optimizing power usage in IoT devices, extending their operational life and enhancing their utility in inaccessible regions.

物联网(IoT)的直接到卫星通信已经引起了科学界和主要电信参与者的极大兴趣。智能手机和物联网设备中卫星连接的集成有望对环境监测、资产跟踪、农业和自然保护等关键应用产生变革性影响。这些应用需要可靠和节能的技术来从没有地面网络的地区传输传感器数据,需要波形和协议的稳健设计。这项工作研究了最适合直接到卫星通信的物联网协议,强调开销、频谱和能源效率。通过引入将物理层开销纳入评估的框架和评估指标,对卫星物联网系统的有效能源效率进行了全面分析。我们的研究结果突出了低功率广域网(LPWAN)协议之间的实质性差异。因此,我们提出了一种新的最节能的协议分类,称为大规模多址极低功耗广域网(mma - vlpwan)。这种分类旨在简化在偏远地区部署的节能卫星物联网波形的选择过程。研究结果不仅促进了对卫星物联网通信协议效率的理解,而且为优化物联网设备的电力使用、延长其使用寿命和提高其在不可访问区域的效用提供了指导。
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International Journal of Satellite Communications and Networking
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