Pub Date : 2025-09-02DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsrc.2025.08.005
Longhui Pan , Rui Li , Benjin Yu , Wanquan Zhang , Chaoyang Xue , Zhenhong Yi
Karst landscapes are plagued by severe soil erosion due to their fractured lithology and complex hydrology, posing persistent challenges to erosion assessment and ecological restoration. However, current approaches often fail to account for the spatial heterogeneity and hydrological complexity typical of karst terrains. This study developed and compared four vegetation restoration scenarios—the status quo scenario, linear scenario, patch scenario, and combined scenario—using an integrated modeling framework based on the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) and the sediment connectivity index (IC). The combined scenario, which integrates linear buffers with patch-based vegetation, showed superior performance in reducing both soil erosion and sediment connectivity. The patch scenario also shows strong adaptability in steep-slope areas because it effectively mitigates sediment transport potential. To improve restoration precision further, a slope- and karst desertification-sensitive vegetation configuration strategy was proposed. This study also introduced the use of bivariate Moran's I analysis to identify spatial hotspots of erosion and connectivity overlap. These results provide a novel methodology for evaluating multiscenario ecological restoration in karst regions. The findings offer practical guidance for implementing targeted soil and water conservation interventions and contribute to the broader goal of sustainable land management in ecologically fragile environments.
{"title":"Multidimensional assessment and precision restoration strategies for soil erosion in karst areas: Based on multi-scenario simulation","authors":"Longhui Pan , Rui Li , Benjin Yu , Wanquan Zhang , Chaoyang Xue , Zhenhong Yi","doi":"10.1016/j.ijsrc.2025.08.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijsrc.2025.08.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Karst landscapes are plagued by severe soil erosion due to their fractured lithology and complex hydrology, posing persistent challenges to erosion assessment and ecological restoration. However, current approaches often fail to account for the spatial heterogeneity and hydrological complexity typical of karst terrains. This study developed and compared four vegetation restoration scenarios—the status quo scenario, linear scenario, patch scenario, and combined scenario—using an integrated modeling framework based on the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) and the sediment connectivity index (IC). The combined scenario, which integrates linear buffers with patch-based vegetation, showed superior performance in reducing both soil erosion and sediment connectivity. The patch scenario also shows strong adaptability in steep-slope areas because it effectively mitigates sediment transport potential. To improve restoration precision further, a slope- and karst desertification-sensitive vegetation configuration strategy was proposed. This study also introduced the use of bivariate Moran's <em>I</em> analysis to identify spatial hotspots of erosion and connectivity overlap. These results provide a novel methodology for evaluating multiscenario ecological restoration in karst regions. The findings offer practical guidance for implementing targeted soil and water conservation interventions and contribute to the broader goal of sustainable land management in ecologically fragile environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50290,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sediment Research","volume":"40 6","pages":"Pages 972-989"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145486275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This review focuses on the mechanisms and scour resistance of various soil solidification methods used in civil and coastal engineering. Traditional chemical methods, such as ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and lime, enhance scour resistance primarily through pozzolanic reactions and cementitious bonding, which increase cohesion and shear strength. The laboratory results revealed that OPC-solidified soil can resist flows of up to 4 m/s after one day of curing, whereas lime-treated soils can withstand flows of up to 8.5 m/s after 14 days. Polymer-based treatments work by forming a surface-binding network that improves soil aggregate stability; optimal dosages can reduce rainfall-induced erosion rates to as low as 0.3 % compared with those of untreated soil, although their limited strength restricts their use to nonhydrodynamic environments. Ionic soil stabilizers (ISSs), a class of chemical agents, function by replacing exchangeable ions in clay minerals, leading to reduced plasticity, improved particle alignment, and increased soil density. While widely applied in subgrades and slope stabilization, their application in hydraulic environments is still in its infancy. Current evidence of scour resistance remains limited because of insufficient laboratory and field data. Biological methods, including microbial and enzyme-induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP/EICP), function by precipitating calcium carbonate that binds particles and fills pores; these methods can reduce sand erosion by up to 80 %–98 %, although the cost and nonuniform distribution of enzymes present challenges. Combined methods leverage complementary mechanisms—for example, carbonate precipitation and cement hydration—to improve microstructure and strength synergistically, with reported increases in critical shear stress up to 971.6 Pa. This review provides a comparative analysis of the methods, focusing primarily on their underlying mechanisms and ability to enhance scour resistance, with additional discussion on costs, environmental impact, and operational complexity. Future research is needed to address how these methods could be optimized for better performance and cost efficiency, especially for large-scale prototype applications.
{"title":"Review of soil solidification methods in scour and erosion control","authors":"Dawei Guan , Xuefen Zhang , Hao Meng , Yee-Meng Chiew , Zishun Yao","doi":"10.1016/j.ijsrc.2025.08.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijsrc.2025.08.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This review focuses on the mechanisms and scour resistance of various soil solidification methods used in civil and coastal engineering. Traditional chemical methods, such as ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and lime, enhance scour resistance primarily through pozzolanic reactions and cementitious bonding, which increase cohesion and shear strength. The laboratory results revealed that OPC-solidified soil can resist flows of up to 4 m/s after one day of curing, whereas lime-treated soils can withstand flows of up to 8.5 m/s after 14 days. Polymer-based treatments work by forming a surface-binding network that improves soil aggregate stability; optimal dosages can reduce rainfall-induced erosion rates to as low as 0.3 % compared with those of untreated soil, although their limited strength restricts their use to nonhydrodynamic environments. Ionic soil stabilizers (ISSs), a class of chemical agents, function by replacing exchangeable ions in clay minerals, leading to reduced plasticity, improved particle alignment, and increased soil density. While widely applied in subgrades and slope stabilization, their application in hydraulic environments is still in its infancy. Current evidence of scour resistance remains limited because of insufficient laboratory and field data. Biological methods, including microbial and enzyme-induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP/EICP), function by precipitating calcium carbonate that binds particles and fills pores; these methods can reduce sand erosion by up to 80 %–98 %, although the cost and nonuniform distribution of enzymes present challenges. Combined methods leverage complementary mechanisms—for example, carbonate precipitation and cement hydration—to improve microstructure and strength synergistically, with reported increases in critical shear stress up to 971.6 Pa. This review provides a comparative analysis of the methods, focusing primarily on their underlying mechanisms and ability to enhance scour resistance, with additional discussion on costs, environmental impact, and operational complexity. Future research is needed to address how these methods could be optimized for better performance and cost efficiency, especially for large-scale prototype applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50290,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sediment Research","volume":"40 6","pages":"Pages 919-934"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145486266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-12DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsrc.2025.08.002
Xiangfen Liu , Junqi Yu , Yahua Li , Jinhui Pang , Yao Guo , Qianzheng Li , Kaixuan Wu , Bingqian Xu , Zhenbin Wu , Qiaohong Zhou
Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are used to assist phytoremediation. Synthetic PGPR can adapt to diverse sediment environments more effectively than single PGPR. However, their mechanisms of application in submerged macrophytes remediation of cadmium polluted sediment remains challenging. Here, we investigated the effect of synthetic PGPR on enhancing phytoremediation in cadmium polluted sediment and the underlying mechanisms promoting growth of submerged macrophytes. We conducted a comparison regarding the phytoremediation efficiencies of submerged macrophytes within cadmium polluted sediment under the conditions of the absence of PGPR, single PGPR and synthetic PGPR inoculation. The results indicated that the lower concentration of cadmium in the sediment was achieved under synthetic PGPR inoculation of two treatments, specifically decreased by 26.18 % and 25.55 %, because of the highest biota-sediment accumulation factor. Synthetic PGPR induced 44 %–88 % increase in the biomass of submerged macrophytes by regulating enzyme activities and photosynthesis system compared with the treatment with cadmium pollution only. The PGPR promoted significant increase of chlorophyll, the optimal/maximal quantum yield of PSⅡ (Fv/Fm) and carotenoids content with the highest increases in macrophytes inoculated with synthetic PGPR. Compared with the treatments inoculated with single PGPR, synthetic PGPR enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes to assist submerged macrophytes in resisting cadmium stress. Consequently, synthetic PGPR promoted the growth and cadmium accumulation of submerged macrophytes. Our research further observed that the translocation factor of the submerged macrophytes was below 1, showing that cadmium was not easily transferred within the macrophytes. Our study provides new perspectives into strategy development in microbe-assisted submerged macrophytes remediation of cadmium polluted sediment.
{"title":"From single to synthetic PGPR: Exploring the strategies of submerged macrophyte remediation in cadmium polluted sediment","authors":"Xiangfen Liu , Junqi Yu , Yahua Li , Jinhui Pang , Yao Guo , Qianzheng Li , Kaixuan Wu , Bingqian Xu , Zhenbin Wu , Qiaohong Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.ijsrc.2025.08.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijsrc.2025.08.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are used to assist phytoremediation. Synthetic PGPR can adapt to diverse sediment environments more effectively than single PGPR. However, their mechanisms of application in submerged macrophytes remediation of cadmium polluted sediment remains challenging. Here, we investigated the effect of synthetic PGPR on enhancing phytoremediation in cadmium polluted sediment and the underlying mechanisms promoting growth of submerged macrophytes. We conducted a comparison regarding the phytoremediation efficiencies of submerged macrophytes within cadmium polluted sediment under the conditions of the absence of PGPR, single PGPR and synthetic PGPR inoculation. The results indicated that the lower concentration of cadmium in the sediment was achieved under synthetic PGPR inoculation of two treatments, specifically decreased by 26.18 % and 25.55 %, because of the highest biota-sediment accumulation factor. Synthetic PGPR induced 44 %–88 % increase in the biomass of submerged macrophytes by regulating enzyme activities and photosynthesis system compared with the treatment with cadmium pollution only. The PGPR promoted significant increase of chlorophyll, the optimal/maximal quantum yield of PSⅡ (<em>F</em><sub>v</sub>/<em>F</em><sub>m</sub>) and carotenoids content with the highest increases in macrophytes inoculated with synthetic PGPR. Compared with the treatments inoculated with single PGPR, synthetic PGPR enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes to assist submerged macrophytes in resisting cadmium stress. Consequently, synthetic PGPR promoted the growth and cadmium accumulation of submerged macrophytes. Our research further observed that the translocation factor of the submerged macrophytes was below 1, showing that cadmium was not easily transferred within the macrophytes. Our study provides new perspectives into strategy development in microbe-assisted submerged macrophytes remediation of cadmium polluted sediment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50290,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sediment Research","volume":"40 6","pages":"Pages 869-877"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145486280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-09DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsrc.2025.08.003
Hanyu Zhang , Xia Li , Jingjiang Li , Yi Zhang , Yajie Zhao , Jiangbao Xia , Nufang Fang , Kaitong Gao , Qianjin Liu
Estuaries are irreplaceable ecological habitats and the primary deposition areas for sediment and pollutants from rivers. However, many estuaries are subject to an elevated risk of soil erosion owing to the increasing occurrence of flood events and reduced sediment supply. Soil erosion resistance in estuaries, as one of the most important parameters to assess and model soil erosion in estuaries, remains unclear. In this study, soil samples were collected from eight estuaries in Laizhou Bay, China, to characterize soil erosion resistance using soil erodibility (Kd) and soil critical shear stress (τc); additionally, the controlling soil properties were identified using a partial least-squares regression (PLSR) model. The Kd of the eight estuaries ranged from 15.21 to 772.08 cm3/N s. The τc of the eight estuaries ranged from 0.33 to 3.35 Pa. The results of the PLSR analysis indicated that the increased soil electrical conductivity at 25 °C water temperature (EC25), exchangeable sodium (Na+), and clay content contributed to high Kd values, whereas increased exchangeable calcium (Ca2+) and exchangeable potassium (K+) levels were correlated with low Kd values. The τc was negatively correlated with clay content, EC25, exchangeable magnesium (Mg2+), silt content, and total porosity and positively correlated with sand content, K+, and soil bulk density. The Di River estuary exhibited the highest EC25 and lowest Ca2+ among all the estuaries, resulting in the largest Kd. The Bailang River estuary exhibited the highest τc owing to its having the lowest Mg2+ content. These findings indicate that soil erosion resistance is not determined by any individual soil property; future studies should consider the interactions among the physical, chemical, and biological properties of soil.
{"title":"Soil texture and exchangeable ions primarily control soil erosion resistance in estuaries of Laizhou Bay","authors":"Hanyu Zhang , Xia Li , Jingjiang Li , Yi Zhang , Yajie Zhao , Jiangbao Xia , Nufang Fang , Kaitong Gao , Qianjin Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijsrc.2025.08.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijsrc.2025.08.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Estuaries are irreplaceable ecological habitats and the primary deposition areas for sediment and pollutants from rivers. However, many estuaries are subject to an elevated risk of soil erosion owing to the increasing occurrence of flood events and reduced sediment supply. Soil erosion resistance in estuaries, as one of the most important parameters to assess and model soil erosion in estuaries, remains unclear. In this study, soil samples were collected from eight estuaries in Laizhou Bay, China, to characterize soil erosion resistance using soil erodibility (<em>K</em><sub><em>d</em></sub>) and soil critical shear stress (<em>τ</em><sub><em>c</em></sub>); additionally, the controlling soil properties were identified using a partial least-squares regression (PLSR) model. The <em>K</em><sub><em>d</em></sub> of the eight estuaries ranged from 15.21 to 772.08 cm<sup>3</sup>/N s. The <em>τ</em><sub><em>c</em></sub> of the eight estuaries ranged from 0.33 to 3.35 Pa. The results of the PLSR analysis indicated that the increased soil electrical conductivity at 25 °C water temperature (EC<sub>25</sub>), exchangeable sodium (Na<sup>+</sup>), and clay content contributed to high <em>K</em><sub><em>d</em></sub> values, whereas increased exchangeable calcium (Ca<sup>2+</sup>) and exchangeable potassium (K<sup>+</sup>) levels were correlated with low <em>K</em><sub><em>d</em></sub> values. The <em>τ</em><sub><em>c</em></sub> was negatively correlated with clay content, EC<sub>25</sub>, exchangeable magnesium (Mg<sup>2+</sup>), silt content, and total porosity and positively correlated with sand content, K<sup>+</sup>, and soil bulk density. The Di River estuary exhibited the highest EC<sub>25</sub> and lowest Ca<sup>2+</sup> among all the estuaries, resulting in the largest <em>K</em><sub><em>d</em></sub>. The Bailang River estuary exhibited the highest <em>τ</em><sub><em>c</em></sub> owing to its having the lowest Mg<sup>2+</sup> content. These findings indicate that soil erosion resistance is not determined by any individual soil property; future studies should consider the interactions among the physical, chemical, and biological properties of soil.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50290,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sediment Research","volume":"40 6","pages":"Pages 990-999"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145486278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-08DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsrc.2025.08.001
Bambang Agus Kironoto , Miskar Maini , Adam Pamudji Rahardjo , Istiarto
Sediment transport in open channels plays a significant role in shaping turbulent flow structures, influencing sediment dynamics and flow resistance. Transport regimes are classified into equilibrium, where sediment inflow and outflow are balanced, and nonequilibrium, characterized by bed degradation. This study experimentally investigated the turbulence characteristics of sediment-laden, low-velocity open-channel flows under two conditions: sediment-feeding (SF) flows representing equilibrium and nonsediment-feeding (NSF) flows representing degradation-type nonequilibrium conditions. Laboratory experiments were conducted in a 10-m recirculating flume using a 16-MHz acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV). Velocity and turbulence profiles were collected under fixed- and movable-bed configurations using two sediment types (d50 = 1.55 and 1.85 mm) simulating tropical riverbeds. Analyses of velocity profiles, turbulence intensities, Reynolds shear stress, mixing length, eddy viscosity, energy spectra, velocity correlations, and turbulence scales were performed. The results reveal clear distinctions between the SF and NSF flows, particularly near the bed. Sediment feeding reduces the near-bed velocity gradient (du/dy), suppresses near-wall turbulence, and shifts the turbulence intensity peak upward to y/H ≈ 0.15. It also significantly reduces the Reynolds shear stress, whereas changes in the eddy viscosity near the bed are less pronounced because of the dominant velocity gradients. A hybrid model combining exponential and power-law terms is proposed to better represent the turbulence intensity and shear stress profiles under sediment-feeding conditions. Spectral analysis confirmed that, despite the 50 Hz sampling limit of the ADV, the inertial subrange follows Kolmogorov's −5/3 law, although the dissipation range was not captured, and microscale estimations remain approximate. Compared with sediment feeding, increased bed roughness reduces turbulence scales, whereas bed mobility effects are secondary. Shear velocity estimates derived from the Clauser, energy gradient, and Reynolds shear stress methods indicate that turbulence-based methods yield more consistent results in sediment-laden flows. These findings advance the understanding of sediment–turbulence interactions and improve sediment transport modeling for low-velocity open channels. Furthermore, these insights can be applied to enhance predictive modeling, optimize sediment management strategies, and support the design of more resilient river engineering structures, particularly in tropical systems.
{"title":"Turbulence structure and near-wall suppression in equilibrium and nonequilibrium sediment transport: An experimental study","authors":"Bambang Agus Kironoto , Miskar Maini , Adam Pamudji Rahardjo , Istiarto","doi":"10.1016/j.ijsrc.2025.08.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijsrc.2025.08.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sediment transport in open channels plays a significant role in shaping turbulent flow structures, influencing sediment dynamics and flow resistance. Transport regimes are classified into equilibrium, where sediment inflow and outflow are balanced, and nonequilibrium, characterized by bed degradation. This study experimentally investigated the turbulence characteristics of sediment-laden, low-velocity open-channel flows under two conditions: sediment-feeding (SF) flows representing equilibrium and nonsediment-feeding (NSF) flows representing degradation-type nonequilibrium conditions. Laboratory experiments were conducted in a 10-m recirculating flume using a 16-MHz acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV). Velocity and turbulence profiles were collected under fixed- and movable-bed configurations using two sediment types (<em>d</em><sub>50</sub> = 1.55 and 1.85 mm) simulating tropical riverbeds. Analyses of velocity profiles, turbulence intensities, Reynolds shear stress, mixing length, eddy viscosity, energy spectra, velocity correlations, and turbulence scales were performed. The results reveal clear distinctions between the SF and NSF flows, particularly near the bed. Sediment feeding reduces the near-bed velocity gradient (d<em>u</em>/d<em>y</em>), suppresses near-wall turbulence, and shifts the turbulence intensity peak upward to <em>y</em>/<em>H</em> ≈ 0.15. It also significantly reduces the Reynolds shear stress, whereas changes in the eddy viscosity near the bed are less pronounced because of the dominant velocity gradients. A hybrid model combining exponential and power-law terms is proposed to better represent the turbulence intensity and shear stress profiles under sediment-feeding conditions. Spectral analysis confirmed that, despite the 50 Hz sampling limit of the ADV, the inertial subrange follows Kolmogorov's −5/3 law, although the dissipation range was not captured, and microscale estimations remain approximate. Compared with sediment feeding, increased bed roughness reduces turbulence scales, whereas bed mobility effects are secondary. Shear velocity estimates derived from the Clauser, energy gradient, and Reynolds shear stress methods indicate that turbulence-based methods yield more consistent results in sediment-laden flows. These findings advance the understanding of sediment–turbulence interactions and improve sediment transport modeling for low-velocity open channels. Furthermore, these insights can be applied to enhance predictive modeling, optimize sediment management strategies, and support the design of more resilient river engineering structures, particularly in tropical systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50290,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sediment Research","volume":"41 1","pages":"Pages 1-22"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145929122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-05DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsrc.2025.07.013
Misagh Parhizkar , Manuel Esteban Lucas-Borja , Nikolaos Tziolas , Pietro Denisi , Demetrio Antonio Zema
Very few studies have explored the effectiveness of polyacrylamide (PAM) application on soil in mitigating rill erosion, especially in deforested environments. This study has measured the soil detachment capacity (Dc) on samples of deforested soil (untreated or treated with PAM). Dc has been estimated by flume experiments under three bed slopes (6.9 %, 17.2 %, and 18.2 %) and five flow discharges (0.078, 0.096, 0.116, 0.138, and 0.154 L·s−1) together with three key soil properties (cation exchange capacity, mean weight diameter of soil aggregates, and organic matter content). Compared to the untreated soil, Dc has significantly (p < 0.05) decreased on average by 38 % after the PAM application, while the cation exchange capacity, stability of soil aggregates, and organic matter content have increased (p < 0.001) by 50 % to over 100 %. However, Dc is weakly correlated to the latter soil properties (r < 0.33, p < 0.05). A clear discrimination between treated and untreated sites has been revealed by a multivariate statistical analysis. The soil erodibility parameter (Kr) and critical shear stress (τc) in rills have also been estimated through linear regressions on Dc for use in erosion models. Dc can be accurately estimated by linear equations using the stream power as a predictor (R2 > 0.77). Overall, the study has demonstrated that PAM is an effective soil amendment that reduces soil detachment in rills of deforested hillslopes by about 40 %.
{"title":"Short-term effects of polyacrylamide application on soil detachment capacity in rills of deforested hillslopes: A flume experiment","authors":"Misagh Parhizkar , Manuel Esteban Lucas-Borja , Nikolaos Tziolas , Pietro Denisi , Demetrio Antonio Zema","doi":"10.1016/j.ijsrc.2025.07.013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijsrc.2025.07.013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Very few studies have explored the effectiveness of polyacrylamide (PAM) application on soil in mitigating rill erosion, especially in deforested environments. This study has measured the soil detachment capacity (<em>D</em><sub>c</sub>) on samples of deforested soil (untreated or treated with PAM). <em>D</em><sub>c</sub> has been estimated by flume experiments under three bed slopes (6.9 %, 17.2 %, and 18.2 %) and five flow discharges (0.078, 0.096, 0.116, 0.138, and 0.154 L·s<sup>−1</sup>) together with three key soil properties (cation exchange capacity, mean weight diameter of soil aggregates, and organic matter content). Compared to the untreated soil, <em>D</em><sub>c</sub> has significantly (<em>p</em> < 0.05) decreased on average by 38 % after the PAM application, while the cation exchange capacity, stability of soil aggregates, and organic matter content have increased (<em>p</em> < 0.001) by 50 % to over 100 %. However, <em>D</em><sub>c</sub> is weakly correlated to the latter soil properties (<em>r</em> < 0.33, <em>p</em> < 0.05). A clear discrimination between treated and untreated sites has been revealed by a multivariate statistical analysis. The soil erodibility parameter (<em>K</em><sub>r</sub>) and critical shear stress (<em>τ</em><sub>c</sub>) in rills have also been estimated through linear regressions on <em>D</em><sub>c</sub> for use in erosion models. <em>D</em><sub>c</sub> can be accurately estimated by linear equations using the stream power as a predictor (<em>R</em><sup>2</sup> > 0.77). Overall, the study has demonstrated that PAM is an effective soil amendment that reduces soil detachment in rills of deforested hillslopes by about 40 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50290,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sediment Research","volume":"41 1","pages":"Pages 145-154"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145929053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-05DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsrc.2025.07.011
Ömer Faruk Karaca , Kadri Yürekli
In studies on water resources planning and management, regular and complete hydrological data such as streamflow and sediment data are needed. Since the existing data generally do not fully reflect the entire process, the process needs to be modeled in order to make more reliable decisions. The aim of this study is to investigate the possibilities of estimating the sediment amount with the ANN technique, which can be used in many areas today, with the streamflow and sediment measured from 20 sediment gauging stations (SGS) established by State Hydraulic Works (SHW) in the Euphrates-Tigris Basin and to try to determine the most appropriate network structure. The ANN structures to be used were determined as the most commonly used Radial Basis Artificial Neural Network (RBANN), Feed Forward Back Propagation Artificial Neural Network (FFBP) and Multilayer Artificial Neural Network (MLP). The obtained results were compared with the Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) method. The highest R2 values obtained were determined as 0.9683 and 0.9969 in the RBANN model, 0.9546 and 0.9820 in the MLP model, 0.9735 and 0.9732 in the FFBG model with the CG and LM algorithms, respectively. When only the mean values of the test values according to the ANN models were examined, the highest value was again obtained as 0.8507 in the RBANN and LM algorithms. In terms of sediment estimation, the highest R2 value in the ANN analysis was found in the RBANN model LM algorithm as 0.9804 in the train phase, 0.9969 in the testing phase and 0.9970 in the cross-validation phase.
{"title":"Determination of the most suitable artificial neural network method for sediment estimation in the Euphrates-Tigris Basin","authors":"Ömer Faruk Karaca , Kadri Yürekli","doi":"10.1016/j.ijsrc.2025.07.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijsrc.2025.07.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In studies on water resources planning and management, regular and complete hydrological data such as streamflow and sediment data are needed. Since the existing data generally do not fully reflect the entire process, the process needs to be modeled in order to make more reliable decisions. The aim of this study is to investigate the possibilities of estimating the sediment amount with the ANN technique, which can be used in many areas today, with the streamflow and sediment measured from 20 sediment gauging stations (SGS) established by State Hydraulic Works (SHW) in the Euphrates-Tigris Basin and to try to determine the most appropriate network structure. The ANN structures to be used were determined as the most commonly used Radial Basis Artificial Neural Network (RBANN), Feed Forward Back Propagation Artificial Neural Network (FFBP) and Multilayer Artificial Neural Network (MLP). The obtained results were compared with the Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) method. The highest <em>R</em><sup>2</sup> values obtained were determined as 0.9683 and 0.9969 in the RBANN model, 0.9546 and 0.9820 in the MLP model, 0.9735 and 0.9732 in the FFBG model with the CG and LM algorithms, respectively. When only the mean values of the test values according to the ANN models were examined, the highest value was again obtained as 0.8507 in the RBANN and LM algorithms. In terms of sediment estimation, the highest <em>R</em><sup>2</sup> value in the ANN analysis was found in the RBANN model LM algorithm as 0.9804 in the train phase, 0.9969 in the testing phase and 0.9970 in the cross-validation phase.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50290,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sediment Research","volume":"41 1","pages":"Pages 98-109"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145929333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-05DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsrc.2025.07.012
Jae-In Lee , Chang-Hee Lee , Chang-Gu Lee , Nag-Choul Choi , Seong-Jik Park
This study investigated the potential application of dredged sediments as a medium for cultivating landscape plants, assessing plant performance in contaminated dredged sediment (CDS) and remediated dredged sediment (RDS), using commercial horticultural soil as a control. Three ornamental plant species, Korean lawn grass (KLG), Aster arenarius Nemoto, and English poppy, were grown under distinct soil conditions both with and without the addition of organic and biochar-based amendments. Soil quality indices and responses in plant growth were measured to determine the influence of sediment remediation and amendment application. The findings demonstrated that RDS created a more suitable substrate for plant development compared to CDS, with KLG exhibiting the most pronounced growth improvement, especially when supplemented with wood-derived biochar and soil conditioner (SC). Incorporating SC into CDS markedly improved KLG biomass, with dry weight increases of 7.4 % and 136.9 % at 2 % and 5 % SC, respectively. Significant correlations (p < 0.05) were observed between soil and leaf Ni concentrations. Additionally, the study analyzed how soil properties impacted heavy metal(loid) accumulation in KLG, showing that soil pH, electrical conductivity, and cation exchange capacity exerted significant effects on Pb and Zn levels in plant tissues. Overall, these results indicate that adequately remediated and amended RDS has the potential to be utilized as a sustainable medium for landscape plant production and may play a role in environmental restoration initiatives.
{"title":"Evaluating the potential of remediated dredged sediments as a growth medium for landscape plants: Effects of soil amendments and heavy metal uptake","authors":"Jae-In Lee , Chang-Hee Lee , Chang-Gu Lee , Nag-Choul Choi , Seong-Jik Park","doi":"10.1016/j.ijsrc.2025.07.012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijsrc.2025.07.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated the potential application of dredged sediments as a medium for cultivating landscape plants, assessing plant performance in contaminated dredged sediment (CDS) and remediated dredged sediment (RDS), using commercial horticultural soil as a control. Three ornamental plant species, Korean lawn grass (KLG), <em>Aster arenarius</em> Nemoto, and English poppy, were grown under distinct soil conditions both with and without the addition of organic and biochar-based amendments. Soil quality indices and responses in plant growth were measured to determine the influence of sediment remediation and amendment application. The findings demonstrated that RDS created a more suitable substrate for plant development compared to CDS, with KLG exhibiting the most pronounced growth improvement, especially when supplemented with wood-derived biochar and soil conditioner (SC). Incorporating SC into CDS markedly improved KLG biomass, with dry weight increases of 7.4 % and 136.9 % at 2 % and 5 % SC, respectively. Significant correlations (<em>p</em> < 0.05) were observed between soil and leaf Ni concentrations. Additionally, the study analyzed how soil properties impacted heavy metal(loid) accumulation in KLG, showing that soil pH, electrical conductivity, and cation exchange capacity exerted significant effects on Pb and Zn levels in plant tissues. Overall, these results indicate that adequately remediated and amended RDS has the potential to be utilized as a sustainable medium for landscape plant production and may play a role in environmental restoration initiatives.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50290,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sediment Research","volume":"41 1","pages":"Pages 125-134"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145929121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-30DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsrc.2025.07.009
Mojtaba Mehraein , Vahid Reza Zendehnam , Seyed Hossein Mohajeri , Siti Fatin Mohd Razali , Zaher Mundher Yaseen
The scour hole caused by 3-dimensional wall jets (3DWJ) is a serious problem downstream of dams and power stations. The current study utilized a newly created hybrid machine learning (ML) model to predict the changes in the dimensions of the primary scour hole over time caused by a 3DWJ. To fill the gap in the available knowledge, different experiments were done using uniform and non-uniform sediment. ML models and the linear regression were used to derive the prediction models. The results of the current study showed that the ML models have better accuracy than the linear regression model. Among all the developed hybrid ML models, the accuracy of the hybridized Categorical Boosting (CatBoost) with Gray Wolf Optimization algorithm (GWO-CB) yielded superior predictions. Sensitivity analysis confirmed the densimetric Froude number and the scouring time were important predictors. The effects of the expansion ratio on maximum scour depth and ridge height were the less important. However, the expansion ratio effects were larger than the effects of the tailwater depth ratio and sediment size ratio in the development of the scour hole in the streamwise and spanwise directions. The accuracy of GWO-CB models was considerably higher than the models previously applied in the literature. The proposed methodology revealed a robust and reliable model for predicting the scour hole dimensions.
{"title":"Investigating temporal scour hole variations: A comparative study of hybrid CatBoost models and experimental data","authors":"Mojtaba Mehraein , Vahid Reza Zendehnam , Seyed Hossein Mohajeri , Siti Fatin Mohd Razali , Zaher Mundher Yaseen","doi":"10.1016/j.ijsrc.2025.07.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijsrc.2025.07.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The scour hole caused by 3-dimensional wall jets (3DWJ) is a serious problem downstream of dams and power stations. The current study utilized a newly created hybrid machine learning (ML) model to predict the changes in the dimensions of the primary scour hole over time caused by a 3DWJ. To fill the gap in the available knowledge, different experiments were done using uniform and non-uniform sediment. ML models and the linear regression were used to derive the prediction models. The results of the current study showed that the ML models have better accuracy than the linear regression model. Among all the developed hybrid ML models, the accuracy of the hybridized Categorical Boosting (CatBoost) with Gray Wolf Optimization algorithm (GWO-CB) yielded superior predictions. Sensitivity analysis confirmed the densimetric Froude number and the scouring time were important predictors. The effects of the expansion ratio on maximum scour depth and ridge height were the less important. However, the expansion ratio effects were larger than the effects of the tailwater depth ratio and sediment size ratio in the development of the scour hole in the streamwise and spanwise directions. The accuracy of GWO-CB models was considerably higher than the models previously applied in the literature. The proposed methodology revealed a robust and reliable model for predicting the scour hole dimensions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50290,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sediment Research","volume":"40 6","pages":"Pages 1000-1016"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145486276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-30DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsrc.2025.07.010
Yanjie Sun , Xiaolong Song , Haijue Xu , Yuchuan Bai
The Yellow River Estuary (YRE) in China has transitioned to a complex multi-channel regime since 2013, making understanding terminal channel morphodynamics crucial for effective water and sediment management. The current study investigates the controls on channel evolution in both non-estuarine and estuarine reaches of YRE, differentiated by bifurcation locations, using a multi-method approach. For the non-estuarine reach, wavelet analysis was applied to satellite-derived river centerlines (2003–2022) to quantify channel migration and its relation with fluvial forcing. In the estuarine reach, the interplay between fluvial and marine processes and their influence on channel migration were assessed. The analysis was complemented by scaled physical modeling experiments. The results indicate that in the non-estuarine reach, the erodibility of the channel, primarily governed by the median grain size of the bed material, exerts a dominant control on channel migration, with higher discharge consistently enhancing mobility by providing the necessary erosive energy. The concentration of incoming suspended sediment plays a secondary role, as much of it can be transported through the reach without causing significant local morphological change. The estuarine reach exhibits three distinct morphological states: limited mouth oscillation, minor bifurcation, and major bifurcation/avulsion. River discharge is the primary driver of these changes, while marine forces exert a stabilizing influence. Crucially, both physical modeling and field data indicate that local bed material characteristics—shaped by selective sediment transport and deposition—significantly influence estuarine morphodynamics, more so than upstream sediment supply parameters alone. Effective management of the YRE requires an integrated approach considering the spatial variability of bed material and the temporal dynamics of hydraulic conditions. The current study emphasizes the importance of distinguishing between bed material properties and suspended load characteristics for predicting morphodynamic responses in sediment-rich, highly managed river systems.
{"title":"Controls on channel morphodynamics in the Yellow River Estuary: Insights from a multi-method assessment under an evolving multi-channel regime","authors":"Yanjie Sun , Xiaolong Song , Haijue Xu , Yuchuan Bai","doi":"10.1016/j.ijsrc.2025.07.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijsrc.2025.07.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Yellow River Estuary (YRE) in China has transitioned to a complex multi-channel regime since 2013, making understanding terminal channel morphodynamics crucial for effective water and sediment management. The current study investigates the controls on channel evolution in both non-estuarine and estuarine reaches of YRE, differentiated by bifurcation locations, using a multi-method approach. For the non-estuarine reach, wavelet analysis was applied to satellite-derived river centerlines (2003–2022) to quantify channel migration and its relation with fluvial forcing. In the estuarine reach, the interplay between fluvial and marine processes and their influence on channel migration were assessed. The analysis was complemented by scaled physical modeling experiments. The results indicate that in the non-estuarine reach, the erodibility of the channel, primarily governed by the median grain size of the bed material, exerts a dominant control on channel migration, with higher discharge consistently enhancing mobility by providing the necessary erosive energy. The concentration of incoming suspended sediment plays a secondary role, as much of it can be transported through the reach without causing significant local morphological change. The estuarine reach exhibits three distinct morphological states: limited mouth oscillation, minor bifurcation, and major bifurcation/avulsion. River discharge is the primary driver of these changes, while marine forces exert a stabilizing influence. Crucially, both physical modeling and field data indicate that local bed material characteristics—shaped by selective sediment transport and deposition—significantly influence estuarine morphodynamics, more so than upstream sediment supply parameters alone. Effective management of the YRE requires an integrated approach considering the spatial variability of bed material and the temporal dynamics of hydraulic conditions. The current study emphasizes the importance of distinguishing between bed material properties and suspended load characteristics for predicting morphodynamic responses in sediment-rich, highly managed river systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50290,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sediment Research","volume":"41 1","pages":"Pages 83-97"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145929119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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