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A Lorenz model for an anelastic Oberbeck-Boussinesq system 非弹性Oberbeck-Boussinesq系统的Lorenz模型
IF 2.8 3区 工程技术 Q2 MECHANICS Pub Date : 2024-11-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2024.104968
Diego Grandi, Arianna Passerini, Manuela Trullo
In an Oberbeck–Boussinesq model, rigorously derived, which includes compressibility, one could expect that the onset of convection for Bénard’s problem occurs at a higher critical Rayleigh number with respect to the classic O–B solutions. The new partial differential equations exhibit non constant coefficients and the unknown velocity field is not divergence-free. By considering these equations, the critical Rayleigh number for the instability of the rest state in Lorenz approximation system is shown to be higher than the classical value, so proving increased stability of the rest state as expected.
在严格推导的包括可压缩性的Oberbeck-Boussinesq模型中,人们可以预期,相对于经典的O-B解,b纳德问题的对流开始于更高的临界瑞利数。新的偏微分方程具有非常系数,且未知速度场并非无散度。通过考虑这些方程,证明了洛伦兹近似系统中静止态不稳定性的临界瑞利数高于经典值,从而证明了静止态的稳定性如预期的那样增加。
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引用次数: 0
A general solution procedure for nonlinear single degree of freedom systems including fractional derivatives 含分数阶导数的非线性单自由度系统的一般解法
IF 2.8 3区 工程技术 Q2 MECHANICS Pub Date : 2024-11-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2024.104966
Bengi Yıldız , Sümeyye Sınır , Berra Gültekin Sınır
This paper considers oscillations of systems with a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) including fractional derivatives. The system is assumed to be an unforced condition. A general solution procedure that can be effectively applied to various types of fractionally damped models, where damping is defined by a fractional derivative, in engineering and physics is proposed. The nonlinearity of the mentioned models contains not only damping but can also consist of acceleration or displacement. This study proposed a new general model that includes but not limited to modified fractional versions of the well-known linear, quadratic, Coulomb and negative damped models. The method of multiple time scales is performed to obtain approximate analytical solutions. The solution, the amplitude, and the phase in the applications are plotted for various fractional derivative parameter values. In order to confirm their validity, our results for the case of the fractional derivative parameter equal to one are compared with others available in the literature.
本文研究含分数阶导数的单自由度系统的振动问题。系统被假定为非强制条件。提出了一种通解程序,可有效地应用于工程和物理中各种类型的分数阶阻尼模型,其中阻尼由分数阶导数定义。上述模型的非线性不仅包括阻尼,还包括加速度或位移。本研究提出了一个新的通用模型,包括但不限于修改分数版本的众所周知的线性,二次,库仑和负阻尼模型。采用多时间尺度的方法得到近似解析解。对于不同的分数阶导数参数值,绘制了应用中的解、振幅和相位。为了证实其有效性,我们的结果为分数阶导数参数等于1的情况下,与其他文献中可用的比较。
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引用次数: 0
Corrigendum to “Slip with friction boundary conditions for the Navier–Stokes-α turbulence model and the effects of the friction on the reattachment point” [Int. J. Non–Linear Mech. 159 (2024) 104614] 对 "纳维-斯托克斯-α湍流模型的滑动与摩擦边界条件以及摩擦对重新附着点的影响 "的更正 [Int. J. Non-Linear Mech. 159 (2024) 104614]
IF 2.8 3区 工程技术 Q2 MECHANICS Pub Date : 2024-11-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2024.104952
Özgül Ilhan
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引用次数: 0
An approximate analytical solution for shear traction in partial reverse slip contacts 部分反向滑移接触中剪切牵引力的近似解析解
IF 2.8 3区 工程技术 Q2 MECHANICS Pub Date : 2024-11-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2024.104955
Vivek Anand , N. Hamza , H. Murthy
Singular integral equations solved to obtain a closed-form shear distribution under partial reverse slip conditions involve the integration of contact pressure over a sub-domain of the contact region. Pressure distribution for a nominal flat contact contains logarithmic terms, which pose difficulty in solving these integral equations. This paper provides a simpler approximation to the pressure distribution for a symmetrical nominally flat punch in contact with an elastic half-space to overcome this difficulty. Taylor series approximation has been used in the central flat and curved regions to approximate the nominally flat contact pressure distribution to a square flat (with sharp corners) and Hertzian pressure forms, respectively. The approximation is valid over the entire domain and for any ratio of contact length to flat length. The approximated pressure is used to evaluate the necessary singular integrals for the analytical solution for shear traction under partial reverse slip conditions while being subjected to bulk stress.
要求解部分反向滑移条件下的闭式剪切力分布的奇异积分方程,需要对接触区子域上的接触压力进行积分。名义平面接触的压力分布包含对数项,这给求解这些积分方程带来了困难。本文对与弹性半空间接触的对称名义平面冲头的压力分布提供了一个更简单的近似值,以克服这一困难。在中心平面和弯曲区域使用泰勒级数近似,将名义平面接触压力分布分别近似为方形平面(带尖角)和赫兹压力形式。该近似方法在整个区域内有效,并且适用于任何接触长度与平面长度之比。近似压力用于评估部分反向滑移条件下的剪切牵引力解析解所需的奇异积分,同时受到体应力的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Derivation of a stability and non-bifurcation criterion for frictional contact problems 摩擦接触问题的稳定性和非分岔准则的推导
IF 2.8 3区 工程技术 Q2 MECHANICS Pub Date : 2024-11-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2024.104960
N. Antoni
Bifurcation and stability of irreversible systems in plasticity have widely been studied in the literature devoted to Solid Mechanics and are now well understood. The same criteria are of great importance in frictional contact problems as they define the allowable limits of the service domain for frictional contact interfaces prior to their failure due to those mechanisms. In this paper, it is shown that uniqueness, bifurcation and stability in the sense of Hill can be obtained for associated friction, via the established asymptotic equivalence with elastic-perfect plasticity, when the intermediate elastic-plastic layer tends towards the contact interface. The problem formulation and its discretization by the finite element method then lead to the solving of an eigenvalue problem in the vicinity of the limit state for which a static condensation can be performed on the discrete contact interface. The application of the derived stability and non-bifurcation criterion is finally illustrated through two worked examples.
塑性中不可逆体系的分岔和稳定性在固体力学的文献中得到了广泛的研究,现在已经很好地理解了。同样的准则在摩擦接触问题中也非常重要,因为它们在摩擦接触界面由于这些机制而失效之前定义了服务域的允许限制。本文证明了当中间弹塑性层趋向于接触界面时,通过所建立的弹塑性渐近等价,可以得到关联摩擦的唯一性、分岔性和Hill意义上的稳定性。然后用有限元法将问题的表述和离散化,得到在可在离散接触界面上进行静态凝聚的极限状态附近的特征值问题。最后通过两个算例说明了所导出的稳定性和非分岔准则的应用。
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引用次数: 0
Universal relations for electroactive solids undergoing shear and triaxial extension 发生剪切和三轴拉伸的电活性固体的普遍关系式
IF 2.8 3区 工程技术 Q2 MECHANICS Pub Date : 2024-11-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2024.104954
K.R. Rajagopal , A. Wineman
In this article we establish universal relations for a cube of a nonlinear elastic isotropic electroactive solid that undergoes a homogeneous deformation due to shear tractions but no normal tractions. When there is no electric field, in addition to a shearing deformation, the cube’s dimensions change because of the Poynting effect. In this work, we study the influence of the electric field vector on these dimensional changes using a previously developed constitutive equation for nonlinear electroactive solids. Expressions are obtained for these dimensional changes that depend the amount of shear for different directions of the electric field vector relative to the shearing direction. In addition, universal relations are obtained when there is no electric field and are extended for different electric field directions.
在这篇文章中,我们建立了非线性弹性各向同性电活性固体立方体的通用关系,该立方体因剪切牵引而发生均匀变形,但没有法向牵引。当没有电场时,除了剪切变形外,立方体的尺寸也会因波因廷效应而发生变化。在这项研究中,我们利用之前开发的非线性电活性固体构成方程,研究了电场矢量对这些尺寸变化的影响。我们获得了这些尺寸变化的表达式,它们取决于电场矢量相对于剪切方向的不同方向的剪切量。此外,还获得了无电场时的通用关系,并针对不同的电场方向进行了扩展。
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引用次数: 0
Surface instability of a finitely deformed magnetoelastic half-space 有限变形磁弹性半空间的表面不稳定性
IF 2.8 3区 工程技术 Q2 MECHANICS Pub Date : 2024-11-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2024.104936
Davood Shahsavari, Prashant Saxena
Magnetorheological elastomers (MREs) are soft solids that can undergo large and reversible deformation in the presence of an externally applied magnetic field. This coupled magneto-mechanical response can be used for active control of surface roughness and actuation in engineering applications by exploiting the reversible instabilities in these materials. In this work, we develop a general mathematical formulation to analyse the surface instabilities of a finitely deformed and magnetised MRE half-space and find the critical stretch that causes bifurcation of the solution of the resulting partial differential equations. The equations are derived using a variational approach in the reference configuration and the null-space relating the incremental solutions is presented to provide a basis for post-bifurcation analysis. Details of the numerical calculations are presented to clearly identify and discount non-physical solutions. Stability phase diagrams are presented to analyse the effect of material parameters and strength/direction of magnetic field.
磁流变弹性体(MRE)是一种软固体,在外部施加磁场的情况下会发生较大的可逆变形。通过利用这些材料的可逆不稳定性,这种磁力学耦合响应可用于工程应用中的表面粗糙度主动控制和致动。在这项工作中,我们开发了一种通用数学公式来分析有限变形和磁化 MRE 半空间的表面不稳定性,并找到了导致所产生的偏微分方程解分岔的临界拉伸。在参考构型中使用变分法推导方程,并提出与增量解相关的无效空间,为分岔后分析提供基础。此外,还介绍了数值计算的细节,以清楚地识别和忽略非物理解。还给出了稳定相图,以分析材料参数和磁场强度/方向的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Vibration responses and stability assessment of anchored extremely fractured rock mass based on modal analysis 基于模态分析的锚固极破碎岩体振动响应和稳定性评估
IF 2.8 3区 工程技术 Q2 MECHANICS Pub Date : 2024-11-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2024.104957
Bo Meng , Qian Yin , Xinxin Nie , Hongwen Jing , Jingkui Long , Xiaozhao Li , Kai Zhong , Dongfeng Bai
This study is devoted to revealing the vibration responses of anchored fractured rock structure subjected to external excitation disturbances. By utilizing a self-constructed vibration testing platform, a series of vibration tests were conducted regarding various anchoring parameters (bolt spacing D, pre-tightening torque Pt and types of bottom support) and lateral forces Fl. Modal analysis was employed to propose modal parameters including natural frequency ωr and damping ratio ξr, extracted from the vibration signals, as sensitive indicators for assessing structural stability. The test results reveal that a smaller D and higher Pt can effectively enhance the reinforcement effect provided by bolts, as indicated by an increase in ωr and a decrease in ξr in self-stabilized state of the anchored structure. As Fl increases, the restraining effect supported by constrained frame intensifies, the increasing ωr and decreasing ξr can be observed during lateral loading. When the anchored structure is subjected to a large Fl, the weak support areas between adjacent steel belts are susceptible to concentrate as zones of rock collapse, resulting in the formation of circular cavities and a corresponding sharp reduction in Fl, alongside a pronounced decrease in ωr and a significant increase in ξr. Compared to the steel belts, the steel mesh acting as bottom support structure has more advantages in providing effective restraint to achieve self-stability of the anchored structure, as the steel mesh is able to distribute the internal stress more uniformly and reduce localized stress concentrations between rock blocks. As the mining face advances, the stress concentration and redistribution caused by mining activities lead to an increase in fragmentation degree of the roadway roof and a decrease in ωr. The findings of this study provide a scientific basis for understanding the relationship between vibration signals and the stability of anchored fractured surrounding rocks in roadway.
本研究致力于揭示锚固断裂岩石结构在外部激励扰动下的振动响应。利用自建的振动测试平台,对不同的锚固参数(螺栓间距 D、预紧扭矩 Pt 和底部支撑类型)和侧向力 Fl 进行了一系列振动测试。通过模态分析,提出了模态参数,包括从振动信号中提取的固有频率ωr 和阻尼比ξr,作为评估结构稳定性的敏感指标。试验结果表明,较小的 D 值和较高的 Pt 值可有效增强螺栓的加固效果,具体表现为锚固结构自稳状态下 ωr 增大,ξr 减小。随着 Fl 的增大,约束框架支撑的约束效应增强,在横向荷载作用下可观察到 ωr 增大,ξr 减小。当锚固结构承受较大的 Fl 值时,相邻钢带之间的薄弱支撑区域容易集中成为岩石坍塌区,从而形成圆形空洞,Fl 值相应急剧下降,同时 ωr 值明显降低,ξr 值显著增加。与钢带相比,作为底部支撑结构的钢筋网在提供有效约束以实现锚固结构自稳性方面更具优势,因为钢筋网能够更均匀地分布内应力,减少岩块之间的局部应力集中。随着采掘工作面的推进,采掘活动引起的应力集中和重新分布导致巷道顶板破碎程度增加,ωr 下降。该研究结果为理解振动信号与巷道中锚固断裂围岩稳定性之间的关系提供了科学依据。
{"title":"Vibration responses and stability assessment of anchored extremely fractured rock mass based on modal analysis","authors":"Bo Meng ,&nbsp;Qian Yin ,&nbsp;Xinxin Nie ,&nbsp;Hongwen Jing ,&nbsp;Jingkui Long ,&nbsp;Xiaozhao Li ,&nbsp;Kai Zhong ,&nbsp;Dongfeng Bai","doi":"10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2024.104957","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2024.104957","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study is devoted to revealing the vibration responses of anchored fractured rock structure subjected to external excitation disturbances. By utilizing a self-constructed vibration testing platform, a series of vibration tests were conducted regarding various anchoring parameters (bolt spacing <em>D</em>, pre-tightening torque <em>P</em><sub>t</sub> and types of bottom support) and lateral forces <em>F</em><sub>l</sub>. Modal analysis was employed to propose modal parameters including natural frequency <em>ω</em><sub>r</sub> and damping ratio <em>ξ</em><sub>r</sub>, extracted from the vibration signals, as sensitive indicators for assessing structural stability. The test results reveal that a smaller <em>D</em> and higher <em>P</em><sub>t</sub> can effectively enhance the reinforcement effect provided by bolts, as indicated by an increase in <em>ω</em><sub>r</sub> and a decrease in <em>ξ</em><sub>r</sub> in self-stabilized state of the anchored structure. As <em>F</em><sub>l</sub> increases, the restraining effect supported by constrained frame intensifies, the increasing <em>ω</em><sub>r</sub> and decreasing <em>ξ</em><sub>r</sub> can be observed during lateral loading. When the anchored structure is subjected to a large <em>F</em><sub>l</sub>, the weak support areas between adjacent steel belts are susceptible to concentrate as zones of rock collapse, resulting in the formation of circular cavities and a corresponding sharp reduction in <em>F</em><sub>l</sub>, alongside a pronounced decrease in <em>ω</em><sub>r</sub> and a significant increase in <em>ξ</em><sub>r</sub>. Compared to the steel belts, the steel mesh acting as bottom support structure has more advantages in providing effective restraint to achieve self-stability of the anchored structure, as the steel mesh is able to distribute the internal stress more uniformly and reduce localized stress concentrations between rock blocks. As the mining face advances, the stress concentration and redistribution caused by mining activities lead to an increase in fragmentation degree of the roadway roof and a decrease in <em>ω</em><sub>r</sub>. The findings of this study provide a scientific basis for understanding the relationship between vibration signals and the stability of anchored fractured surrounding rocks in roadway.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50303,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics","volume":"168 ","pages":"Article 104957"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142655233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Nonlinear dynamics and motion bifurcations of 12-pole variable stiffness rotor active magnetic bearings system under complex resonance 复杂共振下 12 极变刚度转子主动磁轴承系统的非线性动力学和运动分岔
IF 2.8 3区 工程技术 Q2 MECHANICS Pub Date : 2024-11-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2024.104958
W.S. Ma , F.H. Liu , S.F. Lu , X.J. Song , S. Huang , Y.K. Zhu , X. Jiang
In this study, we analyze the nonlinear dynamic characteristics of a 12-pole variable stiffness rotor active magnetic bearings (rotor-AMBs) under intricate resonance conditions. Using the principles of electromagnetic bearings, a model for the 12-pole variable stiffness rotor-AMBs system is developed. Next, the dynamic equations for a two-degree-of-freedom 12-pole variable stiffness rotor-AMBs system are derived, incorporating both quadratic and cubic nonlinearities, through Newton's second law. Considering the primary parametric resonance, 1:1 internal resonance, and 1/2 subharmonic resonance, the multiple time scale perturbation method is applied to derive the average equation of the system. Based on these averaged equations, the characteristics and complex dynamics of the system are analyzed. Finally, MATLAB software is employed for numerical simulations of the 12-pole variable stiffness rotor-AMBs system. The simulation results indicate that the nonlinear control parameters can modify the system's softening and hardening spring behaviors. Varying the parametric excitation amplitude leads to diverse dynamic behaviors, including single-periodic motion, double-periodic motion, and chaotic vibrations.
在本研究中,我们分析了 12 极可变刚度转子有源磁轴承(转子-AMB)在错综复杂的共振条件下的非线性动态特性。利用电磁轴承的原理,建立了 12 极可变刚度转子-AMB 系统的模型。接着,通过牛顿第二定律,结合二次方和三次方非线性,推导出了两自由度 12 极可变刚度转子-AMB 系统的动态方程。考虑到主要参数共振、1:1 内部共振和 1/2 次谐波共振,应用多时标扰动法推导出系统的平均方程。根据这些平均方程,对系统的特性和复杂动力学进行分析。最后,采用 MATLAB 软件对 12 极变刚度转子-AMB 系统进行数值模拟。仿真结果表明,非线性控制参数可以改变系统的软化和硬化弹簧行为。改变参数激励振幅会导致多种动态行为,包括单周期运动、双周期运动和混沌振动。
{"title":"Nonlinear dynamics and motion bifurcations of 12-pole variable stiffness rotor active magnetic bearings system under complex resonance","authors":"W.S. Ma ,&nbsp;F.H. Liu ,&nbsp;S.F. Lu ,&nbsp;X.J. Song ,&nbsp;S. Huang ,&nbsp;Y.K. Zhu ,&nbsp;X. Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2024.104958","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2024.104958","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, we analyze the nonlinear dynamic characteristics of a 12-pole variable stiffness rotor active magnetic bearings (rotor-AMBs) under intricate resonance conditions. Using the principles of electromagnetic bearings, a model for the 12-pole variable stiffness rotor-AMBs system is developed. Next, the dynamic equations for a two-degree-of-freedom 12-pole variable stiffness rotor-AMBs system are derived, incorporating both quadratic and cubic nonlinearities, through Newton's second law. Considering the primary parametric resonance, 1:1 internal resonance, and 1/2 subharmonic resonance, the multiple time scale perturbation method is applied to derive the average equation of the system. Based on these averaged equations, the characteristics and complex dynamics of the system are analyzed. Finally, MATLAB software is employed for numerical simulations of the 12-pole variable stiffness rotor-AMBs system. The simulation results indicate that the nonlinear control parameters can modify the system's softening and hardening spring behaviors. Varying the parametric excitation amplitude leads to diverse dynamic behaviors, including single-periodic motion, double-periodic motion, and chaotic vibrations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50303,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 104958"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142699374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Research on lateral–torsional coupled vibration induced by substantial imbalance in an overhung flexible rotor 悬挂式柔性转子大幅失衡引起的侧扭耦合振动研究
IF 2.8 3区 工程技术 Q2 MECHANICS Pub Date : 2024-11-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2024.104959
Pingchao Yu , Zihan Jiang , Xuanjun Tao , Shuang Li , Ke Jiang
Substantial imbalance is a real possibility in aero–engines and is usually caused by blade off, bird strikes, etc. A substantially unbalanced rotor system will exhibit extremely complicated nonlinear lateral–torsional behavior, and the related dynamics are critical to the safe design of a rotor system. In this paper, a comprehensive nonlinear model of an imbalanced flexible rotor system is proposed, in which translational–torsional coupling and angular–torsional coupling are introduced simultaneously. Based on the model, the lateral–torsional coupling features are discussed, and the lateral as well as the torsional vibration behaviors are further analyzed in detail. The results show that the lateral–torsional coupling factors only exist under the nonsynchronous whirl condition. Thus, if the imbalance is small, the lateral vibration exhibits the linear feature of a traditional unbalanced response, and the torsional vibration does not occur in steady state. However, under substantially unbalanced conditions, the vibration responses are significantly changed. In lateral vibration, many combined frequency components between rotation frequency (fu) and torsional natural frequency (ft1 and ft2) such as fu-ft1, fu-2ft1 and fu-ft2 can be induced, which can lead to combined resonance phenomena and many additional resonance peaks. The lateral–torsional coupling effect is strong at that time. Both the lateral translational–torsional coupling excitation and lateral angular–torsional coupling excitation exhibits the multiple harmonics whose frequencies are closely related to ft1 and ft2. Consequently, the torsional vibration in those combined resonance regions can be very high. The corresponding vibration exhibits the steady harmonic feature with vibration frequency being ft1 or ft2.
在航空发动机中确实存在严重不平衡的情况,通常是由于叶片脱落、鸟击等原因造成的。严重不平衡的转子系统将表现出极其复杂的非线性横向扭转行为,而相关的动力学对转子系统的安全设计至关重要。本文提出了不平衡柔性转子系统的综合非线性模型,其中同时引入了平移-扭转耦合和角度-扭转耦合。基于该模型,讨论了横向-扭转耦合特征,并进一步详细分析了横向和扭转振动行为。结果表明,横向-扭转耦合因素只存在于非同步旋流条件下。因此,如果不平衡度较小,横向振动表现出传统不平衡响应的线性特征,而扭转振动在稳定状态下不会发生。然而,在严重不平衡的条件下,振动响应会发生显著变化。在横向振动中,旋转频率(fu)和扭转固有频率(ft1 和 ft2)之间会产生许多组合频率成分,如 fu-ft1、fu-2ft1 和 fu-ft2,从而导致组合共振现象和许多附加共振峰。此时,横向扭转耦合效应很强。横向平移-扭转耦合激励和横向角度-扭转耦合激励都表现出多次谐波,其频率与 ft1 和 ft2 密切相关。因此,这些组合共振区域的扭转振动可能非常高。相应的振动表现出稳定谐波特征,振动频率为 ft1 或 ft2。
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引用次数: 0
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International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics
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