Yellow light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) with a wavelength of 570–590 nm can reduce the excitability of peripheral nerves and the sensitivity of the skin, stimulate collagen synthesis, and tighten the skin, which plays an important role in skin rejuvenation. In general, commercial LEDs are made of phosphor excited by ultraviolet chips. It is very important for the development of yellow light emitters with high luminous efficiency, good stability, and environmental protection. For the first time, a simple organic structural unit (2‐methylimidazole, 2‐MIM) was used to collect a mixture of two metal precursors (CsI and CuI) and successfully synthesized an all‐inorganic lead‐free yellow light CsCu2I3 powder in water. The prepared CsCu2I3 powder exhibited excellent optical properties and considerable stability. Finally, a phosphor‐converted LED (pc‐LED) device was fabricated via the CsCu2I3 phosphor coated on a 310 nm ultraviolet chip. The pc‐LED device's electroluminescence spectra may be a good fit for the blood's absorption regions. Therefore, this work provides a facile method for the synthesis of novel lead‐free metal halide CsCu2I3 powder in eco‐friendly solvents. In addition, the stable and efficient CsCu2I3 powder shows promising exciting potential applications in photoluminescence and phototherapy fields.
{"title":"Direct synthesis of high quantum yield lead‐free CsCu2I3 powder in water and its application in yellow LED","authors":"Heng Guo, Linlin Shi, Zengliang Shi, Yue He, Yizhi Zhu","doi":"10.1002/exp.20240004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/exp.20240004","url":null,"abstract":"Yellow light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) with a wavelength of 570–590 nm can reduce the excitability of peripheral nerves and the sensitivity of the skin, stimulate collagen synthesis, and tighten the skin, which plays an important role in skin rejuvenation. In general, commercial LEDs are made of phosphor excited by ultraviolet chips. It is very important for the development of yellow light emitters with high luminous efficiency, good stability, and environmental protection. For the first time, a simple organic structural unit (2‐methylimidazole, 2‐MIM) was used to collect a mixture of two metal precursors (CsI and CuI) and successfully synthesized an all‐inorganic lead‐free yellow light CsCu2I3 powder in water. The prepared CsCu2I3 powder exhibited excellent optical properties and considerable stability. Finally, a phosphor‐converted LED (pc‐LED) device was fabricated via the CsCu2I3 phosphor coated on a 310 nm ultraviolet chip. The pc‐LED device's electroluminescence spectra may be a good fit for the blood's absorption regions. Therefore, this work provides a facile method for the synthesis of novel lead‐free metal halide CsCu2I3 powder in eco‐friendly solvents. In addition, the stable and efficient CsCu2I3 powder shows promising exciting potential applications in photoluminescence and phototherapy fields.","PeriodicalId":503118,"journal":{"name":"Exploration","volume":" 74","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141825231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Qianqian Guo, Xiaoxuan Xu, Xiaojiang Lai, Jialin Duan, Dan Yan, Dangge Wang
Cancer vaccines are promising to treat malignancy by delivering antigens and adjuvants to elicit host immunity. Beyond aluminum adjuvants, liposomes show efficient adjuvant effects through regulating the accumulation, internalization and release of payloads. However, it remains unknown that whether the liposome will perform intrinsic adjuvant effects in the absence of antigens and adjuvants. Herein, a library of antigen/adjuvant‐free liposomes with variable surface charges has been developed and it has been found that highly anionic liposomes show promising adjuvant effects for boosting immune responses. The anionic liposome mobilizes the MyD88 pathways of dendritic cells (DCs) to activate T helper cells and CD8+ T cells. The anionic liposomes enhance host immunity by regulating the population of Th1, Th2 and regulatory T cells (Tregs), and boost adaptive CD8+ T cells in lymphoid organs with good biosafety. It shows the most efficient protection against MC38 colorectal cancer in mice after a parallel injection of antigens and anionic liposomes. Overall, this study reveals that the surface charge of liposome affects its adjuvant efficiency and provides an anionic nanosized adjuvant formulation for enhancing immunization.
癌症疫苗通过提供抗原和佐剂来激发宿主免疫力，有望治疗恶性肿瘤。除了铝佐剂外，脂质体还通过调节有效载荷的积累、内化和释放，显示出高效的佐剂效应。然而，在没有抗原和佐剂的情况下，脂质体是否会产生内在佐剂效应仍是未知数。在此，我们开发了一个表面电荷可变的无抗原/佐剂脂质体库，发现高阴离子脂质体在增强免疫反应方面表现出良好的佐剂效果。阴离子脂质体能调动树突状细胞（DC）的 MyD88 通路，激活 T 辅助细胞和 CD8+ T 细胞。阴离子脂质体通过调节 Th1、Th2 和调节性 T 细胞（Tregs）的数量来增强宿主的免疫力，并以良好的生物安全性增强淋巴器官中的适应性 CD8+ T 细胞。在小鼠体内同时注射抗原和阴离子脂质体后，它能最有效地保护小鼠免受 MC38 大肠癌的侵袭。总之，这项研究揭示了脂质体的表面电荷会影响其佐剂效率，并为增强免疫提供了一种阴离子纳米佐剂配方。
{"title":"Antigen/adjuvant‐free liposome induces adjuvant effects for enhancing cancer immunotherapy","authors":"Qianqian Guo, Xiaoxuan Xu, Xiaojiang Lai, Jialin Duan, Dan Yan, Dangge Wang","doi":"10.1002/exp.20230115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/exp.20230115","url":null,"abstract":"Cancer vaccines are promising to treat malignancy by delivering antigens and adjuvants to elicit host immunity. Beyond aluminum adjuvants, liposomes show efficient adjuvant effects through regulating the accumulation, internalization and release of payloads. However, it remains unknown that whether the liposome will perform intrinsic adjuvant effects in the absence of antigens and adjuvants. Herein, a library of antigen/adjuvant‐free liposomes with variable surface charges has been developed and it has been found that highly anionic liposomes show promising adjuvant effects for boosting immune responses. The anionic liposome mobilizes the MyD88 pathways of dendritic cells (DCs) to activate T helper cells and CD8+ T cells. The anionic liposomes enhance host immunity by regulating the population of Th1, Th2 and regulatory T cells (Tregs), and boost adaptive CD8+ T cells in lymphoid organs with good biosafety. It shows the most efficient protection against MC38 colorectal cancer in mice after a parallel injection of antigens and anionic liposomes. Overall, this study reveals that the surface charge of liposome affects its adjuvant efficiency and provides an anionic nanosized adjuvant formulation for enhancing immunization.","PeriodicalId":503118,"journal":{"name":"Exploration","volume":" 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141828504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The blood‐brain barrier (BBB) poses daunting challenges in treating diseases associated with the central nervous system (CNS). Recently, the traditional notion of the absence of the lymphatic system in the brain is evolving. The discovery of the glymphatic system in the brain has stimulated tremendous interest in developing new strategies for the treatment of CNS diseases. Leveraging the glymphatic system for CNS drug delivery may pave a new avenue to circumvent the BBB and achieve efficient drug delivery. The review focuses on the glymphatic system of the brain, discussing potential factors affecting its functions and exploring their connections with the meningeal lymphatic system. Finally, the review provides an overview of the drug delivery methods through the glymphatic system to circumvent BBB and regulate brain immunity. These innovative drug delivery methods may significantly improve drug utilization and create new avenues for the treatment of brain diseases.
{"title":"Drug delivery pathways to the central nervous system via the brain glymphatic system circumventing the blood‐brain barrier","authors":"Xiang Wang, Yue Yin, Huaijuan Zhou, Bowen Chi, Ling Guan, Pei Li, Jinhua Li, Yilong Wang","doi":"10.1002/exp.20240036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/exp.20240036","url":null,"abstract":"The blood‐brain barrier (BBB) poses daunting challenges in treating diseases associated with the central nervous system (CNS). Recently, the traditional notion of the absence of the lymphatic system in the brain is evolving. The discovery of the glymphatic system in the brain has stimulated tremendous interest in developing new strategies for the treatment of CNS diseases. Leveraging the glymphatic system for CNS drug delivery may pave a new avenue to circumvent the BBB and achieve efficient drug delivery. The review focuses on the glymphatic system of the brain, discussing potential factors affecting its functions and exploring their connections with the meningeal lymphatic system. Finally, the review provides an overview of the drug delivery methods through the glymphatic system to circumvent BBB and regulate brain immunity. These innovative drug delivery methods may significantly improve drug utilization and create new avenues for the treatment of brain diseases.","PeriodicalId":503118,"journal":{"name":"Exploration","volume":"118 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141665326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
High‐entropy alloys (HEAs) have attracted significant attention for electrocatalytic energy conversion by virtue of their promisingly high efficiency, stability, and low cost. Recently, encouraging progress has been made in tuning the structure and composition of HEAs used in electrolyzers and fuel cells. However, the understanding on the synthetic methods and the structure‐property‐performance relationship of well‐defined HEAs nanostructures is still inadequate. To gain insight into the future research directions on HEAs for electrocatalysis, in this paper, the synthetic methods commonly used to obtain well‐defined HEAs nanostructures (0D nanoparticles, 1D nanowires, 2D nanosheets/nanoplates, 3D nanoporous structures, and other three‐dimensional morphologies) are first summarized. Then, the authors discuss the application of well‐defined HEAs nanostructures in several typical electrocatalytic reactions, including hydrogen evolution reaction, oxygen evolution reaction, oxygen reduction reaction, alcohol oxidation reaction, carbon dioxide reduction reaction, nitrogen reduction reaction, and formic acid oxidation reaction. Finally, a practical perspective on the future research directions on well‐defined HEAs nanostructured electrocatalysts is provided.
{"title":"Well‐defined nanostructures of high entropy alloys for electrocatalysis","authors":"Jie Chen, Liping Ren, Xin Chen, Qi Wang, Chunying Chen, Jinpeng Fan, Shuai Wang, Vasileios Binas, Shaohua Shen","doi":"10.1002/exp.20230036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/exp.20230036","url":null,"abstract":"High‐entropy alloys (HEAs) have attracted significant attention for electrocatalytic energy conversion by virtue of their promisingly high efficiency, stability, and low cost. Recently, encouraging progress has been made in tuning the structure and composition of HEAs used in electrolyzers and fuel cells. However, the understanding on the synthetic methods and the structure‐property‐performance relationship of well‐defined HEAs nanostructures is still inadequate. To gain insight into the future research directions on HEAs for electrocatalysis, in this paper, the synthetic methods commonly used to obtain well‐defined HEAs nanostructures (0D nanoparticles, 1D nanowires, 2D nanosheets/nanoplates, 3D nanoporous structures, and other three‐dimensional morphologies) are first summarized. Then, the authors discuss the application of well‐defined HEAs nanostructures in several typical electrocatalytic reactions, including hydrogen evolution reaction, oxygen evolution reaction, oxygen reduction reaction, alcohol oxidation reaction, carbon dioxide reduction reaction, nitrogen reduction reaction, and formic acid oxidation reaction. Finally, a practical perspective on the future research directions on well‐defined HEAs nanostructured electrocatalysts is provided.","PeriodicalId":503118,"journal":{"name":"Exploration","volume":"6 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141683958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Air pollution is caused by the perilous accumulation of particulate matter (PM) and harmful gas molecules of different sizes. There is an urgent need to develop highly efficient air filtration systems capable of removing particles with a wide size distribution. However, the efficiency of current air filters is compromised by controlling their hierarchical pore size. Inspired by the graded filtration mechanisms in the human respiratory system, microporous ZIF‐67 is in situ synthesized on a 3D interconnected network of bamboo cellulose fibers (BCFs) to fabricate a multiscale porous filter with a comprehensive pore size distribution. The macropores between the BCFs, mesopores formed by the BCF microfibers, and micropores within the ZIF‐67 synergistically facilitate the removal of particulates of different sizes. The filtration capabilities of PM2.5 and PM0.3 could reach 99.3% and 98.6%, respectively, whereas the adsorption of formaldehyde is 88.7% within 30 min. In addition, the filter exhibits excellent antibacterial properties (99.9%), biodegradability (80.1% degradation after 14 days), thermal stability, and skin‐friendly properties (0 irritation). This study may inspire the research of using natural features of renewable resources to design high‐performance air‐filtration materials for various applications.
{"title":"Bio‐inspired hierarchical bamboo‐based air filters for efficient removal of particulate matter and toxic gases","authors":"Qi Gao, Jian Gan, Pixiang Wang, Yuxiang Huang, Daihui Zhang, Wenji Yu","doi":"10.1002/exp.20240012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/exp.20240012","url":null,"abstract":"Air pollution is caused by the perilous accumulation of particulate matter (PM) and harmful gas molecules of different sizes. There is an urgent need to develop highly efficient air filtration systems capable of removing particles with a wide size distribution. However, the efficiency of current air filters is compromised by controlling their hierarchical pore size. Inspired by the graded filtration mechanisms in the human respiratory system, microporous ZIF‐67 is in situ synthesized on a 3D interconnected network of bamboo cellulose fibers (BCFs) to fabricate a multiscale porous filter with a comprehensive pore size distribution. The macropores between the BCFs, mesopores formed by the BCF microfibers, and micropores within the ZIF‐67 synergistically facilitate the removal of particulates of different sizes. The filtration capabilities of PM2.5 and PM0.3 could reach 99.3% and 98.6%, respectively, whereas the adsorption of formaldehyde is 88.7% within 30 min. In addition, the filter exhibits excellent antibacterial properties (99.9%), biodegradability (80.1% degradation after 14 days), thermal stability, and skin‐friendly properties (0 irritation). This study may inspire the research of using natural features of renewable resources to design high‐performance air‐filtration materials for various applications.","PeriodicalId":503118,"journal":{"name":"Exploration","volume":" June","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141364492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Baiyan Sui, Tingting Ding, Xingyi Wan, Yuxiao Chen, Xiaodi Zhang, Yuanbo Cui, Jie Pan, Linlin Li, Xin Liu
Immunomodulation has emerged as a promising strategy for promoting bone regeneration. However, designing osteoimmunomodulatory biomaterial that can respond to mechanical stress in the unique microenvironment of alveolar bone under continuous occlusal stress remains a significant challenge. Herein, a wireless piezoelectric stimulation system, namely, piezoelectric hydrogel incorporating BaTiO3 nanoparticles (BTO NPs), is successfully developed to generate piezoelectric potentials for modulating macrophage reprogramming. The piezoelectric stimulation reprograms macrophages towards the M2 phenotype, which subsequently induces osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). RNA sequencing analysis reveals that piezoelectricity‐modulated macrophage M2 polarization is closely associated with metabolic reprogramming, including increased amino acid biosynthesis and fatty acid oxidation. The composite hydrogel with excellent biocompatibility exhibits immunomodulatory and osteoinductive activities. In a rat model of alveolar bone defects, the piezoelectric hydrogel effectively promotes endogenous bone regeneration at the load‐bearing sites. The piezoelectric‐driven osteoimmunomodulation proposed in this study not only broadens understanding of the mechanism underlying piezoelectric biomaterials for tissue regeneration but also provides new insights into the design and development of next‐generation immunomodulatory biomaterials.
{"title":"Piezoelectric stimulation enhances bone regeneration in alveolar bone defects through metabolic reprogramming of macrophages","authors":"Baiyan Sui, Tingting Ding, Xingyi Wan, Yuxiao Chen, Xiaodi Zhang, Yuanbo Cui, Jie Pan, Linlin Li, Xin Liu","doi":"10.1002/exp.20230149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/exp.20230149","url":null,"abstract":"Immunomodulation has emerged as a promising strategy for promoting bone regeneration. However, designing osteoimmunomodulatory biomaterial that can respond to mechanical stress in the unique microenvironment of alveolar bone under continuous occlusal stress remains a significant challenge. Herein, a wireless piezoelectric stimulation system, namely, piezoelectric hydrogel incorporating BaTiO3 nanoparticles (BTO NPs), is successfully developed to generate piezoelectric potentials for modulating macrophage reprogramming. The piezoelectric stimulation reprograms macrophages towards the M2 phenotype, which subsequently induces osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). RNA sequencing analysis reveals that piezoelectricity‐modulated macrophage M2 polarization is closely associated with metabolic reprogramming, including increased amino acid biosynthesis and fatty acid oxidation. The composite hydrogel with excellent biocompatibility exhibits immunomodulatory and osteoinductive activities. In a rat model of alveolar bone defects, the piezoelectric hydrogel effectively promotes endogenous bone regeneration at the load‐bearing sites. The piezoelectric‐driven osteoimmunomodulation proposed in this study not only broadens understanding of the mechanism underlying piezoelectric biomaterials for tissue regeneration but also provides new insights into the design and development of next‐generation immunomodulatory biomaterials.","PeriodicalId":503118,"journal":{"name":"Exploration","volume":" 23","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141365942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Proton exchange‐membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is a clean and efficient type of energy storage device. However, the sluggish reaction rate of the cathode oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) has been a significant problem in its development. This review reports the recent progress of advanced electrocatalysts focusing on the interface/surface electronic structure and exploring the synergistic relationship of precious‐based and non‐precious metal‐based catalysts and support materials. The support materials contain non‐metal (C/N/Si, etc.) and metal‐based structures, which have demonstrated a crucial role in the synergistic enhancement of electrocatalytic properties, especially for high‐temperature fuel cell systems. To improve the strong interaction, some exciting synergistic strategies by doping and coating heterogeneous elements or connecting polymeric ligands containing carbon and nitrogen were also shown herein. Besides the typical role of the crystal surface, phase structure, lattice strain, etc., the evolution of structure‐performance relations was also highlighted in real‐time tests. The advanced in situ characterization techniques were also reviewed to emphasize the accurate structure‐performance relations. Finally, the challenge and prospect for developing the ORR electrocatalysts were concluded for commercial applications in low‐ and high‐temperature fuel cell systems.
{"title":"Advanced electrocatalysts for fuel cells: Evolution of active sites and synergistic properties of catalysts and carrier materials","authors":"Zhijie Kong, Jingcheng Wu, Zhijuan Liu, Dafeng Yan, Zhi-Peng Wu, Chuan‐Jian Zhong","doi":"10.1002/exp.20230052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/exp.20230052","url":null,"abstract":"Proton exchange‐membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is a clean and efficient type of energy storage device. However, the sluggish reaction rate of the cathode oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) has been a significant problem in its development. This review reports the recent progress of advanced electrocatalysts focusing on the interface/surface electronic structure and exploring the synergistic relationship of precious‐based and non‐precious metal‐based catalysts and support materials. The support materials contain non‐metal (C/N/Si, etc.) and metal‐based structures, which have demonstrated a crucial role in the synergistic enhancement of electrocatalytic properties, especially for high‐temperature fuel cell systems. To improve the strong interaction, some exciting synergistic strategies by doping and coating heterogeneous elements or connecting polymeric ligands containing carbon and nitrogen were also shown herein. Besides the typical role of the crystal surface, phase structure, lattice strain, etc., the evolution of structure‐performance relations was also highlighted in real‐time tests. The advanced in situ characterization techniques were also reviewed to emphasize the accurate structure‐performance relations. Finally, the challenge and prospect for developing the ORR electrocatalysts were concluded for commercial applications in low‐ and high‐temperature fuel cell systems.","PeriodicalId":503118,"journal":{"name":"Exploration","volume":"121 22","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141361793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fan Bai, Yueyang Deng, Long Li, Ming Lv, Jamoliddin Razzokov, Qingnan Xu, Zhen Xu, Zhaowei Chen, Guojun Chen, Zhitong Chen
Treating brain tumors requires a nuanced understanding of the brain, a vital and delicate organ. Location, size, tumor type, and surrounding tissue health are crucial in developing treatment plans. This review comprehensively summarizes various treatment options that are available or could be potentially available for brain tumors, including physical therapies (radiotherapy, ablation therapy, photodynamic therapy, tumor‐treating field therapy, and cold atmospheric plasma therapy) and non‐physical therapies (surgical resection, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy). Mechanisms of action, potential side effects, indications, and latest developments, as well as their limitations, are highlighted. Furthermore, the requirements for personalized, multi‐modal treatment approaches in this rapidly evolving field are discussed, emphasizing the balance between efficacy and patient safety.
{"title":"Advancements and challenges in brain cancer therapeutics","authors":"Fan Bai, Yueyang Deng, Long Li, Ming Lv, Jamoliddin Razzokov, Qingnan Xu, Zhen Xu, Zhaowei Chen, Guojun Chen, Zhitong Chen","doi":"10.1002/exp.20230177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/exp.20230177","url":null,"abstract":"Treating brain tumors requires a nuanced understanding of the brain, a vital and delicate organ. Location, size, tumor type, and surrounding tissue health are crucial in developing treatment plans. This review comprehensively summarizes various treatment options that are available or could be potentially available for brain tumors, including physical therapies (radiotherapy, ablation therapy, photodynamic therapy, tumor‐treating field therapy, and cold atmospheric plasma therapy) and non‐physical therapies (surgical resection, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy). Mechanisms of action, potential side effects, indications, and latest developments, as well as their limitations, are highlighted. Furthermore, the requirements for personalized, multi‐modal treatment approaches in this rapidly evolving field are discussed, emphasizing the balance between efficacy and patient safety.","PeriodicalId":503118,"journal":{"name":"Exploration","volume":"33 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140970950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yuwei Li, Yuxi Duan, Yunyi Li, Yuan Gu, Lu Zhou, Zhongting Xiao, Xinying Yu, Yanjun Cai, Erzhuo Cheng, Qianqian Liu, Yong Jiang, Quan Yang, Feng Zhang, Qi Lei, Bin Yang
Cancer immunotherapy is the most promising method for tumor therapy, while ferroptosis could activate the immunogenicity of cancer and strengthen the cellular immune response. However, limited by the complex tumor microenvironment, the abundant glutathione (GSH) and low reactive oxygen species (ROS) seriously weaken ferroptosis and the immune response. Herein, the authors report photothermal metal‐phenolic networks (MPNs) supplied with buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) by reducing levels of GSH and then trapping the tumor cells in the ferroptosis and immunotherapy cascade loop to eliminate colorectal cancer (CRC). The MPNs coated with the model antigen ovalbumin can accumulate at the tumor site, mediate immunogenic cell death (ICD) under NIR irradiation, and initiate tumoricidal immunity. Then the activated CD8+ T cells would release IFN‐γ to inhibit GPX4 and promote the immunogenic ferroptosis induced by Fe3+ and BSO. Finally, the tumor cells at intertumoral and intratumoral levels would be involved in the ferroptosis‐dominated cancer‐immunity circle for CRC eradication, resulting in outstanding therapeutic outcomes in both primary and distant tumor models. Overall, this strategy employs a photothermal nanoplatform to rapidly stimulate ICD and restrain the oxidation defense system, which provides a promising approach to significantly amplify the “cascade loop” of ferroptosis induction and immunotherapy for treatment of CRC.
{"title":"Cascade loop of ferroptosis induction and immunotherapy based on metal‐phenolic networks for combined therapy of colorectal cancer","authors":"Yuwei Li, Yuxi Duan, Yunyi Li, Yuan Gu, Lu Zhou, Zhongting Xiao, Xinying Yu, Yanjun Cai, Erzhuo Cheng, Qianqian Liu, Yong Jiang, Quan Yang, Feng Zhang, Qi Lei, Bin Yang","doi":"10.1002/exp.20230117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/exp.20230117","url":null,"abstract":"Cancer immunotherapy is the most promising method for tumor therapy, while ferroptosis could activate the immunogenicity of cancer and strengthen the cellular immune response. However, limited by the complex tumor microenvironment, the abundant glutathione (GSH) and low reactive oxygen species (ROS) seriously weaken ferroptosis and the immune response. Herein, the authors report photothermal metal‐phenolic networks (MPNs) supplied with buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) by reducing levels of GSH and then trapping the tumor cells in the ferroptosis and immunotherapy cascade loop to eliminate colorectal cancer (CRC). The MPNs coated with the model antigen ovalbumin can accumulate at the tumor site, mediate immunogenic cell death (ICD) under NIR irradiation, and initiate tumoricidal immunity. Then the activated CD8+ T cells would release IFN‐γ to inhibit GPX4 and promote the immunogenic ferroptosis induced by Fe3+ and BSO. Finally, the tumor cells at intertumoral and intratumoral levels would be involved in the ferroptosis‐dominated cancer‐immunity circle for CRC eradication, resulting in outstanding therapeutic outcomes in both primary and distant tumor models. Overall, this strategy employs a photothermal nanoplatform to rapidly stimulate ICD and restrain the oxidation defense system, which provides a promising approach to significantly amplify the “cascade loop” of ferroptosis induction and immunotherapy for treatment of CRC.","PeriodicalId":503118,"journal":{"name":"Exploration","volume":"114 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140977955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. R. Pradhan, Sushree Sangita Priyadarsini, Sanjana R. Nibgoor, Manvendra Singh, S. Dasgupta
The ability to fabricate an entire smart sensor patch with read‐out electronics using commercial printing techniques may have a wide range of potential applications. Although solution‐processed oxide thin film transistors (TFTs) are capable of providing high mobility electron transport, resulting in large ON‐state current and power output, there is hardly any literature report that uses the printed oxide TFTs at the sensor interfaces. Here, printed amorphous indium‐gallium‐zinc oxide (a‐IGZO)‐based deep‐subthreshold operated TFTs that comprise signal amplifiers and analog‐to‐digital converters (ADCs) that can successfully digitalize the analog sensor signals up to a frequency range of 1 kHz are reported. In addition, exploiting the high current oxide TFTs, a current drive circuit placed after the ADC unit has been found useful in producing easy‐to‐detect visual recognition of the sensor signal at a predefined threshold crossover. Notably, the entire smart sensor patch is demonstrated to operate at a low supply voltage of ≤2 V, thereby ensuring that it can be an on‐chip energy source compatible and standalone detection unit.
利用商业印刷技术制造带有读出电子元件的整个智能传感器贴片可能具有广泛的潜在应用。虽然溶液加工的氧化物薄膜晶体管（TFT）能够提供高迁移率电子传输，从而产生较大的导通电流和功率输出，但几乎没有文献报道在传感器接口处使用印刷氧化物 TFT。本文报告了基于非晶铟镓锌氧化物（a-IGZO）的印刷型深亚阈值工作 TFT，它包含信号放大器和模数转换器（ADC），能成功地将频率范围高达 1 kHz 的模拟传感器信号数字化。此外，利用大电流氧化物 TFT，在模数转换器单元之后放置一个电流驱动电路，可在预定的阈值交叉点上对传感器信号进行易于检测的视觉识别。值得注意的是，整个智能传感器贴片可在≤2 V 的低电源电压下工作，从而确保其成为兼容片上能源的独立检测单元。
{"title":"Oxide semiconductor based deep‐subthreshold operated read‐out electronics for all‐printed smart sensor patches","authors":"J. R. Pradhan, Sushree Sangita Priyadarsini, Sanjana R. Nibgoor, Manvendra Singh, S. Dasgupta","doi":"10.1002/exp.20230167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/exp.20230167","url":null,"abstract":"The ability to fabricate an entire smart sensor patch with read‐out electronics using commercial printing techniques may have a wide range of potential applications. Although solution‐processed oxide thin film transistors (TFTs) are capable of providing high mobility electron transport, resulting in large ON‐state current and power output, there is hardly any literature report that uses the printed oxide TFTs at the sensor interfaces. Here, printed amorphous indium‐gallium‐zinc oxide (a‐IGZO)‐based deep‐subthreshold operated TFTs that comprise signal amplifiers and analog‐to‐digital converters (ADCs) that can successfully digitalize the analog sensor signals up to a frequency range of 1 kHz are reported. In addition, exploiting the high current oxide TFTs, a current drive circuit placed after the ADC unit has been found useful in producing easy‐to‐detect visual recognition of the sensor signal at a predefined threshold crossover. Notably, the entire smart sensor patch is demonstrated to operate at a low supply voltage of ≤2 V, thereby ensuring that it can be an on‐chip energy source compatible and standalone detection unit.","PeriodicalId":503118,"journal":{"name":"Exploration","volume":"45 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140974071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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