Pub Date : 2023-07-10DOI: 10.5750/ijme.v165ia1.815
R. Villa Caro, R. Pérez Fernández, Julio M. Pernas Urrutia, Filiberto Hernandez
This paper proposes a methodology for the reduction of marine gas turbine exhaust gas temperatures via water mist injection into exhaust gas ducts with the aim of reducing a ship’s infrared (IR) signature. Due to the difficulty of conducting live experimental tests on warships, Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) techniques can be employed to predict phase interaction behaviour (water mist and exhaust gases) within gas turbine exhausts. CFD techniques attempt to find numerical solutions to the equations that govern phase interaction phenomena through the setting and resolution of mathematical models.
{"title":"METHODOLOGY APPLIED TO STUDY WATER MIST AS AN INFRARED SIGNATURE SUPPRESSOR IN MARINE GAS TURBINES","authors":"R. Villa Caro, R. Pérez Fernández, Julio M. Pernas Urrutia, Filiberto Hernandez","doi":"10.5750/ijme.v165ia1.815","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5750/ijme.v165ia1.815","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a methodology for the reduction of marine gas turbine exhaust gas temperatures via water mist injection into exhaust gas ducts with the aim of reducing a ship’s infrared (IR) signature. Due to the difficulty of conducting live experimental tests on warships, Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) techniques can be employed to predict phase interaction behaviour (water mist and exhaust gases) within gas turbine exhausts. CFD techniques attempt to find numerical solutions to the equations that govern phase interaction phenomena through the setting and resolution of mathematical models.","PeriodicalId":50313,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Maritime Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45512039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-10DOI: 10.5750/ijme.v165ia1.813
Ícaro Aragão Fonseca, Henrique Murilo Gaspar
The digital twin concept describes a comprehensive model used to monitor and simulate an existing asset in nearly real-time. In a maritime context, digital twins do not yet have a wide selection of standards to support interoperability among systems, undermining users’ ability to create a cohesive digital twin that combines multiple software suites. This study proposes an open framework for organizing ship and sensor data in digital twins. The framework is based on principles of product data management, allowing use of taxonomies suitable across stages of the lifecycle up to operation, when the digital twin is deployed. We implement the framework using a web-based approach that focuses on early design and operation phases, then apply it to a case study with a research vessel. The case study outlines browsing of ship model, examples of behaviour simulations, and future monitoring of sensor measurements. We discuss how the framework might be expanded and the challenges when applying it to existing engineering practice.
{"title":"An Open Framework for Data Taxonomies in Digital Twin Ships","authors":"Ícaro Aragão Fonseca, Henrique Murilo Gaspar","doi":"10.5750/ijme.v165ia1.813","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5750/ijme.v165ia1.813","url":null,"abstract":"The digital twin concept describes a comprehensive model used to monitor and simulate an existing asset in nearly real-time. In a maritime context, digital twins do not yet have a wide selection of standards to support interoperability among systems, undermining users’ ability to create a cohesive digital twin that combines multiple software suites. This study proposes an open framework for organizing ship and sensor data in digital twins. The framework is based on principles of product data management, allowing use of taxonomies suitable across stages of the lifecycle up to operation, when the digital twin is deployed. We implement the framework using a web-based approach that focuses on early design and operation phases, then apply it to a case study with a research vessel. The case study outlines browsing of ship model, examples of behaviour simulations, and future monitoring of sensor measurements. We discuss how the framework might be expanded and the challenges when applying it to existing engineering practice.","PeriodicalId":50313,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Maritime Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47342628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-12DOI: 10.5750/ijme.v164ia4.1260
R. Loscombe
Discussion With the incorporation of the International Journal of Small Craft Technology into the IJME, it is always good to see papers of direct concern to the small craft design community. The process of on-going validation of scantling rule formulae is also to be welcomed. The authors are to be commended on both counts. Word count restricts comments/questions to the ultimate flexural strength of hand-laminated panels (Table 5).
{"title":"Ultimate Strength of Quasi-Isotropic Composites: ISO 12215-5:2019 Validation","authors":"R. Loscombe","doi":"10.5750/ijme.v164ia4.1260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5750/ijme.v164ia4.1260","url":null,"abstract":"Discussion \u0000With the incorporation of the International Journal of Small Craft Technology into the IJME, it is always good to see papers of direct concern to the small craft design community. The process of on-going validation of scantling rule formulae is also to be welcomed. The authors are to be commended on both counts. Word count restricts comments/questions to the ultimate flexural strength of hand-laminated panels (Table 5).","PeriodicalId":50313,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Maritime Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48828651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.5750/ijme.v164ia4.1206
P. Gallagher
This paper describes a new approach to the application of robust design optimisation to the development and selection of floating systems during concept and early-stage engineering. The basis of the approach is to combine a genetic algorithm with an efficient non-intrusive statistical model to allow both uncertainties in modelling (intrinsic uncertainty) and requirements (extrinsic uncertainty) to be accounted for within a Robust Design Framework that directs optimisation toward unique design solutions. A particular interpretation of the Pareto design objective space enables required levels of performance margin and meaningful measures of confidence in design objectives to be achieved. The approach can be used to provide a systematic series of optimal hull geometries (geosims) that meet the most likely variations in design requirements, and so mitigate the impact of change early in the design cycle. This paper follows on from and earlier publication (IJME648) on multi-objective, multi-discipline, optimisation and uses the same case study.
{"title":"Novel Approach to Robust Concept Development for Offshore Floating Systems","authors":"P. Gallagher","doi":"10.5750/ijme.v164ia4.1206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5750/ijme.v164ia4.1206","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes a new approach to the application of robust design optimisation to the development and selection of floating systems during concept and early-stage engineering. The basis of the approach is to combine a genetic algorithm with an efficient non-intrusive statistical model to allow both uncertainties in modelling (intrinsic uncertainty) and requirements (extrinsic uncertainty) to be accounted for within a Robust Design Framework that directs optimisation toward unique design solutions. A particular interpretation of the Pareto design objective space enables required levels of performance margin and meaningful measures of confidence in design objectives to be achieved. The approach can be used to provide a systematic series of optimal hull geometries (geosims) that meet the most likely variations in design requirements, and so mitigate the impact of change early in the design cycle. This paper follows on from and earlier publication (IJME648) on multi-objective, multi-discipline, optimisation and uses the same case study.","PeriodicalId":50313,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Maritime Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45561793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.5750/ijme.v164ia4.1249
C. An, D. Zhao, Y. Gao, Y. Yang, T. Li
A floating hose is key item for offshore oil transportation. In this paper, a mathematical model is derived for the overall dynamic performance of a single point-moored floating hose string under wave and current load. Airy wave theory was selected to calculate the wave force on the floating hose string. The dynamics of buoy, floating hose string and FSO were modelled using elastic foundation beam theory and discretised by using a fixed grid finite difference method. Discontinuities in the bending stiffness due to the flange connections are also considered. To verify the accuracy of the mathematical model, the finite element model of the buoy, floating hose string and FSO as a system was established by use of Orcaflex software tool. Numerical results for the displacement and bending moment at each section of the floating hose under severe sea conditions were obtained.
{"title":"Dynamic Response Analysis of Offshore Flaoting Hose Strings Under Wave Load","authors":"C. An, D. Zhao, Y. Gao, Y. Yang, T. Li","doi":"10.5750/ijme.v164ia4.1249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5750/ijme.v164ia4.1249","url":null,"abstract":"A floating hose is key item for offshore oil transportation. In this paper, a mathematical model is derived for the overall dynamic performance of a single point-moored floating hose string under wave and current load. Airy wave theory was selected to calculate the wave force on the floating hose string. The dynamics of buoy, floating hose string and FSO were modelled using elastic foundation beam theory and discretised by using a fixed grid finite difference method. Discontinuities in the bending stiffness due to the flange connections are also considered. To verify the accuracy of the mathematical model, the finite element model of the buoy, floating hose string and FSO as a system was established by use of Orcaflex software tool. Numerical results for the displacement and bending moment at each section of the floating hose under severe sea conditions were obtained.","PeriodicalId":50313,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Maritime Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46567943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.5750/ijme.v164ia4.1187
J-B R G Souppez, T. Awotwe
The Conceive Design Implement Operate (CDIO) initiative is an innovative engineering education framework aiming to produce industry-ready graduates. Over the past two decades, the approach has been increasingly popular, particularly in the mechanical engineering field, thanks to its practical approach and outcome-based assessments. However, the CDIO approach remains absent from the pedagogical tools employed in marine engineering education curricula. This paper argues that, although unrecognized as such, modern marine engineering courses have been employing an approach akin to that of the CDIO initiative. Four international case studies, in both undergraduate and postgraduate higher education, are employed to demonstrate that the marine engineering courses under consideration indeed utilize the CDIO approach to engineering education. Furthermore, this paper identifies the CDIO initiative as a relevant pedagogy for the development of novel marine engineering courses and activities. It is anticipated that this first recognition of the use of the CDIO initiative in marine engineering education will contribute to formalizing the implementation of the CDIO initiative in this field, as well as enable greater synergies between the various disciplines of engineering education.
{"title":"THE CONCEIVE DESIGN IMPLEMENT OPERATE (CDIO) INITIATIVE - AN ENGINEERING PEDAGOGY APPLIED TO THE EDUCATION OF MARITIME ENGINEERS","authors":"J-B R G Souppez, T. Awotwe","doi":"10.5750/ijme.v164ia4.1187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5750/ijme.v164ia4.1187","url":null,"abstract":"The Conceive Design Implement Operate (CDIO) initiative is an innovative engineering education framework aiming to produce industry-ready graduates. Over the past two decades, the approach has been increasingly popular, particularly in the mechanical engineering field, thanks to its practical approach and outcome-based assessments. However, the CDIO approach remains absent from the pedagogical tools employed in marine engineering education curricula. This paper argues that, although unrecognized as such, modern marine engineering courses have been employing an approach akin to that of the CDIO initiative. Four international case studies, in both undergraduate and postgraduate higher education, are employed to demonstrate that the marine engineering courses under consideration indeed utilize the CDIO approach to engineering education. Furthermore, this paper identifies the CDIO initiative as a relevant pedagogy for the development of novel marine engineering courses and activities. It is anticipated that this first recognition of the use of the CDIO initiative in marine engineering education will contribute to formalizing the implementation of the CDIO initiative in this field, as well as enable greater synergies between the various disciplines of engineering education.","PeriodicalId":50313,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Maritime Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47283292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.5750/ijme.v164ia4.773
N. Taylor, A. Bekker, K. Kruger
Digitalisation of systems and processes in the maritime industry are spurring Maritime 4.0, a digital transformation promising enormous gains, including improved design processes and reduced operational costs. Gleaning inter-disciplinary proficiency from Operator 4.0 in manufacturing, the present work seeks to introduce the Mariner 4.0 – a seafaring passenger or crew member with technologically augmented skills. This research aims to realise Mariner 4.0 through a human digital twin solution – a virtual representation of the state and behaviour of a unique individual over time – for seafarers on South Africa’s polar research and supply vessel, the SA Agulhas II. This paper presents human-related challenges identified within seafaring vessels, the expected value of human digital twin solutions for the maritime industry, the development of a human digital twin solution to integrate seafarers into a Maritime 4.0 environment (i.e. the development of Mariner 4.0), and an illustrative use case focussing on human comfort monitoring and management.
{"title":"MARINER 4.0: INTEGRATING SEAFARERS INTO A MARITIME 4.0 ENVIRONMENT","authors":"N. Taylor, A. Bekker, K. Kruger","doi":"10.5750/ijme.v164ia4.773","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5750/ijme.v164ia4.773","url":null,"abstract":"Digitalisation of systems and processes in the maritime industry are spurring Maritime 4.0, a digital transformation promising enormous gains, including improved design processes and reduced operational costs. Gleaning inter-disciplinary proficiency from Operator 4.0 in manufacturing, the present work seeks to introduce the Mariner 4.0 – a seafaring passenger or crew member with technologically augmented skills. This research aims to realise Mariner 4.0 through a human digital twin solution – a virtual representation of the state and behaviour of a unique individual over time – for seafarers on South Africa’s polar research and supply vessel, the SA Agulhas II. This paper presents human-related challenges identified within seafaring vessels, the expected value of human digital twin solutions for the maritime industry, the development of a human digital twin solution to integrate seafarers into a Maritime 4.0 environment (i.e. the development of Mariner 4.0), and an illustrative use case focussing on human comfort monitoring and management.","PeriodicalId":50313,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Maritime Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45317552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.5750/ijme.v164ia4.814
E. Amromin
Mathematical analysis of cavitation inception is an important topic for naval engineering, but several circumstances make it difficult. First, cavitating flows are substantially multi-zone flows, where the appearing cavities are incomparably smaller than a cavitating body is. Second, inception is substantially influenced by characteristics of the inflow and of the body surfaces. Third, validation of employed mathematical methods by comparison with experimental data is a non-trivial task because of the complexity of experiments themselves and scale effects. This paper is emphasized on multi-zone quasi-steady approaches for prediction of cavitation inception and desinence numbers. The obtained computational results are compared with the known experimental data for sheet cavitation, vortex cavitation and cavitation behind surface irregularities. Procedures of scaling of cavitation inception number and the eventual combinations of various CFD solvers are also discussed.
{"title":"STATE-OF-THE ART IN COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSIS OF CAVITATION INCEPTION AND ITS SCALE EFFECTS","authors":"E. Amromin","doi":"10.5750/ijme.v164ia4.814","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5750/ijme.v164ia4.814","url":null,"abstract":"Mathematical analysis of cavitation inception is an important topic for naval engineering, but several circumstances make it difficult. First, cavitating flows are substantially multi-zone flows, where the appearing cavities are incomparably smaller than a cavitating body is. Second, inception is substantially influenced by characteristics of the inflow and of the body surfaces. Third, validation of employed mathematical methods by comparison with experimental data is a non-trivial task because of the complexity of experiments themselves and scale effects. This paper is emphasized on multi-zone quasi-steady approaches for prediction of cavitation inception and desinence numbers. The obtained computational results are compared with the known experimental data for sheet cavitation, vortex cavitation and cavitation behind surface irregularities. Procedures of scaling of cavitation inception number and the eventual combinations of various CFD solvers are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":50313,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Maritime Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48246590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.5750/ijme.v164ia4.771
This article studies the prospects for deep seabed mining as a future viable maritime industry, and discuss the commercial, operational, and technical viability of deep seabed mining. By the use of a business development approach originating from the maritime industry, we analyse opportunities for a virtual deep seabed mining project, and identify aspects of stakeholder performance expectations, contextualised by the competitive positioning and identification of related project risks. We discuss strategies and pit-falls when positioning a deep seabed mining venture within the wider mining and metal production value chain, and use a case example in the Northern Atlantic Ocean to study the prospects for a deep seabed mining operation and subsequent system design implications. Furthermore, we contrast to well-established industries like offshore oil and gas, and traditional land-based mining. The study promotes several critical aspects and problem areas when approaching marine systems design for deep seabed mining.
{"title":"EARLY STAGE DECISIONS IN MARINE SYSTEMS DESIGN FOR DEEP-SEA MINING","authors":"","doi":"10.5750/ijme.v164ia4.771","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5750/ijme.v164ia4.771","url":null,"abstract":"This article studies the prospects for deep seabed mining as a future viable maritime industry, and discuss the commercial, operational, and technical viability of deep seabed mining. By the use of a business development approach originating from the maritime industry, we analyse opportunities for a virtual deep seabed mining project, and identify aspects of stakeholder performance expectations, contextualised by the competitive positioning and identification of related project risks. We discuss strategies and pit-falls when positioning a deep seabed mining venture within the wider mining and metal production value chain, and use a case example in the Northern Atlantic Ocean to study the prospects for a deep seabed mining operation and subsequent system design implications. Furthermore, we contrast to well-established industries like offshore oil and gas, and traditional land-based mining. The study promotes several critical aspects and problem areas when approaching marine systems design for deep seabed mining.","PeriodicalId":50313,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Maritime Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44828264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.5750/ijme.v164ia4.817
J. Gu
In this paper, an experiment study with aspect ratio 100 of a circular cylinder was conducted in a wave-current channel. The FBG sensors were attached on the circular cylinder which are used to capture vibration signal, two high-precision bellows type sensors were used to monitor fluctuant support force, and the dynamic response of circular cylinder was finally calculated by modal analysis method. The effect of flow velocity, mass ratio and top tension of circular cylinder on the amplitude ratio, frequency ratio and added mass coefficient was evaluated. The results showed that top tension had a greater influence on the amplitude; the added mass coefficient demonstrated a nonlinear relationship with external flow velocity. The added mass coefficient decreases when the reduced velocity increases. At a particular reduced velocity, the added mass coefficient decreases when the top tension increases or mass ratio increases.
{"title":"AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON ADDED MASS COEFFICIENT OF VORTEX-INDUCED VIBRATION OF A CIRCULAR CYLINDER","authors":"J. Gu","doi":"10.5750/ijme.v164ia4.817","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5750/ijme.v164ia4.817","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, an experiment study with aspect ratio 100 of a circular cylinder was conducted in a wave-current channel. The FBG sensors were attached on the circular cylinder which are used to capture vibration signal, two high-precision bellows type sensors were used to monitor fluctuant support force, and the dynamic response of circular cylinder was finally calculated by modal analysis method. The effect of flow velocity, mass ratio and top tension of circular cylinder on the amplitude ratio, frequency ratio and added mass coefficient was evaluated. The results showed that top tension had a greater influence on the amplitude; the added mass coefficient demonstrated a nonlinear relationship with external flow velocity. The added mass coefficient decreases when the reduced velocity increases. At a particular reduced velocity, the added mass coefficient decreases when the top tension increases or mass ratio increases. ","PeriodicalId":50313,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Maritime Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45057050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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