Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.1177/15501329221104332
Z. Li, Qingkai Miao, Shehzad Ashraf Chaudhry, Chien-Ming Chen
The Internet of vehicles technology has developed rapidly in recent years and has become increasingly important. The social Internet of vehicles provides better resources and services for the development of the Internet of vehicles and provides better experience for users. However, there are still many security problems in social vehicle networking environments. Once the vehicle is networked, the biggest problem is data security according to the three levels of data collection, intelligent analysis, and decision control of the Internet of vehicles. Recently, Wu et al. proposed a lightweight vehicle social network security authentication protocol based on fog nodes. They claimed that their security authentication protocol could resist various attacks. However, we found that their authentication protocols are vulnerable to internal attacks, smart card theft attacks, and lack perfect forward security. In this study, we propose a new protocol to overcome these limitations. Finally, security and performance analyses show that our protocol perfectly overcomes these limitations and exhibits excellent performance and efficiency.
{"title":"A provably secure and lightweight mutual authentication protocol in fog-enabled social Internet of vehicles","authors":"Z. Li, Qingkai Miao, Shehzad Ashraf Chaudhry, Chien-Ming Chen","doi":"10.1177/15501329221104332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15501329221104332","url":null,"abstract":"The Internet of vehicles technology has developed rapidly in recent years and has become increasingly important. The social Internet of vehicles provides better resources and services for the development of the Internet of vehicles and provides better experience for users. However, there are still many security problems in social vehicle networking environments. Once the vehicle is networked, the biggest problem is data security according to the three levels of data collection, intelligent analysis, and decision control of the Internet of vehicles. Recently, Wu et al. proposed a lightweight vehicle social network security authentication protocol based on fog nodes. They claimed that their security authentication protocol could resist various attacks. However, we found that their authentication protocols are vulnerable to internal attacks, smart card theft attacks, and lack perfect forward security. In this study, we propose a new protocol to overcome these limitations. Finally, security and performance analyses show that our protocol perfectly overcomes these limitations and exhibits excellent performance and efficiency.","PeriodicalId":50327,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47808633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.1177/15501329221102734
Ling Wu, Yongrong Sun, Xiyu Fu, Qing-hua Zeng
The carrier-based kinematic-to-kinematic relative positioning can obtain the precise baseline between two moving stations, which greatly expands the application field of dynamic relative positioning. However, the relative positioning performance is degraded greatly with low fixation rate of ambiguity with low-cost receivers. Especially, in the complex dynamic environment, ambiguity resolution effect is influenced by the satellite signal blocked, multipath outlier, and abnormal state prediction. Aiming at the problems, a novel inertial navigation system–aided robust adaptive filtering ambiguity resolution model is proposed. In addition, a hierarchical filtering strategy is developed to eliminate ambiguity parameters in BeiDou navigation satellite system/inertial navigation system tightly coupled integrated system. Finally, the precise relative position can be calculated with the “best” ambiguity solution. Both experiments with static data and field vehicle test were carried out to evaluate the algorithm efficiency in different data configurations. The results indicate that IRAFAR-TCRP method can effectively suppress the influence of observation outliers and model prediction abnormalities, which improves the success rate of ambiguity resolution, raises the accuracy as well as the continuity of relative positioning. The success rate of ambiguity resolution with single-frequency BeiDou navigation satellite system can reach 90% in the gross error and abnormal disturbance environments and centimeter-level accuracy can be achieved.
{"title":"A novel ambiguity resolution model of BeiDou navigation satellite system/inertial navigation system tightly coupled for kinematic-to-kinematic precise relative positioning","authors":"Ling Wu, Yongrong Sun, Xiyu Fu, Qing-hua Zeng","doi":"10.1177/15501329221102734","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15501329221102734","url":null,"abstract":"The carrier-based kinematic-to-kinematic relative positioning can obtain the precise baseline between two moving stations, which greatly expands the application field of dynamic relative positioning. However, the relative positioning performance is degraded greatly with low fixation rate of ambiguity with low-cost receivers. Especially, in the complex dynamic environment, ambiguity resolution effect is influenced by the satellite signal blocked, multipath outlier, and abnormal state prediction. Aiming at the problems, a novel inertial navigation system–aided robust adaptive filtering ambiguity resolution model is proposed. In addition, a hierarchical filtering strategy is developed to eliminate ambiguity parameters in BeiDou navigation satellite system/inertial navigation system tightly coupled integrated system. Finally, the precise relative position can be calculated with the “best” ambiguity solution. Both experiments with static data and field vehicle test were carried out to evaluate the algorithm efficiency in different data configurations. The results indicate that IRAFAR-TCRP method can effectively suppress the influence of observation outliers and model prediction abnormalities, which improves the success rate of ambiguity resolution, raises the accuracy as well as the continuity of relative positioning. The success rate of ambiguity resolution with single-frequency BeiDou navigation satellite system can reach 90% in the gross error and abnormal disturbance environments and centimeter-level accuracy can be achieved.","PeriodicalId":50327,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49122256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.1177/15501329221107246
Zain ul Abidin Jaffri, Muhammad Asif, W. U. Khan, Zeeshan Ahmad, Z. Akhtar, Kalim Ullah, Md. Sadek Ali
The design and implementation of energy-efficient routing protocols for next-generation wireless sensor networks is always a challenge due to limited power resource capabilities. Hierarchical (clustering) routing protocols appeared to be a remarkable solution for extending the lifetime of wireless sensor networks, particularly in application-aware (threshold-sensitive) and heterogeneity-aware cluster-based routing protocols. In this article, we propose a protocol, namely, Threshold-based Energy-aware Zonal Efficiency Measuring hierarchical routing protocol. It is a heterogeneity-aware and threshold-based protocol that provides a better solution to existing problems in next-generation wireless sensor networks. During execution, the Threshold-based Energy-aware Zonal Efficiency Measuring hierarchical routing protocol splits the entire network area into several zones to manage network traffic efficiently. In the first step, Threshold-based Energy-aware Zonal Efficiency Measuring hierarchical routing protocol is designed for a homogeneous network where the initial energy of all the nodes is the same. Thereafter, we bring in heterogeneity in the Threshold-based Energy-aware Zonal Efficiency Measuring hierarchical routing protocol execution environment to optimize its energy consumption. By investigating the performance of the various numbers of divisions, it is proved that the Threshold-based Energy-aware Zonal Efficiency Measuring hierarchical routing protocol with 9 zonal divisions has higher stability and throughput. The performance of the proposed Threshold-based Energy-aware Zonal Efficiency Measuring hierarchical routing protocol is compared with those of Stable Election Protocol, Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy, Modified Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy, and Gateway-Based Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol through computer simulations. Simulation results verify the improved performance of the proposed Threshold-based Energy-aware Zonal Efficiency Measuring hierarchical routing protocol in terms of network stability, lifetime, and throughput.
{"title":"TEZEM: A new energy-efficient routing protocol for next-generation wireless sensor networks","authors":"Zain ul Abidin Jaffri, Muhammad Asif, W. U. Khan, Zeeshan Ahmad, Z. Akhtar, Kalim Ullah, Md. Sadek Ali","doi":"10.1177/15501329221107246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15501329221107246","url":null,"abstract":"The design and implementation of energy-efficient routing protocols for next-generation wireless sensor networks is always a challenge due to limited power resource capabilities. Hierarchical (clustering) routing protocols appeared to be a remarkable solution for extending the lifetime of wireless sensor networks, particularly in application-aware (threshold-sensitive) and heterogeneity-aware cluster-based routing protocols. In this article, we propose a protocol, namely, Threshold-based Energy-aware Zonal Efficiency Measuring hierarchical routing protocol. It is a heterogeneity-aware and threshold-based protocol that provides a better solution to existing problems in next-generation wireless sensor networks. During execution, the Threshold-based Energy-aware Zonal Efficiency Measuring hierarchical routing protocol splits the entire network area into several zones to manage network traffic efficiently. In the first step, Threshold-based Energy-aware Zonal Efficiency Measuring hierarchical routing protocol is designed for a homogeneous network where the initial energy of all the nodes is the same. Thereafter, we bring in heterogeneity in the Threshold-based Energy-aware Zonal Efficiency Measuring hierarchical routing protocol execution environment to optimize its energy consumption. By investigating the performance of the various numbers of divisions, it is proved that the Threshold-based Energy-aware Zonal Efficiency Measuring hierarchical routing protocol with 9 zonal divisions has higher stability and throughput. The performance of the proposed Threshold-based Energy-aware Zonal Efficiency Measuring hierarchical routing protocol is compared with those of Stable Election Protocol, Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy, Modified Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy, and Gateway-Based Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol through computer simulations. Simulation results verify the improved performance of the proposed Threshold-based Energy-aware Zonal Efficiency Measuring hierarchical routing protocol in terms of network stability, lifetime, and throughput.","PeriodicalId":50327,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42122763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-01DOI: 10.1177/15501477211066304
Dongmei Yang, Cheng Li, Baoquan Ren, Hongjun Li, K. Guo
This article investigates the impacts of relay selection schemes on cooperative underlay cognitive radio non-orthogonal multiple access networks, where the partial relay selection scheme, the max–min relay selection scheme and the two-stage relay selection scheme are applied in the network. Moreover, decode-and-forward protocol is used at the transmission relays. What’s more, in order to show the effect of the schemes on the considered network, the closed-form expressions and asymptotic expressions for the outage probability of the system are derived. Furthermore, the outage performance under the effect of perfect and imperfect successive interference cancellation is analysed. Numerical results are given to illustrate the impacts of the relay selection schemes, the number of relays, the residual interference factor and the power allocation factor on the outage performance. Finally, Monte Carlo simulations are presented to validate the accuracy of the numerical results.
{"title":"Analysis of relay selection schemes in underlay cognitive radio non-orthogonal multiple access networks","authors":"Dongmei Yang, Cheng Li, Baoquan Ren, Hongjun Li, K. Guo","doi":"10.1177/15501477211066304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15501477211066304","url":null,"abstract":"This article investigates the impacts of relay selection schemes on cooperative underlay cognitive radio non-orthogonal multiple access networks, where the partial relay selection scheme, the max–min relay selection scheme and the two-stage relay selection scheme are applied in the network. Moreover, decode-and-forward protocol is used at the transmission relays. What’s more, in order to show the effect of the schemes on the considered network, the closed-form expressions and asymptotic expressions for the outage probability of the system are derived. Furthermore, the outage performance under the effect of perfect and imperfect successive interference cancellation is analysed. Numerical results are given to illustrate the impacts of the relay selection schemes, the number of relays, the residual interference factor and the power allocation factor on the outage performance. Finally, Monte Carlo simulations are presented to validate the accuracy of the numerical results.","PeriodicalId":50327,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46790143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aiming at the issue of parameter matching in conventional two-step location, a reduced dimension multiple signal classification direct position determination algorithm based on multi-array is proposed. Based on the idea of dimension reduction, the algorithm avoids multi-dimensional search in spatial domain and attenuation coefficient domain and reduces the search complexity. Simulation results show that the performance of the algorithm is better than the traditional angle of arrival two-step localization algorithm and subspace data fusion direct localization algorithm.
{"title":"A reduced dimension multiple signal classification–based direct location algorithm with dense arrays","authors":"Jianfeng Li, Gaofeng Zhao, Baobao Li, Xianpeng Wang, Mengxing Huang","doi":"10.1177/15501329221097583","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15501329221097583","url":null,"abstract":"Aiming at the issue of parameter matching in conventional two-step location, a reduced dimension multiple signal classification direct position determination algorithm based on multi-array is proposed. Based on the idea of dimension reduction, the algorithm avoids multi-dimensional search in spatial domain and attenuation coefficient domain and reduces the search complexity. Simulation results show that the performance of the algorithm is better than the traditional angle of arrival two-step localization algorithm and subspace data fusion direct localization algorithm.","PeriodicalId":50327,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47360799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-01DOI: 10.1177/15501329221100412
Chao Xiang, Li Zhang, Xiaopo Xie, Longgang Zhao, Xin Ke, Zhendong Niu, Feng Wang
With the rapid development of electric vehicles and artificial intelligence technology, the automatic driving industry has entered a rapid development stage. However, there is a risk of traffic accidents due to the blind spot of vision, whether autonomous vehicles or traditional vehicles. In this article, a multi-sensor fusion perception method is proposed, in which the semantic information from the camera and the range information from the LiDAR are fused at the data layer and the LiDAR point cloud containing semantic information is clustered to obtain the type and location information of the objects. Based on the sensor equipments deployed on the roadside, the sensing information processed by the fusion method is sent to the nearby vehicles in real-time through 5G and V2X technology for blind spot early warning, and its feasibility is verified by experiments and simulations. The blind spot warning scheme based on roadside multi-sensor fusion perception proposed in this article has been experimentally verified in the closed park, which can obviously reduce the traffic accidents caused by the blind spot of vision, and is of great significance to improve traffic safety.
{"title":"Multi-sensor fusion algorithm in cooperative vehicle-infrastructure system for blind spot warning","authors":"Chao Xiang, Li Zhang, Xiaopo Xie, Longgang Zhao, Xin Ke, Zhendong Niu, Feng Wang","doi":"10.1177/15501329221100412","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15501329221100412","url":null,"abstract":"With the rapid development of electric vehicles and artificial intelligence technology, the automatic driving industry has entered a rapid development stage. However, there is a risk of traffic accidents due to the blind spot of vision, whether autonomous vehicles or traditional vehicles. In this article, a multi-sensor fusion perception method is proposed, in which the semantic information from the camera and the range information from the LiDAR are fused at the data layer and the LiDAR point cloud containing semantic information is clustered to obtain the type and location information of the objects. Based on the sensor equipments deployed on the roadside, the sensing information processed by the fusion method is sent to the nearby vehicles in real-time through 5G and V2X technology for blind spot early warning, and its feasibility is verified by experiments and simulations. The blind spot warning scheme based on roadside multi-sensor fusion perception proposed in this article has been experimentally verified in the closed park, which can obviously reduce the traffic accidents caused by the blind spot of vision, and is of great significance to improve traffic safety.","PeriodicalId":50327,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41474409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-01DOI: 10.1177/15501329221097815
H. Zhang, Hongshuo Zhang, Zhao Wang, Zhenyu Zhou, Qiang Wang, Guangyuan Xu, Junzhong Yang, Zhong Gan
Message queuing telemetry transport has emerged as a promising communication protocol for resource-constrained electric Internet of things due to high bandwidth utilization, simple implementation, and various quality of service levels. Enabled by message queuing telemetry transport, electric Internet of things gateways adopt dynamic protocol adaptation, conversion, and quality of service level selection to realize bidirectional communication with massive devices and platforms based on heterogeneous communication protocols. However, protocol adaptation and quality of service guarantee in message queuing telemetry transport-empowered electric Internet of things still faces several challenges, such as unified communication architecture, differentiated quality of service requirements, lack of quality of service metric models, and incomplete information. In this paper, we first establish a unified communication architecture for message queuing telemetry transport-empowered electric Internet of things for adaptation and conversion of heterogeneous protocols. Second, we formulate the quality of service level selection optimization problem to minimize the weighted sum of packet-loss ratio and delay. Then, a delay-reliability-aware message queuing telemetry transport quality of service level selection algorithm based on upper confidence bound is proposed to learn the optimal quality of service level through dynamically interacting with the environment. Compared with single and fixed quality of service level selection strategies, delay-reliability-aware message queuing telemetry transport quality of service level selection can effectively reduce the weighted sum of delay and packet-loss ratio and satisfy the differentiated quality of service requirements of electric Internet of things.
{"title":"Delay-reliability-aware protocol adaption and quality of service guarantee for message queuing telemetry transport-empowered electric Internet of things","authors":"H. Zhang, Hongshuo Zhang, Zhao Wang, Zhenyu Zhou, Qiang Wang, Guangyuan Xu, Junzhong Yang, Zhong Gan","doi":"10.1177/15501329221097815","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15501329221097815","url":null,"abstract":"Message queuing telemetry transport has emerged as a promising communication protocol for resource-constrained electric Internet of things due to high bandwidth utilization, simple implementation, and various quality of service levels. Enabled by message queuing telemetry transport, electric Internet of things gateways adopt dynamic protocol adaptation, conversion, and quality of service level selection to realize bidirectional communication with massive devices and platforms based on heterogeneous communication protocols. However, protocol adaptation and quality of service guarantee in message queuing telemetry transport-empowered electric Internet of things still faces several challenges, such as unified communication architecture, differentiated quality of service requirements, lack of quality of service metric models, and incomplete information. In this paper, we first establish a unified communication architecture for message queuing telemetry transport-empowered electric Internet of things for adaptation and conversion of heterogeneous protocols. Second, we formulate the quality of service level selection optimization problem to minimize the weighted sum of packet-loss ratio and delay. Then, a delay-reliability-aware message queuing telemetry transport quality of service level selection algorithm based on upper confidence bound is proposed to learn the optimal quality of service level through dynamically interacting with the environment. Compared with single and fixed quality of service level selection strategies, delay-reliability-aware message queuing telemetry transport quality of service level selection can effectively reduce the weighted sum of delay and packet-loss ratio and satisfy the differentiated quality of service requirements of electric Internet of things.","PeriodicalId":50327,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48363010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-01DOI: 10.1177/15501329221097817
Yao Ma, Yuting Wu, Dan Yu, Lv Ding, Yongle Chen
Device vulnerabilities emerge one after another in the Internet of thing environment, the attackers attack vulnerabilities on several low-level devices simultaneously by multi-step attack method to trigger the vulnerabilities on other high-level devices to damage or control the information system. Considering the correlation between device vulnerabilities, we proposed a method based on attack graph to evaluate vulnerability risk in order to ensure Internet of thing network security. First, according to the type, version, and other relevant information of device vulnerabilities in the Internet of thing environment, hidden Markov model can be used to model the association between device states. Second, analyze the possible attacks on the vulnerabilities on the device, and generate the attack graph according to the correlation between the device states and the relevant information of the vulnerabilities in the device. Finally, the vulnerabilities are objectively and accurately evaluated according to the attack graph. The experiments results show that the proposed method can map the relationship between devices more accurately and objectively and improve the efficiency and accuracy of the vulnerability evaluation.
{"title":"Vulnerability association evaluation of Internet of thing devices based on attack graph","authors":"Yao Ma, Yuting Wu, Dan Yu, Lv Ding, Yongle Chen","doi":"10.1177/15501329221097817","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15501329221097817","url":null,"abstract":"Device vulnerabilities emerge one after another in the Internet of thing environment, the attackers attack vulnerabilities on several low-level devices simultaneously by multi-step attack method to trigger the vulnerabilities on other high-level devices to damage or control the information system. Considering the correlation between device vulnerabilities, we proposed a method based on attack graph to evaluate vulnerability risk in order to ensure Internet of thing network security. First, according to the type, version, and other relevant information of device vulnerabilities in the Internet of thing environment, hidden Markov model can be used to model the association between device states. Second, analyze the possible attacks on the vulnerabilities on the device, and generate the attack graph according to the correlation between the device states and the relevant information of the vulnerabilities in the device. Finally, the vulnerabilities are objectively and accurately evaluated according to the attack graph. The experiments results show that the proposed method can map the relationship between devices more accurately and objectively and improve the efficiency and accuracy of the vulnerability evaluation.","PeriodicalId":50327,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41609645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-01DOI: 10.1177/15501329221097819
Leonardo Eras, Federico Domínguez, Caril Martinez
Bluetooth low energy is an almost ubiquitous technology currently embedded in billions of power-constrained Internet of Things devices around the world. The Bluetooth mesh profile, released by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group in July 2017, allows Bluetooth low energy devices to form a mesh network, further enabling smart home and building applications where long-range connectivity is required. However, the current release of Bluetooth mesh profile still has power and deployment constraints that limit its applicability. To explore the viability of Bluetooth mesh profile in home/building automation applications, we built the Smart Doorbell: a proof-of-concept Bluetooth mesh profile–based visitor notification system for office spaces. The Smart Doorbell was implemented using a mesh network topology with nodes distributed across office building floors, serving as a real Internet of Things deployment and as a testbed for mesh network protocols. Similar Bluetooth mesh profile evaluations found in literature use mostly development kits and/or synthetic traffic in artificial settings; we contribute by using the Smart Doorbell, a system as close as possible to a minimum viable product, to evaluate power consumption and responsiveness as a proxy for product viability. This article presents the architecture of the Smart Doorbell, the viability evaluation results, and a direct comparison with FruityMesh, a competing Bluetooth low energy mesh network protocol. Overall, the fact that Bluetooth mesh profile devices can directly communicate with a user’s mobile phone (using Bluetooth low energy) considerably eases deployment and provisioning. However, the use of flooding to forward messages across the mesh network increases power consumption, precluding the use of battery-powered nodes on the network’s backbone and severely limiting the applicability of Bluetooth mesh profile in building automation.
{"title":"Viability characterization of a proof-of-concept Bluetooth mesh smart building application","authors":"Leonardo Eras, Federico Domínguez, Caril Martinez","doi":"10.1177/15501329221097819","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15501329221097819","url":null,"abstract":"Bluetooth low energy is an almost ubiquitous technology currently embedded in billions of power-constrained Internet of Things devices around the world. The Bluetooth mesh profile, released by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group in July 2017, allows Bluetooth low energy devices to form a mesh network, further enabling smart home and building applications where long-range connectivity is required. However, the current release of Bluetooth mesh profile still has power and deployment constraints that limit its applicability. To explore the viability of Bluetooth mesh profile in home/building automation applications, we built the Smart Doorbell: a proof-of-concept Bluetooth mesh profile–based visitor notification system for office spaces. The Smart Doorbell was implemented using a mesh network topology with nodes distributed across office building floors, serving as a real Internet of Things deployment and as a testbed for mesh network protocols. Similar Bluetooth mesh profile evaluations found in literature use mostly development kits and/or synthetic traffic in artificial settings; we contribute by using the Smart Doorbell, a system as close as possible to a minimum viable product, to evaluate power consumption and responsiveness as a proxy for product viability. This article presents the architecture of the Smart Doorbell, the viability evaluation results, and a direct comparison with FruityMesh, a competing Bluetooth low energy mesh network protocol. Overall, the fact that Bluetooth mesh profile devices can directly communicate with a user’s mobile phone (using Bluetooth low energy) considerably eases deployment and provisioning. However, the use of flooding to forward messages across the mesh network increases power consumption, precluding the use of battery-powered nodes on the network’s backbone and severely limiting the applicability of Bluetooth mesh profile in building automation.","PeriodicalId":50327,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44748496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-01DOI: 10.1177/15501329221097591
Yu Wang, Fuxiang Chang, Yuanjie Wu, Ziran Hu, Lihui Li, Pengyu Li, Pu Lang, Shouwen Yao
Skeleton tracking based on multiple Kinects data fusion has been proved to have better accuracy and robustness than single Kinect. However, previous works did not consider the inconsistency of tracking accuracy in the tracking field of Kinect and the self-occlusion of human body in assembly operation, which are of vital importance to the fusion performance of the multiple Kinects data in assembly task simulation. In this work, we developed a multi-Kinect fusion algorithm to achieve robust full-body tracking in virtual reality (VR)-aided assembly simulation. Two reliability functions are first applied to evaluate the tracking confidences reflecting the impacts of the position-related error and the self-occlusion error on the tracked skeletons. Then, the tracking skeletons from multiple Kinects are fused based on weighted arithmetic average and generalized covariance intersection. To evaluate the tracking confidence, the ellipsoidal surface fitting was used to model the tracking accuracy distribution of Kinect, and the relations between the user-Kinect crossing angles and the influences of the self-occlusion on the tracking of different parts of body were studied. On the basis, the two reliability functions were developed. We implemented a prototype system leveraging six Kinects and applied the distributed computing in the system to improve the computing efficiency. Experiment results showed that the proposed algorithm has superior fusion performance compared to the peer works.
{"title":"Multi-Kinects fusion for full-body tracking in virtual reality-aided assembly simulation","authors":"Yu Wang, Fuxiang Chang, Yuanjie Wu, Ziran Hu, Lihui Li, Pengyu Li, Pu Lang, Shouwen Yao","doi":"10.1177/15501329221097591","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15501329221097591","url":null,"abstract":"Skeleton tracking based on multiple Kinects data fusion has been proved to have better accuracy and robustness than single Kinect. However, previous works did not consider the inconsistency of tracking accuracy in the tracking field of Kinect and the self-occlusion of human body in assembly operation, which are of vital importance to the fusion performance of the multiple Kinects data in assembly task simulation. In this work, we developed a multi-Kinect fusion algorithm to achieve robust full-body tracking in virtual reality (VR)-aided assembly simulation. Two reliability functions are first applied to evaluate the tracking confidences reflecting the impacts of the position-related error and the self-occlusion error on the tracked skeletons. Then, the tracking skeletons from multiple Kinects are fused based on weighted arithmetic average and generalized covariance intersection. To evaluate the tracking confidence, the ellipsoidal surface fitting was used to model the tracking accuracy distribution of Kinect, and the relations between the user-Kinect crossing angles and the influences of the self-occlusion on the tracking of different parts of body were studied. On the basis, the two reliability functions were developed. We implemented a prototype system leveraging six Kinects and applied the distributed computing in the system to improve the computing efficiency. Experiment results showed that the proposed algorithm has superior fusion performance compared to the peer works.","PeriodicalId":50327,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44241930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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