Fruit- and vegetable-harvesting robots are a great addition to Agriculture 4.0 since they are gradually replacing human labor in challenging activities. In order to achieve the harvesting process accurately and efficiently, the picking robot’s end-effector should be the first part to come into close contact with the crops. The design and performance requirements of the end-effectors are affected by the fruit and vegetable variety as well as the complexity of unstructured surroundings. This paper summarizes the latest research status of end-effectors for fruit- and vegetable-picking robots. It analyzes the characteristics and functions of end-effectors according to their structural principles and usage, which are classified into clamp, air suction, suction holding, and envelope types. The development and application of advanced technologies, such as the structural design of end-effectors, additional sensors, new materials, and artificial intelligence, were discussed. The typical applications of end-effectors for the picking of different kinds of fruit and vegetables were described, and the advantages, disadvantages, and performance indexes of different end-effectors were given and comparatively analyzed. Finally, challenges and potential future trends of end-effectors for picking robots were reported. This work can be considered a valuable guide to the latest end-effector technology for the design and selection of suitable end-effectors for harvesting different categories of fruit and vegetable crops.
{"title":"Classification, Advanced Technologies, and Typical Applications of End-Effector for Fruit and Vegetable Picking Robots","authors":"Chongyang Han, Jinhong Lv, Chengju Dong, Jiehao Li, Yuanqiang Luo, Weibin Wu, Mohamed Anwer Abdeen","doi":"10.3390/agriculture14081310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14081310","url":null,"abstract":"Fruit- and vegetable-harvesting robots are a great addition to Agriculture 4.0 since they are gradually replacing human labor in challenging activities. In order to achieve the harvesting process accurately and efficiently, the picking robot’s end-effector should be the first part to come into close contact with the crops. The design and performance requirements of the end-effectors are affected by the fruit and vegetable variety as well as the complexity of unstructured surroundings. This paper summarizes the latest research status of end-effectors for fruit- and vegetable-picking robots. It analyzes the characteristics and functions of end-effectors according to their structural principles and usage, which are classified into clamp, air suction, suction holding, and envelope types. The development and application of advanced technologies, such as the structural design of end-effectors, additional sensors, new materials, and artificial intelligence, were discussed. The typical applications of end-effectors for the picking of different kinds of fruit and vegetables were described, and the advantages, disadvantages, and performance indexes of different end-effectors were given and comparatively analyzed. Finally, challenges and potential future trends of end-effectors for picking robots were reported. This work can be considered a valuable guide to the latest end-effector technology for the design and selection of suitable end-effectors for harvesting different categories of fruit and vegetable crops.","PeriodicalId":503580,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture","volume":"115 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141926109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cold treatment has been extensively employed for the phytosanitary control of fruit flies for citrus cultivation worldwide. Trials with artificial infestation methods on navel and Valencia oranges at 3 °C and 2 °C against the oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis) were conducted, following standard bioassay protocols and large-scale testing. The results showed that the third instar larval stage was the most tolerant stage in both cultivars. The maximum estimated cold treatment time at 3 °C required to produce 99.9968% mortality (LT99.9968) with a 95% confidence level was 16.6 days and 16.2 days for the navel orange and Valencia orange, respectively. Meanwhile, the estimated cold treatment time at 2 °C was 14.8 days for both navel and Valencia oranges, with a 95% confidence level. Furthermore, it was also observed that no survivors came from a total of 104,420 estimated (51,396 for the navel cultivar and 53,024 for the Valencia cultivar) third instar larvae in orange fruits after being subjected to a cold treatment of 3 °C for 17 days. Meanwhile, there were also no survivors from a total of 100,556 (50,740 for the navel cultivar and 49,816 for the Valencia cultivar) third instar larvae in orange fruits after being subjected to a cold treatment of 2 °C for 15 days. The treatments at 3 °C for 17 days and 2 °C for 15 days on oranges, including navel and Valencia, against the oriental fruit fly, surpassed the required mortality assurance of 99.9968% at a 95% confidence level and also met the probit-9 mortality standard. Overall, the application of these results will provide more flexibility for the citrus industry to satisfy quarantine treatment requirements.
冷处理已被广泛用于全球柑橘种植的果蝇植物检疫控制。按照标准的生物测定方案和大规模测试，在 3 °C 和 2 °C 温度条件下对脐橙和巴伦西亚橙进行了针对东方果蝇（Bactrocera dorsalis）的人工侵染试验。结果表明，在这两个栽培品种中，第三龄幼虫阶段的耐受性最强。在 95% 的置信水平下，脐橙和瓦伦西亚橙在 3 °C 下产生 99.9968% 的死亡率（LT99.9968）所需的最长冷处理时间分别为 16.6 天和 16.2 天。同时，脐橙和瓦伦西亚橙在 2 °C 下的冷处理时间估计为 14.8 天，置信度为 95%。此外，研究还发现，脐橙果实在 3 °C 的低温处理 17 天后，估计共有 104 420 头（脐橙品种为 51 396 头，瓦伦西亚品种为 53 024 头）三龄幼虫无一存活。同时，橙果中的 100 556 头（脐橙品种为 50 740 头，巴伦西亚品种为 49 816 头）三龄幼虫在经过 15 天的 2 °C 低温处理后也没有存活。对包括脐橙和巴伦西亚橙在内的橙子进行 3 °C 17 天和 2 °C 15 天的处理后，东方果蝇的死亡率在 95% 的置信水平下超过了 99.9968% 的要求，也达到了 probit-9 的死亡率标准。总之，这些结果的应用将为柑橘产业满足检疫处理要求提供更大的灵活性。
{"title":"Cold Disinfestation on Orange for Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae)","authors":"Jiajiao Wu, Qiang Xu, Haijun Liu, Jupeng Zhao, Hang Zou, Mutao Wu, Xunuo He, Hairong Wu, Shuang Wei","doi":"10.3390/agriculture14081318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14081318","url":null,"abstract":"Cold treatment has been extensively employed for the phytosanitary control of fruit flies for citrus cultivation worldwide. Trials with artificial infestation methods on navel and Valencia oranges at 3 °C and 2 °C against the oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis) were conducted, following standard bioassay protocols and large-scale testing. The results showed that the third instar larval stage was the most tolerant stage in both cultivars. The maximum estimated cold treatment time at 3 °C required to produce 99.9968% mortality (LT99.9968) with a 95% confidence level was 16.6 days and 16.2 days for the navel orange and Valencia orange, respectively. Meanwhile, the estimated cold treatment time at 2 °C was 14.8 days for both navel and Valencia oranges, with a 95% confidence level. Furthermore, it was also observed that no survivors came from a total of 104,420 estimated (51,396 for the navel cultivar and 53,024 for the Valencia cultivar) third instar larvae in orange fruits after being subjected to a cold treatment of 3 °C for 17 days. Meanwhile, there were also no survivors from a total of 100,556 (50,740 for the navel cultivar and 49,816 for the Valencia cultivar) third instar larvae in orange fruits after being subjected to a cold treatment of 2 °C for 15 days. The treatments at 3 °C for 17 days and 2 °C for 15 days on oranges, including navel and Valencia, against the oriental fruit fly, surpassed the required mortality assurance of 99.9968% at a 95% confidence level and also met the probit-9 mortality standard. Overall, the application of these results will provide more flexibility for the citrus industry to satisfy quarantine treatment requirements.","PeriodicalId":503580,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture","volume":"49 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141928194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-08DOI: 10.3390/agriculture14081315
Michele da Rocha Moreira, Aldie Trabachini, M. N. Amorim, Érik dos Santos Harada, Marcelo Andrade da Silva, K. O. Silva-Miranda
This study explores pig producers’ perceptions regarding the use of technologies for animal welfare in pig farming, highlighting the gap between the productive sector and academic institutions. The research was conducted through a questionnaire administered to producers from different cities in Brazil, addressing topics such as property infrastructure, technology adoption, knowledge about animal welfare, and interaction with academic institutions. The results revealed that although the majority of producers have access to information about technologies and animal welfare, there is a perceived resistance to adopting these technologies, reflected in the lack of interest in responding to academic questionnaires. The analysis also points to the influence of producers’ profiles, highlighting the importance of academic education and experience in the sector in the perception and adoption of technologies. Additionally, the research highlights the growing presence of commercial companies, filling the gap between academic research and practical application and suggesting the need for more effective strategies to engage producers in the debate on animal welfare and related technologies. These results have important implications for the development of policies and practices aimed at the sustainable advancement of livestock, encouraging greater integration and collaboration among the various actors in the sector.
{"title":"The Perception of Brazilian Livestock Regarding the Use of Precision Livestock Farming for Animal Welfare","authors":"Michele da Rocha Moreira, Aldie Trabachini, M. N. Amorim, Érik dos Santos Harada, Marcelo Andrade da Silva, K. O. Silva-Miranda","doi":"10.3390/agriculture14081315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14081315","url":null,"abstract":"This study explores pig producers’ perceptions regarding the use of technologies for animal welfare in pig farming, highlighting the gap between the productive sector and academic institutions. The research was conducted through a questionnaire administered to producers from different cities in Brazil, addressing topics such as property infrastructure, technology adoption, knowledge about animal welfare, and interaction with academic institutions. The results revealed that although the majority of producers have access to information about technologies and animal welfare, there is a perceived resistance to adopting these technologies, reflected in the lack of interest in responding to academic questionnaires. The analysis also points to the influence of producers’ profiles, highlighting the importance of academic education and experience in the sector in the perception and adoption of technologies. Additionally, the research highlights the growing presence of commercial companies, filling the gap between academic research and practical application and suggesting the need for more effective strategies to engage producers in the debate on animal welfare and related technologies. These results have important implications for the development of policies and practices aimed at the sustainable advancement of livestock, encouraging greater integration and collaboration among the various actors in the sector.","PeriodicalId":503580,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture","volume":"45 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141928229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-08DOI: 10.3390/agriculture14081309
Wanxiang Nong, Jun Wen, Jing He
In the original publication [...]
在最初的出版物中 [...]
{"title":"Correction: Nong et al. Spatial-Temporal Variations and Driving Factors of the Coupling and Coordination Level of the Digital Economy and Sustainable Rural Development: A Case Study of China. Agriculture 2024, 14, 849","authors":"Wanxiang Nong, Jun Wen, Jing He","doi":"10.3390/agriculture14081309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14081309","url":null,"abstract":"In the original publication [...]","PeriodicalId":503580,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141927670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-08DOI: 10.3390/agriculture14081314
Tamara Gajić, M. Petrović, I. Blešić, Milan M. Radovanović, Ana Spasojević, D. Sekulić, Mirjana Penić, Dunja Demirović Bajrami, Denis A. Dubover
This study investigates the perception of the implementation of the Farm to Table (F2T) concept on the sustainability of agritourism households in the Republic of Serbia. The main objective of the study is to determine how this concept affects the environmental, economic, and social sustainability of these households according to the participants. Data were collected through surveys of agritourism homestead owners in the regions of Vojvodina, Western Serbia, Southern Serbia, and Eastern Serbia. The research findings, obtained using quantitative (SEM) analyses, indicate that the F2T concept significantly contributes to the sustainable development of agritourism homesteads by increasing economic profitability, reducing environmental impact, and strengthening the social community. Moderators such as seasonal product availability, employee education, and the local community support have a significant impact on the effectiveness of F2T activities. The innovation of this study lies in the application of quantitative methods to analyze the specific impacts of the F2T concept on the sustainability of agritourism households, an area that has been poorly explored in the literature. The study has a number of implications, including providing empirical data that can help farmers, tourism operators, and policymakers to promote sustainable agritourism businesses.
{"title":"The Contribution of the Farm to Table Concept to the Sustainable Development of Agritourism Homesteads","authors":"Tamara Gajić, M. Petrović, I. Blešić, Milan M. Radovanović, Ana Spasojević, D. Sekulić, Mirjana Penić, Dunja Demirović Bajrami, Denis A. Dubover","doi":"10.3390/agriculture14081314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14081314","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the perception of the implementation of the Farm to Table (F2T) concept on the sustainability of agritourism households in the Republic of Serbia. The main objective of the study is to determine how this concept affects the environmental, economic, and social sustainability of these households according to the participants. Data were collected through surveys of agritourism homestead owners in the regions of Vojvodina, Western Serbia, Southern Serbia, and Eastern Serbia. The research findings, obtained using quantitative (SEM) analyses, indicate that the F2T concept significantly contributes to the sustainable development of agritourism homesteads by increasing economic profitability, reducing environmental impact, and strengthening the social community. Moderators such as seasonal product availability, employee education, and the local community support have a significant impact on the effectiveness of F2T activities. The innovation of this study lies in the application of quantitative methods to analyze the specific impacts of the F2T concept on the sustainability of agritourism households, an area that has been poorly explored in the literature. The study has a number of implications, including providing empirical data that can help farmers, tourism operators, and policymakers to promote sustainable agritourism businesses.","PeriodicalId":503580,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture","volume":"90 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141926425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-08DOI: 10.3390/agriculture14081312
Kashif Ahmad, Ray Ming
Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) is a prominent renewable biomass source valued for its potential in sustainable and efficient second-generation biofuel production. This review aims to assess the genetic enhancement potential of sugarcane, emphasizing the use of advanced genetic engineering tools, such as CRISPR-Cas9, to improve traits crucial for biomass yield and biofuel production. The methodology of this review involved a thorough analysis of the recent literature, focusing on the advancements in genetic engineering and biotechnological applications pertinent to sugarcane. The findings reveal that CRISPR-Cas9 technology is particularly effective in enhancing the genetic traits of sugarcane, which are essential for biofuel production. Implementing these genomic tools has shown a significant rise in biomass output and, ultimately, the effectiveness of bioethanol manufacturing, establishing sugarcane as a feasible and reliable source of biofuel implications of these advancements extend. These advancements have a profound impact not only on agricultural productivity but also on enhancing the efficiency and scalability of the bioethanol industry. Developing superior sugarcane varieties is expected to boost economic returns and advance environmental sustainability through carbon-neutral biofuel alternatives. This review underscores the transformative role of genetic engineering in revolutionizing sugarcane as a bioenergy crop. The evolution of genetic engineering tools and methodologies is crucial for tapping into the full potential of sugarcane, and thereby supporting global efforts towards sustainable energy solutions. Future research should focus on refining these biotechnological tools to meet increasing energy demands sustainably, ensure food security, and mitigate negative environmental impacts.
{"title":"Harnessing Genetic Tools for Sustainable Bioenergy: A Review of Sugarcane Biotechnology in Biofuel Production","authors":"Kashif Ahmad, Ray Ming","doi":"10.3390/agriculture14081312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14081312","url":null,"abstract":"Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) is a prominent renewable biomass source valued for its potential in sustainable and efficient second-generation biofuel production. This review aims to assess the genetic enhancement potential of sugarcane, emphasizing the use of advanced genetic engineering tools, such as CRISPR-Cas9, to improve traits crucial for biomass yield and biofuel production. The methodology of this review involved a thorough analysis of the recent literature, focusing on the advancements in genetic engineering and biotechnological applications pertinent to sugarcane. The findings reveal that CRISPR-Cas9 technology is particularly effective in enhancing the genetic traits of sugarcane, which are essential for biofuel production. Implementing these genomic tools has shown a significant rise in biomass output and, ultimately, the effectiveness of bioethanol manufacturing, establishing sugarcane as a feasible and reliable source of biofuel implications of these advancements extend. These advancements have a profound impact not only on agricultural productivity but also on enhancing the efficiency and scalability of the bioethanol industry. Developing superior sugarcane varieties is expected to boost economic returns and advance environmental sustainability through carbon-neutral biofuel alternatives. This review underscores the transformative role of genetic engineering in revolutionizing sugarcane as a bioenergy crop. The evolution of genetic engineering tools and methodologies is crucial for tapping into the full potential of sugarcane, and thereby supporting global efforts towards sustainable energy solutions. Future research should focus on refining these biotechnological tools to meet increasing energy demands sustainably, ensure food security, and mitigate negative environmental impacts.","PeriodicalId":503580,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture","volume":"69 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141926797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Traditional potato grading in China relies mostly on manual sorting, which is labor-intensive, time-consuming, costly, and inefficient. To enhance the operational performance of potato-grading devices, this paper focuses on optimizing the slide rail structure, which is the key component of a self-developed first-generation potato-grading device. A five-factor, three-level orthogonal experiment was designed, with the experimental factors being the height of the horizontal slide rail, angle of the first-stage inclined slide, angle of the second-stage inclined rail, chain horizontal movement speed, and conveyor belt speed. The indoor experiments were conducted using grading accuracy and grading efficiency as the experimental indicators. On the basis of the analysis of the orthogonal experiment results, two relatively optimal solutions were obtained, and validation experiments were conducted. The validation results show that when the height of the horizontal slide rail was 185 mm, the angle of the first-stage inclined rail was 4°, the angle of the second-stage inclined rail was 2.5°, the horizontal movement speed of the chain was 700 mm/s, and the movement speed of the conveyor belt was 275.60 mm/s, the performance of the movable rotating plate (MRP)-type grading device for potatoes reached its optimum. At this point, the grading accuracy was 94.88%, and the grading efficiency was 13.9477 t/h. Compared with the first-generation grading device, the optimized grading device achieved an improvement of 3.84% in grading accuracy and 12.94% in grading efficiency. The research methodology provided in this paper serves as a reference for the performance optimization of potato-grading devices.
{"title":"Performance Optimization and Experimental Study of Small-Scale Potato-Grading Device","authors":"Haohao Zhao, Weigang Deng, Shengshi Xie, Zexin Zhao","doi":"10.3390/agriculture14060822","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14060822","url":null,"abstract":"Traditional potato grading in China relies mostly on manual sorting, which is labor-intensive, time-consuming, costly, and inefficient. To enhance the operational performance of potato-grading devices, this paper focuses on optimizing the slide rail structure, which is the key component of a self-developed first-generation potato-grading device. A five-factor, three-level orthogonal experiment was designed, with the experimental factors being the height of the horizontal slide rail, angle of the first-stage inclined slide, angle of the second-stage inclined rail, chain horizontal movement speed, and conveyor belt speed. The indoor experiments were conducted using grading accuracy and grading efficiency as the experimental indicators. On the basis of the analysis of the orthogonal experiment results, two relatively optimal solutions were obtained, and validation experiments were conducted. The validation results show that when the height of the horizontal slide rail was 185 mm, the angle of the first-stage inclined rail was 4°, the angle of the second-stage inclined rail was 2.5°, the horizontal movement speed of the chain was 700 mm/s, and the movement speed of the conveyor belt was 275.60 mm/s, the performance of the movable rotating plate (MRP)-type grading device for potatoes reached its optimum. At this point, the grading accuracy was 94.88%, and the grading efficiency was 13.9477 t/h. Compared with the first-generation grading device, the optimized grading device achieved an improvement of 3.84% in grading accuracy and 12.94% in grading efficiency. The research methodology provided in this paper serves as a reference for the performance optimization of potato-grading devices.","PeriodicalId":503580,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture","volume":"8 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141099174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-24DOI: 10.3390/agriculture14060817
Manisha Thapa, Lei Liu, Bronwyn J. Barkla, Tobias Kretzschmar, Suzy Y. Rogiers, Terry J. Rose
Accumulation of phytochemicals in vegetative tissue under nitrogen (N) stress as an adaptive strategy has been investigated in various crops, but the effect of applied N on grain phytochemicals is poorly understood. This study investigated the effect of applied N on the biosynthesis and accumulation of rice (Oryza sativa L.) grain anthocyanin and γ-oryzanol under different ultraviolet-B (UV-B) conditions in a controlled pot trial using two distinct black rice genotypes. The response of grain anthocyanin and γ-oryzanol content to applied N was genotype-dependent but was not altered by UV-B conditions. Applied N increased grain anthocyanin and decreased γ-oryzanol content in genotype SCU212 but had no significant effect in genotype SCU254. The expression of the OsKala3 regulatory gene was significantly upregulated in response to applied N in SCU212, while the expressions of OsKala4 and OsTTG1 were unchanged. The expression of all three regulatory genes was not significantly affected in SCU254 with applied N. Key anthocyanin biosynthesis genes were upregulated in grain by N application, which indicates that the common increase in anthocyanin in vegetative tissues under N deprivation does not hold true for reproductive tissues. Hence, any future approach to target higher content of these key phytochemicals in grains should be genotype-focused.
{"title":"Nitrogen Fertiliser Effects on Grain Anthocyanin and γ-Oryzanol Biosynthesis in Black Rice","authors":"Manisha Thapa, Lei Liu, Bronwyn J. Barkla, Tobias Kretzschmar, Suzy Y. Rogiers, Terry J. Rose","doi":"10.3390/agriculture14060817","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14060817","url":null,"abstract":"Accumulation of phytochemicals in vegetative tissue under nitrogen (N) stress as an adaptive strategy has been investigated in various crops, but the effect of applied N on grain phytochemicals is poorly understood. This study investigated the effect of applied N on the biosynthesis and accumulation of rice (Oryza sativa L.) grain anthocyanin and γ-oryzanol under different ultraviolet-B (UV-B) conditions in a controlled pot trial using two distinct black rice genotypes. The response of grain anthocyanin and γ-oryzanol content to applied N was genotype-dependent but was not altered by UV-B conditions. Applied N increased grain anthocyanin and decreased γ-oryzanol content in genotype SCU212 but had no significant effect in genotype SCU254. The expression of the OsKala3 regulatory gene was significantly upregulated in response to applied N in SCU212, while the expressions of OsKala4 and OsTTG1 were unchanged. The expression of all three regulatory genes was not significantly affected in SCU254 with applied N. Key anthocyanin biosynthesis genes were upregulated in grain by N application, which indicates that the common increase in anthocyanin in vegetative tissues under N deprivation does not hold true for reproductive tissues. Hence, any future approach to target higher content of these key phytochemicals in grains should be genotype-focused.","PeriodicalId":503580,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture","volume":"3 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141100412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Visual simultaneous localization and mapping (VSLAM) is a foundational technology that enables robots to achieve fully autonomous locomotion, exploration, inspection, and more within complex environments. Its applicability also extends significantly to agricultural settings. While numerous impressive VSLAM systems have emerged, a majority of them rely on static world assumptions. This reliance constrains their use in real dynamic scenarios and leads to increased instability when applied to agricultural contexts. To address the problem of detecting and eliminating slow dynamic objects in outdoor forest and tea garden agricultural scenarios, this paper presents a dynamic VSLAM innovation called MOLO-SLAM (mask ORB label optimization SLAM). MOLO-SLAM merges the ORBSLAM2 framework with the Mask-RCNN instance segmentation network, utilizing masks and bounding boxes to enhance the accuracy and cleanliness of 3D point clouds. Additionally, we used the BundleFusion reconstruction algorithm for 3D mesh model reconstruction. By comparing our algorithm with various dynamic VSLAM algorithms on the TUM and KITTI datasets, the results demonstrate significant improvements, with enhancements of up to 97.72%, 98.51%, and 28.07% relative to the original ORBSLAM2 on the three datasets. This showcases the outstanding advantages of our algorithm.
{"title":"MOLO-SLAM: A Semantic SLAM for Accurate Removal of Dynamic Objects in Agricultural Environments","authors":"Jinhong Lv, Bei‐Wei Yao, Haijun Guo, Changlun Gao, Weibin Wu, Junlin Li, Shunli Sun, Qing Luo","doi":"10.3390/agriculture14060819","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14060819","url":null,"abstract":"Visual simultaneous localization and mapping (VSLAM) is a foundational technology that enables robots to achieve fully autonomous locomotion, exploration, inspection, and more within complex environments. Its applicability also extends significantly to agricultural settings. While numerous impressive VSLAM systems have emerged, a majority of them rely on static world assumptions. This reliance constrains their use in real dynamic scenarios and leads to increased instability when applied to agricultural contexts. To address the problem of detecting and eliminating slow dynamic objects in outdoor forest and tea garden agricultural scenarios, this paper presents a dynamic VSLAM innovation called MOLO-SLAM (mask ORB label optimization SLAM). MOLO-SLAM merges the ORBSLAM2 framework with the Mask-RCNN instance segmentation network, utilizing masks and bounding boxes to enhance the accuracy and cleanliness of 3D point clouds. Additionally, we used the BundleFusion reconstruction algorithm for 3D mesh model reconstruction. By comparing our algorithm with various dynamic VSLAM algorithms on the TUM and KITTI datasets, the results demonstrate significant improvements, with enhancements of up to 97.72%, 98.51%, and 28.07% relative to the original ORBSLAM2 on the three datasets. This showcases the outstanding advantages of our algorithm.","PeriodicalId":503580,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture","volume":"3 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141098590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-24DOI: 10.3390/agriculture14060824
H. Maleki, H. Pouralibaba, Roghayeh Ghiasi, Farshid Mahmodi, N. Sabaghnia, S. Samadi, H. Zeinalzadeh-Tabrizi, Y. Rezaee Danesh, Beatrice Farda, M. Pellegrini
Fusarium wilt is a fungal disease that has a significant impact on chickpeas worldwide. This study examined the response of 58 chickpea genotypes to Fusarium wilt. The experiment was conducted over two growing seasons at the Sararoud and Maragheh research stations at the Drylands Agricultural Research Institute of Iran. Genotype resistance was screened through wilt incidence records and nonparametric stability statistic evaluation. The identified resistant genotypes were then evaluated in the greenhouse for their response to four isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris (races 1/BC, 2, 4, and 6). Out of 58 genotypes, 32 exhibited moderate resistance, while 24 showed strong resistance abilities. Under warmer conditions, disease severity was higher, with scores at the Sararoud location being higher than those at the Maragheh location. Of the total genotypes across all locations and years, 41.4% were resistant, 55.17% were moderately resistant, 1.72% were susceptible, and 1.72% were highly susceptible. The nonparametric stability measures S(1), S(2), and S(3) identified FLIP 05-42C and FLIP 05-43C as stable and resistant genotypes. The study found that Azad/Hashem K3 was stable based on the non-parametric stability measure S(6). Other resistant genotypes were identified using stability parameters NP(1), NP(3), and NP(4), while FLIP 05-104C was identified by NP(2). The genotypes selected by nonparametric stability parameters showed resistance against at least two Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris races. The screening method and nonparametric stability statistics used in this study were effective in identifying sources of resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris.
{"title":"Exploring Resistant Sources of Chickpea against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris in Dryland Areas","authors":"H. Maleki, H. Pouralibaba, Roghayeh Ghiasi, Farshid Mahmodi, N. Sabaghnia, S. Samadi, H. Zeinalzadeh-Tabrizi, Y. Rezaee Danesh, Beatrice Farda, M. Pellegrini","doi":"10.3390/agriculture14060824","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14060824","url":null,"abstract":"Fusarium wilt is a fungal disease that has a significant impact on chickpeas worldwide. This study examined the response of 58 chickpea genotypes to Fusarium wilt. The experiment was conducted over two growing seasons at the Sararoud and Maragheh research stations at the Drylands Agricultural Research Institute of Iran. Genotype resistance was screened through wilt incidence records and nonparametric stability statistic evaluation. The identified resistant genotypes were then evaluated in the greenhouse for their response to four isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris (races 1/BC, 2, 4, and 6). Out of 58 genotypes, 32 exhibited moderate resistance, while 24 showed strong resistance abilities. Under warmer conditions, disease severity was higher, with scores at the Sararoud location being higher than those at the Maragheh location. Of the total genotypes across all locations and years, 41.4% were resistant, 55.17% were moderately resistant, 1.72% were susceptible, and 1.72% were highly susceptible. The nonparametric stability measures S(1), S(2), and S(3) identified FLIP 05-42C and FLIP 05-43C as stable and resistant genotypes. The study found that Azad/Hashem K3 was stable based on the non-parametric stability measure S(6). Other resistant genotypes were identified using stability parameters NP(1), NP(3), and NP(4), while FLIP 05-104C was identified by NP(2). The genotypes selected by nonparametric stability parameters showed resistance against at least two Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris races. The screening method and nonparametric stability statistics used in this study were effective in identifying sources of resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris.","PeriodicalId":503580,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture","volume":"6 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141099608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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