The aim of the present study is examined by various modeling and self-potential (SP) techniques which are useful for the exploitation of shallow and deep deposits. In the present study area, 12 areas conducted the self-potential techniques. From that analysis, a v-shaped formation was formed, as may be the geological formation of an ore anomaly. The study area's highest millivolt values (30 to 50 mV) indicate the presence of quartz, feldspar, and negative values are associated with the mica group of minerals. The Nellore schist belt is majorly dominated by the schistose group of rocks. The schistose group of rocks has a density very less like 5 to 10 MV. This study would be helpful for various arenas, including exploration geologists and mineralogists.
{"title":"Exploration of Quartz, Feldspar, and Mica Minerals Using Geophysical Resistivity, Self-Potential, and Natural Electrical Field Techniques","authors":"Veeraswamy Golla","doi":"10.32388/pneez5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32388/pneez5","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the present study is examined by various modeling and self-potential (SP) techniques which are useful for the exploitation of shallow and deep deposits. In the present study area, 12 areas conducted the self-potential techniques. From that analysis, a v-shaped formation was formed, as may be the geological formation of an ore anomaly. The study area's highest millivolt values (30 to 50 mV) indicate the presence of quartz, feldspar, and negative values are associated with the mica group of minerals. The Nellore schist belt is majorly dominated by the schistose group of rocks. The schistose group of rocks has a density very less like 5 to 10 MV. This study would be helpful for various arenas, including exploration geologists and mineralogists.\u0000","PeriodicalId":503632,"journal":{"name":"Qeios","volume":"24 28","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140697137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
If one favors Moral Intuitivism in order to deal with Skeptical argument, then thinking by analogy with mathematical knowledge is of use. A major objection to the mathematical analogy in Moral epistemology is the threat of moral relativism in practical applications of moral pluralism if we employ mathematical pluralism as a vector to proceed. Thus, the advocacy for moral pluralism faces an obstacle which should be addressed: a problem of moral «vague» predicates. This article addresses moral vagueness and considers objections toward several treatments of related Sorties series through possibility of deepening a proper mathematical intuition. However, the issue of human moral competency cannot be erased from the picture. It is a critical question for morality which very likely falls beyond the scope of Moral epistemology.
{"title":"Moral Vagueness: Does Mathematics Have a Practical Solution?","authors":"Sergei Korchevoi","doi":"10.32388/p1e4vy","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32388/p1e4vy","url":null,"abstract":"If one favors Moral Intuitivism in order to deal with Skeptical argument, then thinking by analogy with mathematical knowledge is of use. A major objection to the mathematical analogy in Moral epistemology is the threat of moral relativism in practical applications of moral pluralism if we employ mathematical pluralism as a vector to proceed. Thus, the advocacy for moral pluralism faces an obstacle which should be addressed: a problem of moral «vague» predicates. This article addresses moral vagueness and considers objections toward several treatments of related Sorties series through possibility of deepening a proper mathematical intuition. However, the issue of human moral competency cannot be erased from the picture. It is a critical question for morality which very likely falls beyond the scope of Moral epistemology.\u0000","PeriodicalId":503632,"journal":{"name":"Qeios","volume":"37 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140701933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anthony Uzomasurerest, Tajudeen Muhammad Salaudeen
Water samples were collected at 3 slope positions (upper, middle and lower) from four locations practising irrigation agriculture in Minna as follows; Fadikwe, Mechanic village in keterin-gwari, Soje-A in kpakungu and Bali in Chanchaga and fitted to a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) having slope positions as replicates for each treatment. Water sampling, Physical and chemical properties and Fungi population and diversity were determined using standard methods. Data generated were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and means were separated using Least Significance Differences (LSD) and Duncan Multiple Range Test. Result obtained revealed that Chanchaga irrigation water recorded the highest fungi population of 1.6 x 107 CFU/ml why fungi diversity was the least at Chanchaga. The presence of _Geotrichum species_ (2.33 x 106CFU/ml), _Candida tropicalis_ (4.33 x 106CFU/ml) and _Torulopsis glabrata_ (1.67 x 106CFU/ml) in water obtained from Mechanic village may be due to the presence of hydrocarbons in the oil polluting the water. They are potential degraders of crude oil hydrocarbons. They may therefore be responsible for the value of Biochemical Oxygen Demand of 261 mg/l recorded at Mechanic village. The Biochemical Oxygen Demand values of 342 mg/l and 360.00mg/l recorded at Fadikwe and Soje A respectively may be due to the presence of _Aspergillus niger.Aspergillus niger_ is a utility biological indicator of level of degradation of pollutant. These values were however higher than the Food and Agriculture organisation (FAO) standards for irrigation water. Further studies should however be carried out to investigate the bioremediating potentials of the fungi species identified in irrigation water obtained from Chanchaga.
在明纳的四个灌溉农业区（Fadikwe、keterin-gwari 的 Mechanic 村、kpakungu 的 Soje-A 和 Chanchaga 的 Bali）的三个斜坡位置（上、中、下）采集水样，并采用完全随机设计（CRD），每个处理以斜坡位置为重复。水样、物理和化学特性以及真菌数量和多样性均采用标准方法进行测定。对所得数据进行了方差分析（ANOVA），并使用最小显著性差异（LSD）和邓肯多元范围检验法对均值进行了区分。结果显示，昌查加灌溉水中的真菌数量最高，为 1.6 x 107 CFU/ml，而昌查加灌溉水中的真菌多样性最低。在 Mechanic 村的水中出现 _Geotrichum species_（2.33 x 106CFU/ml）、_Candida tropicalis_（4.33 x 106CFU/ml）和 _Torulopsis glabrata_（1.67 x 106CFU/ml），可能是由于石油中的碳氢化合物污染了水质。它们是原油碳氢化合物的潜在降解者。因此，它们可能是造成 Mechanic 村生化需氧量达到 261 毫克/升的原因。Fadikwe 和 Soje A 的生化需氧量分别为 342 毫克/升和 360.00 毫克/升，这可能是由于黑曲霉的存在。不过，这些数值高于联合国粮农组织（FAO）的灌溉用水标准。不过，还应该开展进一步研究，以调查从昌查嘎灌溉水中发现的真菌物种的生物修复潜力。
{"title":"Assessment of Quality, Fungal Population and Diversity, of Irrigation Water in Selected Areas of Minna, Niger State, Nigeria","authors":"Anthony Uzomasurerest, Tajudeen Muhammad Salaudeen","doi":"10.32388/a40blb","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32388/a40blb","url":null,"abstract":"Water samples were collected at 3 slope positions (upper, middle and lower) from four locations practising irrigation agriculture in Minna as follows; Fadikwe, Mechanic village in keterin-gwari, Soje-A in kpakungu and Bali in Chanchaga and fitted to a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) having slope positions as replicates for each treatment. Water sampling, Physical and chemical properties and Fungi population and diversity were determined using standard methods. Data generated were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and means were separated using Least Significance Differences (LSD) and Duncan Multiple Range Test. Result obtained revealed that Chanchaga irrigation water recorded the highest fungi population of 1.6 x 107 CFU/ml why fungi diversity was the least at Chanchaga. The presence of _Geotrichum species_ (2.33 x 106CFU/ml), _Candida tropicalis_ (4.33 x 106CFU/ml) and _Torulopsis glabrata_ (1.67 x 106CFU/ml) in water obtained from Mechanic village may be due to the presence of hydrocarbons in the oil polluting the water. They are potential degraders of crude oil hydrocarbons. They may therefore be responsible for the value of Biochemical Oxygen Demand of 261 mg/l recorded at Mechanic village. The Biochemical Oxygen Demand values of 342 mg/l and 360.00mg/l recorded at Fadikwe and Soje A respectively may be due to the presence of _Aspergillus niger.Aspergillus niger_ is a utility biological indicator of level of degradation of pollutant. These values were however higher than the Food and Agriculture organisation (FAO) standards for irrigation water. Further studies should however be carried out to investigate the bioremediating potentials of the fungi species identified in irrigation water obtained from Chanchaga.\u0000","PeriodicalId":503632,"journal":{"name":"Qeios","volume":"26 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140702383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This report presents a case of ramipril-induced angioedema in a patient who had undergone surgery for basal ganglia bleed, a complication of uncontrolled hypertension that typically requires long-term antihypertensive treatment. The patient was receiving ramipril, a common hypertension medication, but developed the life-threatening side effect of angioedema. The case highlights the potential risks associated with using ramipril.
{"title":"[Case Report] Ramipril-Induced Angioedema in a Patient With Basal Ganglia Bleed: A Case Report","authors":"Jitin Bajaj","doi":"10.32388/kk64o5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32388/kk64o5","url":null,"abstract":"This report presents a case of ramipril-induced angioedema in a patient who had undergone surgery for basal ganglia bleed, a complication of uncontrolled hypertension that typically requires long-term antihypertensive treatment. The patient was receiving ramipril, a common hypertension medication, but developed the life-threatening side effect of angioedema. The case highlights the potential risks associated with using ramipril.\u0000","PeriodicalId":503632,"journal":{"name":"Qeios","volume":"353 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140702972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The review examined the relationship between Chapter 1 and its subsequent Chapters in a dissertation or thesis, informed by a constructivist paradigm utilising a qualitative approach. It further demonstrated how the contrasting ontological, epistemological assumptions and models of human beings the researcher brings to the research process have direct implications for one’s methodological concerns in a project. To ascertain these philosophical assumptions, thirty postgraduate projects were purposively selected and theoretical saturation determined the sample as depth was sought employing a grounded theory. Different Chapter 1s of various dissertations and theses were scrutinised first and used to develop a framework of analysis which was later fine-tuned using literature surveyed. Guided by an interactive process combining the elements of content and inductive thematic analysis, the major components of the study were identified, namely; the research problem, objectives, sub-problems or hypotheses. In turn, these influenced the literature surveyed, research methodology utilised, analysis and interpretation of data, conclusions drawn and recommendations made. These technicalities if carefully observed are meant to guide postgraduate students to produce a quality product independently and reveal the symbiotic relationship that exists between Chapter 1 and its subsequent Chapters in a dissertation or theses.
{"title":"Examining the Relationship of Chapter 1 to Other Chapters in a Dissertation or Thesis","authors":"V. C. Ngwenya","doi":"10.32388/ziw1uw","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32388/ziw1uw","url":null,"abstract":"The review examined the relationship between Chapter 1 and its subsequent Chapters in a dissertation or thesis, informed by a constructivist paradigm utilising a qualitative approach. It further demonstrated how the contrasting ontological, epistemological assumptions and models of human beings the researcher brings to the research process have direct implications for one’s methodological concerns in a project. To ascertain these philosophical assumptions, thirty postgraduate projects were purposively selected and theoretical saturation determined the sample as depth was sought employing a grounded theory. Different Chapter 1s of various dissertations and theses were scrutinised first and used to develop a framework of analysis which was later fine-tuned using literature surveyed. Guided by an interactive process combining the elements of content and inductive thematic analysis, the major components of the study were identified, namely; the research problem, objectives, sub-problems or hypotheses. In turn, these influenced the literature surveyed, research methodology utilised, analysis and interpretation of data, conclusions drawn and recommendations made. These technicalities if carefully observed are meant to guide postgraduate students to produce a quality product independently and reveal the symbiotic relationship that exists between Chapter 1 and its subsequent Chapters in a dissertation or theses.\u0000","PeriodicalId":503632,"journal":{"name":"Qeios","volume":"43 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140699404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of this report is to introduce the _Work Ability Index_ to a rehabilitation audience and to provide some background on its scope and features. As an indication of its popularity, (a) it is available in 26 languages; (b) it has been applied for more than twenty years and (c) from 1991 there are 388 records including “Work Ability Index” in PubMed. A summary of the data from 29 previous studies of 31,472 participants is provided and it indicated an overall mean of 38.94. Overall this mean would be categorised as a “good” work ability index. As expected, studies of rehabilitation or illness samples indicate “poor” work ability. Each of the 10 questions in the assessment is introduced. The conceptual nature of work ability is reviewed and some issues are raised about the validity of the scoring of the assessment. A conceptual framework for the work ability process is outlined.
{"title":"Introduction to the Work Ability Index – A Guide for Rehabilitation Practitioners","authors":"James Athanasou","doi":"10.32388/k7md4d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32388/k7md4d","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this report is to introduce the _Work Ability Index_ to a rehabilitation audience and to provide some background on its scope and features. As an indication of its popularity, (a) it is available in 26 languages; (b) it has been applied for more than twenty years and (c) from 1991 there are 388 records including “Work Ability Index” in PubMed. A summary of the data from 29 previous studies of 31,472 participants is provided and it indicated an overall mean of 38.94. Overall this mean would be categorised as a “good” work ability index. As expected, studies of rehabilitation or illness samples indicate “poor” work ability. Each of the 10 questions in the assessment is introduced. The conceptual nature of work ability is reviewed and some issues are raised about the validity of the scoring of the assessment. A conceptual framework for the work ability process is outlined.\u0000","PeriodicalId":503632,"journal":{"name":"Qeios","volume":"50 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140701499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Education for the Children’s Rights has been developed for formal and non-formal education, utilising diverse pedagogical methodologies for Primary Education. Creative Storytelling supports students in externalising and communicating their thoughts, feelings, and experiences through their stories, actively participating in each other worlds via empathy, freeing them from their real and stressful action environment. Thus, in this case study, a creative storytelling teaching scenario based on the Hero’s Journey is proposed to contribute to 6th-grade Greek Primary School students’ learning about Children’s Rights and the dual role of child labour as a cause and consequence for school dropout. The results from the mixed research methodology suggested that raising awareness was successful and the students managed to create stories advancing their knowledge and awareness about Children’s Rights Education. However, the case study and the number of students are limited; more research is needed for results generalizability and validity.
{"title":"Utilising Creative Storytelling to Raise 6th-Grade Primary School Students’ Awareness About Children’s Rights","authors":"N. Lambropoulos, Elisavet Ntriza","doi":"10.32388/099zxb","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32388/099zxb","url":null,"abstract":"Education for the Children’s Rights has been developed for formal and non-formal education, utilising diverse pedagogical methodologies for Primary Education. Creative Storytelling supports students in externalising and communicating their thoughts, feelings, and experiences through their stories, actively participating in each other worlds via empathy, freeing them from their real and stressful action environment. Thus, in this case study, a creative storytelling teaching scenario based on the Hero’s Journey is proposed to contribute to 6th-grade Greek Primary School students’ learning about Children’s Rights and the dual role of child labour as a cause and consequence for school dropout. The results from the mixed research methodology suggested that raising awareness was successful and the students managed to create stories advancing their knowledge and awareness about Children’s Rights Education. However, the case study and the number of students are limited; more research is needed for results generalizability and validity.\u0000","PeriodicalId":503632,"journal":{"name":"Qeios","volume":"27 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140699463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
INTRODUCTION: Delta radiomics is a tool used to assess the response of oncologic patients undergoing immunotherapy. It extracts high-dimensional quantitative features from medical images, providing information about cancer's phenotype, genotype, and tumoral microenvironment. This analysis could help avoid invasive procedures and help choose the most suitable therapeutic in multiple therapeutic options. METHOD: Radiomics has gained interest as an imaging biomarker for predicting response to various immunotherapies. Delta radiomics assesses feature variations from one time point to another based on subsequent images, offering higher value for treatment-outcome prediction or patient stratification into risk categories. CONCLUSION: It has potential benefits for clinical endpoints in oncology, such as differential diagnosis, prognosis, treatment response prediction, and evaluation of side effects. Further research with prospective and multicentre studies is needed for clinical validation of delta radiomics approaches. STATEMENT OF CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: In head and neck oncology, delta radiomics can be used to enhance the precision of diagnosis, assess tumor response, forecast normal tissue toxicity, predict clinical outcome, and pinpoint characteristics for treatment modification. Patients' quality of life may be enhanced by it. It can support post-treatment surveillance. Additionally, it can support the delivery of individualized care based on a patient's reaction to medication and radiation.
{"title":"[Perspective] Delta Radiomics — Potential Role in Head Neck Cancer","authors":"Shrikant balasaheb Mali","doi":"10.32388/35jd6d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32388/35jd6d","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTION: Delta radiomics is a tool used to assess the response of oncologic patients undergoing immunotherapy. It extracts high-dimensional quantitative features from medical images, providing information about cancer's phenotype, genotype, and tumoral microenvironment. This analysis could help avoid invasive procedures and help choose the most suitable therapeutic in multiple therapeutic options.\u0000\u0000METHOD: Radiomics has gained interest as an imaging biomarker for predicting response to various immunotherapies. Delta radiomics assesses feature variations from one time point to another based on subsequent images, offering higher value for treatment-outcome prediction or patient stratification into risk categories.\u0000\u0000CONCLUSION: It has potential benefits for clinical endpoints in oncology, such as differential diagnosis, prognosis, treatment response prediction, and evaluation of side effects. Further research with prospective and multicentre studies is needed for clinical validation of delta radiomics approaches.\u0000\u0000STATEMENT OF CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: In head and neck oncology, delta radiomics can be used to enhance the precision of diagnosis, assess tumor response, forecast normal tissue toxicity, predict clinical outcome, and pinpoint characteristics for treatment modification. Patients' quality of life may be enhanced by it. It can support post-treatment surveillance. Additionally, it can support the delivery of individualized care based on a patient's reaction to medication and radiation.\u0000","PeriodicalId":503632,"journal":{"name":"Qeios","volume":"51 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140701453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maxwell equations in p time and q spatial dimensions are formulated. Properties of the Green’s function for the associated (p,q)-wave operator are derived based on contour integration. The notions of electric and magnetic fields in (p,q)-dimensions is explored by analogy with four dimensional physics and the problem of far field computation of the radiation field generated by charges and currents in ((1,n-1)) space-time is analyzed. SO(p,q) invariance properties of the Maxwell equations are deduced and used to formulate SO(p,q)-group theoretic image processing problems in (p,q)-dimensions. Dirac’s equation in (p,q)-dimensional space-time is derived using the Clifford algebra of the Dirac gamma matrices. SO(p,q)-invariance of the Dirac equation based on the spinor representation of (SO(p,q)) is mentioned. The Maxwell’s equations in (p,q)-dimensional curved space-time is analyzed using perturbation theory in the context of maximally symmetric spaces which play a fundamental role in ((p,q))-dimensional cosmological models for homogeneous and isotropic spaces. The Einstein-Maxwell equations for (p,q)-dimensional gravity and electromagnetism is studied and used to derive the equations of motion of point charges carrying mass moving under mutual gravitational and electromagnetic interactions in general relativity. Finally, Dirac’s equation in (p,q)-dimensional curved space-time interacting with the (p,q)-dimensional electromagnetic field is looked at. (U(1))-Gauge, local SO(p,q) Lorentz and diffeomorphism invariance of this equation is analyzed. Local (SO(p,q)) invariance of the curved space-time Dirac equation is deduced based on transformation properties of the Dirac matrices under the spinor representation. The appendix presents some applications of group representation theoretic statistical image processing on a manifold to the situation when the image field is described by the six component electromagnetic field tensor on which the Lorentz group acts.
{"title":"On n-Dimensional Maxwell and Dirac Equations in Curved Space-Time and Its Applications in SO(P,Q) Group Theoretic Image Processing","authors":"H. Parthasarathy","doi":"10.32388/lz87yf.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32388/lz87yf.2","url":null,"abstract":"Maxwell equations in p time and q spatial dimensions are formulated. Properties of the Green’s function for the associated (p,q)-wave operator are derived based on contour integration. The notions of electric and magnetic fields in (p,q)-dimensions is explored by analogy with four dimensional physics and the problem of far field computation of the radiation field generated by charges and currents in ((1,n-1)) space-time is analyzed. SO(p,q) invariance properties of the Maxwell equations are deduced and used to formulate SO(p,q)-group theoretic image processing problems in (p,q)-dimensions. Dirac’s equation in (p,q)-dimensional space-time is derived using the Clifford algebra of the Dirac gamma matrices. SO(p,q)-invariance of the Dirac equation based on the spinor representation of (SO(p,q)) is mentioned. The Maxwell’s equations in (p,q)-dimensional curved space-time is analyzed using perturbation theory in the context of maximally symmetric spaces which play a fundamental role in ((p,q))-dimensional cosmological models for homogeneous and isotropic spaces. The Einstein-Maxwell equations for (p,q)-dimensional gravity and electromagnetism is studied and used to derive the equations of motion of point charges carrying mass moving under mutual gravitational and electromagnetic interactions in general relativity. Finally, Dirac’s equation in (p,q)-dimensional curved space-time interacting with the (p,q)-dimensional electromagnetic field is looked at. (U(1))-Gauge, local SO(p,q) Lorentz and diffeomorphism invariance of this equation is analyzed. Local (SO(p,q)) invariance of the curved space-time Dirac equation is deduced based on transformation properties of the Dirac matrices under the spinor representation. The appendix presents some applications of group representation theoretic statistical image processing on a manifold to the situation when the image field is described by the six component electromagnetic field tensor on which the Lorentz group acts.\u0000","PeriodicalId":503632,"journal":{"name":"Qeios","volume":"36 S1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140709757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Camellia sinensis is a tree popularly called green tea used as a strong antioxidant and for treating diseases such as cancer. This present study was aimed at assessing the phytochemicals and evaluating the hepatoprotective activity of leaf extract in Wistar rats. METHODS: The phytochemical screening was performed by standard methods, acute toxicity study and hepatoprotective activity were evaluated in randomly groups of five rats or six rats in paracetamol-induced liver toxicity. RESULTS: The phytochemical screening of leaf extract revealed the presence of major metabolites. The GC-MS analysis showed 18 bioactive compounds which are mainly fatty acids with retention times between 7.436 and 18.462 min. A high total phenolic content (TPC) of 1425.22 mg GAE/g and a total flavonoid content (TFC) of 802.01 mg QE/g were obtained. The acute toxicity did not produce any sign of toxicity at a dose of 5,000 mg/kg of extract. The extract produced a dose-dependent activity on the liver. These protections were statistically significant (p<0.05) when compared to the standard drug silymarin. There were no elevated values in liver function biomarkers in all the animal groups as well as histopathological damages to the liver after eight weeks of treatment at 200 and 400 mg/kg b.w. of extract doses. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the study showed that C. sinensis methanol leaf extract contains important phytochemicals that are protective against paracetamol-induced liver injuries, thus, the plant was considered safe for use as ethnomedicinal remedies for liver disease in traditional medicine.
{"title":"The use of Phytochemical, GC-MS Analysis and Hepatoprotective Effect of the Methanol Leaf Extract of Camellia Sinensis (L.) Kuntze on Paracetamol-Induced Liver Injury in Wistar Rats","authors":"C. Ukwubile, Semen Ibrahim Gangpete","doi":"10.32388/4bxupw","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32388/4bxupw","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Camellia sinensis is a tree popularly called green tea used as a strong antioxidant and for treating diseases such as cancer. This present study was aimed at assessing the phytochemicals and evaluating the hepatoprotective activity of leaf extract in Wistar rats. METHODS: The phytochemical screening was performed by standard methods, acute toxicity study and hepatoprotective activity were evaluated in randomly groups of five rats or six rats in paracetamol-induced liver toxicity. RESULTS: The phytochemical screening of leaf extract revealed the presence of major metabolites. The GC-MS analysis showed 18 bioactive compounds which are mainly fatty acids with retention times between 7.436 and 18.462 min. A high total phenolic content (TPC) of 1425.22 mg GAE/g and a total flavonoid content (TFC) of 802.01 mg QE/g were obtained. The acute toxicity did not produce any sign of toxicity at a dose of 5,000 mg/kg of extract. The extract produced a dose-dependent activity on the liver. These protections were statistically significant (p<0.05) when compared to the standard drug silymarin. There were no elevated values in liver function biomarkers in all the animal groups as well as histopathological damages to the liver after eight weeks of treatment at 200 and 400 mg/kg b.w. of extract doses. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the study showed that C. sinensis methanol leaf extract contains important phytochemicals that are protective against paracetamol-induced liver injuries, thus, the plant was considered safe for use as ethnomedicinal remedies for liver disease in traditional medicine.\u0000","PeriodicalId":503632,"journal":{"name":"Qeios","volume":"1 1‐4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140711417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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