Pub Date : 2015-05-01DOI: 10.1017/cbo9781316146743.024
S. Agarwal
Introduction Analytical chemistry is an important branch that helps in qualitative and quantitative analyses. Qualitative analysis gives information regarding the presence or absence of a component, whereas quantitative analysis addresses the question of how much? Analytical chemistry is an interdisciplinary science that plays a vital role in all streams of chemistry such as organic, inorganic, physical, industrial and biochemistry. It is not only confined to qualitative and quantitative analyses but the advancement of science and development in the field of instrumentation has further quantified its scope. It finds extensive use in environmental science, agricultural science, pollution studies, oceanography, clinical chemistry, medical science, manufacturing industries, biological science, forensic science, and so on. Type of Analysis Three types of analyses can be carried out (a) Physical analysis (b) Chemical analysis (c) Instrumental analysis Physical Analysis The study of physical parameters such as color, smell, physical state, solubility, specific gravity, melting point and boiling point helps in the preliminary investigation of the compound. The physical properties can be measured by various chemical and instrumental methods, for instance, mass can be estimated by gravimetry, volume by volumetry, electric potential and electric current by conductometry, potentiometry, absorption or emission of radiation by spectroscopy, scattering of radiation by turbidimetry, nephelometry, refraction by refractometry, rotation by polarimetry and optical rotatory dispersion and diffraction by X-ray electron diffraction methods. These physical and physicochemical methods enable the qualitative and quantitative estimations of the compound. Chemical Analysis The qualitative and quantitative estimations of organic and inorganic compounds can be carried out chemically. Qualitative Estimation of Inorganic Compounds The qualitative analysis of inorganic compounds is carried out by determining the acid and basic radicals in the compound. For organic compounds, the aromatic and functional groups are determined by the use of specific reagents and compounds. The quantitative estimation of chemical reactions can be carried out by the following methods of analysis. (i) Gravimetric analysis In gravimetric analysis, the substance to be estimated is converted into an insoluble precipitate, which is collected, dried and weighed. The process involves several steps in which the sample is prepared, precipitated, filtered, washed, dried and weighed. If the sample is electrolyzed and the material deposited at one of the electrodes is weighed, then the process is called electrogravimetry. The weight of the sample obtained helps in quantitative estimation of the desired substance.
{"title":"Analytical Techniques in Chemistry","authors":"S. Agarwal","doi":"10.1017/cbo9781316146743.024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781316146743.024","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction Analytical chemistry is an important branch that helps in qualitative and quantitative analyses. Qualitative analysis gives information regarding the presence or absence of a component, whereas quantitative analysis addresses the question of how much? Analytical chemistry is an interdisciplinary science that plays a vital role in all streams of chemistry such as organic, inorganic, physical, industrial and biochemistry. It is not only confined to qualitative and quantitative analyses but the advancement of science and development in the field of instrumentation has further quantified its scope. It finds extensive use in environmental science, agricultural science, pollution studies, oceanography, clinical chemistry, medical science, manufacturing industries, biological science, forensic science, and so on. Type of Analysis Three types of analyses can be carried out (a) Physical analysis (b) Chemical analysis (c) Instrumental analysis Physical Analysis The study of physical parameters such as color, smell, physical state, solubility, specific gravity, melting point and boiling point helps in the preliminary investigation of the compound. The physical properties can be measured by various chemical and instrumental methods, for instance, mass can be estimated by gravimetry, volume by volumetry, electric potential and electric current by conductometry, potentiometry, absorption or emission of radiation by spectroscopy, scattering of radiation by turbidimetry, nephelometry, refraction by refractometry, rotation by polarimetry and optical rotatory dispersion and diffraction by X-ray electron diffraction methods. These physical and physicochemical methods enable the qualitative and quantitative estimations of the compound. Chemical Analysis The qualitative and quantitative estimations of organic and inorganic compounds can be carried out chemically. Qualitative Estimation of Inorganic Compounds The qualitative analysis of inorganic compounds is carried out by determining the acid and basic radicals in the compound. For organic compounds, the aromatic and functional groups are determined by the use of specific reagents and compounds. The quantitative estimation of chemical reactions can be carried out by the following methods of analysis. (i) Gravimetric analysis In gravimetric analysis, the substance to be estimated is converted into an insoluble precipitate, which is collected, dried and weighed. The process involves several steps in which the sample is prepared, precipitated, filtered, washed, dried and weighed. If the sample is electrolyzed and the material deposited at one of the electrodes is weighed, then the process is called electrogravimetry. The weight of the sample obtained helps in quantitative estimation of the desired substance.","PeriodicalId":50368,"journal":{"name":"Industrial and Engineering Chemistry","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82006337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-05-01DOI: 10.1017/cbo9781316146743.023
Shikha Agarwal
Introduction Biotechnology is technology based on biology in which living organisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi, yeast, plants and animal cells are used to modify various processes and produce useful products. The UN Convention on Biological Diversity, Part 2, defines biotechnology as ‘any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms or derivatives thereof to make or modify products or processes for specific use’. The word ‘biotechnology’ owes its origin to two Greek words bios meaning ‘pertaining to life’ and technikos meaning ‘involving human knowledge and skills’. The science of biotechnology is not new although its systematic study and scientific applications started only a few decades ago. There are evidences in history to prove that biotechnology was used even thousands of years ago in ancient times to produce foods like bread by adding yeast, for the preparation of beverages like beer and wine by the fermentation of various grains and fruit juices, to convert milk into curd, cheese and yogurt, in the field of medicine, in ayurveda , for strengthening the immune system, selective breeding to improve the quality of crops and livestock by mating organisms of desired characteristics to produce offsprings with specific features. The modern aspect of biotechnology includes genetic engineering where genes are modified to develop special traits within individuals, to make them disease resistant, increase productivity, produce high yielding variety of crops, develop food products, fruits and vegetables that are more nutritious, disease resistant and taste better than the conventional food items. Other tools of modern biotechnology are tissue culture, molecular breeding which help to improve the quality and productivity of plants and animals, increase their commercial value and make them more useful for man and society. Applications of Biotechnology Biotechnology is an applied science with multiple applications in various fields like agriculture, medicines, textiles, paper and pulp, mining and metal refining, waste management, energy sector, food processing, livestock management in marine and aquatic life, forestry, industrial sector, etc. The main applications of biotechnology are discussed here. (i) Biotechnology in agriculture The application of biotechnology to agriculture is called green biotechnology . The use of biotechnological tools can increase the production of crops, develop high yielding and more nutritious crops, improve their resistance to diseases and adverse conditions like drought, develop insect protected biotech crops and thereby reduce the use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers.
{"title":"Chemical Aspects of Biotechnology","authors":"Shikha Agarwal","doi":"10.1017/cbo9781316146743.023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781316146743.023","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction Biotechnology is technology based on biology in which living organisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi, yeast, plants and animal cells are used to modify various processes and produce useful products. The UN Convention on Biological Diversity, Part 2, defines biotechnology as ‘any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms or derivatives thereof to make or modify products or processes for specific use’. The word ‘biotechnology’ owes its origin to two Greek words bios meaning ‘pertaining to life’ and technikos meaning ‘involving human knowledge and skills’. The science of biotechnology is not new although its systematic study and scientific applications started only a few decades ago. There are evidences in history to prove that biotechnology was used even thousands of years ago in ancient times to produce foods like bread by adding yeast, for the preparation of beverages like beer and wine by the fermentation of various grains and fruit juices, to convert milk into curd, cheese and yogurt, in the field of medicine, in ayurveda , for strengthening the immune system, selective breeding to improve the quality of crops and livestock by mating organisms of desired characteristics to produce offsprings with specific features. The modern aspect of biotechnology includes genetic engineering where genes are modified to develop special traits within individuals, to make them disease resistant, increase productivity, produce high yielding variety of crops, develop food products, fruits and vegetables that are more nutritious, disease resistant and taste better than the conventional food items. Other tools of modern biotechnology are tissue culture, molecular breeding which help to improve the quality and productivity of plants and animals, increase their commercial value and make them more useful for man and society. Applications of Biotechnology Biotechnology is an applied science with multiple applications in various fields like agriculture, medicines, textiles, paper and pulp, mining and metal refining, waste management, energy sector, food processing, livestock management in marine and aquatic life, forestry, industrial sector, etc. The main applications of biotechnology are discussed here. (i) Biotechnology in agriculture The application of biotechnology to agriculture is called green biotechnology . The use of biotechnological tools can increase the production of crops, develop high yielding and more nutritious crops, improve their resistance to diseases and adverse conditions like drought, develop insect protected biotech crops and thereby reduce the use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers.","PeriodicalId":50368,"journal":{"name":"Industrial and Engineering Chemistry","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91241257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sylvia Helena M.V. Guidugli, Larissa Fontana and Maria Teresa P. S. Clerici Universidade Paulista. 405 Miguel Guidotti Street, Egisto Ragazzo, Limeira, SP, Zip Code 13485-342, Brazil; Centro Estadual de Educação Tecnológica Paula Souza – Escola Técnica Estadual Prefeito Alberto Feres, 690 Senador César Lacerda de Vergueiro Avenue, Jardim Cândida, Araras, SP, Zip Code 13603013, Brazil; Department of Food Technology, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 80 Monteiro Lobato Street, P.O. Box 6121, Zip Code 13083-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil
{"title":"Nutrition and health","authors":"Brad Novotny","doi":"10.18356/30bb5e89-en-fr","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/30bb5e89-en-fr","url":null,"abstract":"Sylvia Helena M.V. Guidugli, Larissa Fontana and Maria Teresa P. S. Clerici Universidade Paulista. 405 Miguel Guidotti Street, Egisto Ragazzo, Limeira, SP, Zip Code 13485-342, Brazil; Centro Estadual de Educação Tecnológica Paula Souza – Escola Técnica Estadual Prefeito Alberto Feres, 690 Senador César Lacerda de Vergueiro Avenue, Jardim Cândida, Araras, SP, Zip Code 13603013, Brazil; Department of Food Technology, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 80 Monteiro Lobato Street, P.O. Box 6121, Zip Code 13083-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil","PeriodicalId":50368,"journal":{"name":"Industrial and Engineering Chemistry","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67690705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Dead Sea","authors":"","doi":"10.1021/ie50188a007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50188a007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50368,"journal":{"name":"Industrial and Engineering Chemistry","volume":"17 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1021/ie50188a007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72198487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
My (ex?) best friend and I drifted apart a few months ago because of her new boyfriend and my busy schedule. Before, we were like sisters, but now we just ignore each other. She's recently been trying to contact me, and even though I do miss her more than anything, I haven't been answering her calls. I'm not sure if I want her back in my life. There were certain things about our friendship that didn't seem right. There were things we couldn't/wouldn't tell each other. She also liked to make me feel unimportant. I know this makes it seem like we never were true friends, but we meant everything to each other. I just don't know if I should let her back in or not? Please help? Read more [2] What to do about flaky friends? [3] Dear Alice, I have a few "friends" that are real flakes. I've known them for years and years, but they blow me off so easily. I've tried a lot of different tactics, but nothing seems to stop the problem. For example: This guy that I have known since I was born and I recently started college at the same place. We live three blocks away from each other. I have spent a good amount of time at his house and he has come to mine (just friends), so I know he is comfortable spending time with me. He has a tendency to text me with a basic "hey I'll be coming over tonight" or "You want to come by for dinner" and then without warning, he will no show. What's going on with this? I don't know what to do.
{"title":"Friend or Foe?","authors":"","doi":"10.1021/ie50234a001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50234a001","url":null,"abstract":"My (ex?) best friend and I drifted apart a few months ago because of her new boyfriend and my busy schedule. Before, we were like sisters, but now we just ignore each other. She's recently been trying to contact me, and even though I do miss her more than anything, I haven't been answering her calls. I'm not sure if I want her back in my life. There were certain things about our friendship that didn't seem right. There were things we couldn't/wouldn't tell each other. She also liked to make me feel unimportant. I know this makes it seem like we never were true friends, but we meant everything to each other. I just don't know if I should let her back in or not? Please help? Read more [2] What to do about flaky friends? [3] Dear Alice, I have a few \"friends\" that are real flakes. I've known them for years and years, but they blow me off so easily. I've tried a lot of different tactics, but nothing seems to stop the problem. For example: This guy that I have known since I was born and I recently started college at the same place. We live three blocks away from each other. I have spent a good amount of time at his house and he has come to mine (just friends), so I know he is comfortable spending time with me. He has a tendency to text me with a basic \"hey I'll be coming over tonight\" or \"You want to come by for dinner\" and then without warning, he will no show. What's going on with this? I don't know what to do.","PeriodicalId":50368,"journal":{"name":"Industrial and Engineering Chemistry","volume":"21 6","pages":"1631"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1021/ie50234a001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71613771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"CHEMICALS AND MATERIALS","authors":"","doi":"10.1021/i650604a790","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/i650604a790","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50368,"journal":{"name":"Industrial and Engineering Chemistry","volume":"52 4","pages":"29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1021/i650604a790","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71525839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Protecting the Public","authors":"","doi":"10.1021/ie50252a003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50252a003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50368,"journal":{"name":"Industrial and Engineering Chemistry","volume":"22 12","pages":"8-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1021/ie50252a003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71556337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"CHEMICALS AND MATERIALS","authors":"","doi":"10.1021/i650584a786","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/i650584a786","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50368,"journal":{"name":"Industrial and Engineering Chemistry","volume":"50 8","pages":"25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1021/i650584a786","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71540301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Food for Thought","authors":"","doi":"10.1021/ie50080a002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50080a002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50368,"journal":{"name":"Industrial and Engineering Chemistry","volume":"7 8","pages":"5-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1021/ie50080a002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71540137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B Batetta, M F Mulas, P Petruzzo, M Putzolu, R R Bonatesta, F Sanna, A Cappai, G Brotzu, S Dessì
Cholesterol esterification and smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation are the crucial events in the development of atherosclerotic lesions. The objective of this study was to analyse cholesterol esterification and the expression of MDR1 (multidrug resistance), ACAT (acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase) and caveolin-1 genes in atherosclerotic and healthy vascular walls, in SMCs obtained from atherosclerotic lesions and saphenous veins. Results demonstrated higher levels of cholesterol esters, ACAT and MDR1 mRNAs and lower levels of caveolin-1 mRNA in atherosclerotic segments compared to adjacent serial sections of the same artery and the corresponding non-atherosclerotic arteries from cadaveric donors. SMCs isolated from atherosclerotic plaques manifested an increased capacity to esterify cholesterol and to grow at a faster rate than SMCs isolated from saphenous veins. In addition, when SMCs from atherosclerotic plaques were cultured in the presence of progesterone, a potent inhibitor of cholesterol esterification, significant growth suppression was observed. An increase in ACAT and MDR1 expression and a concomitant decrease in caveolin-1 expression were also observed in SMCs isolated from atherosclerotic arteries as early as 12 h after serum stimulation. An opposite pattern was found when SMCs were treated with progesterone. These findings support the idea that cholesterol esterification plays a role both in early atherogenesis and in clinical progression of advanced lesions and raise the possibility that the cholesterol ester pathway might directly modulate the proliferation of SMCs.
{"title":"Opposite pattern of MDR1 and caveolin-1 gene expression in human atherosclerotic lesions and proliferating human smooth muscle cells.","authors":"B Batetta, M F Mulas, P Petruzzo, M Putzolu, R R Bonatesta, F Sanna, A Cappai, G Brotzu, S Dessì","doi":"10.1007/PL00000925","DOIUrl":"10.1007/PL00000925","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cholesterol esterification and smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation are the crucial events in the development of atherosclerotic lesions. The objective of this study was to analyse cholesterol esterification and the expression of MDR1 (multidrug resistance), ACAT (acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase) and caveolin-1 genes in atherosclerotic and healthy vascular walls, in SMCs obtained from atherosclerotic lesions and saphenous veins. Results demonstrated higher levels of cholesterol esters, ACAT and MDR1 mRNAs and lower levels of caveolin-1 mRNA in atherosclerotic segments compared to adjacent serial sections of the same artery and the corresponding non-atherosclerotic arteries from cadaveric donors. SMCs isolated from atherosclerotic plaques manifested an increased capacity to esterify cholesterol and to grow at a faster rate than SMCs isolated from saphenous veins. In addition, when SMCs from atherosclerotic plaques were cultured in the presence of progesterone, a potent inhibitor of cholesterol esterification, significant growth suppression was observed. An increase in ACAT and MDR1 expression and a concomitant decrease in caveolin-1 expression were also observed in SMCs isolated from atherosclerotic arteries as early as 12 h after serum stimulation. An opposite pattern was found when SMCs were treated with progesterone. These findings support the idea that cholesterol esterification plays a role both in early atherogenesis and in clinical progression of advanced lesions and raise the possibility that the cholesterol ester pathway might directly modulate the proliferation of SMCs.</p>","PeriodicalId":50368,"journal":{"name":"Industrial and Engineering Chemistry","volume":"5 1","pages":"1113-20"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2001-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11337381/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79670750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：