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Analytical Techniques in Chemistry 化学分析技术
Pub Date : 2015-05-01 DOI: 10.1017/cbo9781316146743.024
S. Agarwal
Introduction Analytical chemistry is an important branch that helps in qualitative and quantitative analyses. Qualitative analysis gives information regarding the presence or absence of a component, whereas quantitative analysis addresses the question of how much? Analytical chemistry is an interdisciplinary science that plays a vital role in all streams of chemistry such as organic, inorganic, physical, industrial and biochemistry. It is not only confined to qualitative and quantitative analyses but the advancement of science and development in the field of instrumentation has further quantified its scope. It finds extensive use in environmental science, agricultural science, pollution studies, oceanography, clinical chemistry, medical science, manufacturing industries, biological science, forensic science, and so on. Type of Analysis Three types of analyses can be carried out (a) Physical analysis (b) Chemical analysis (c) Instrumental analysis Physical Analysis The study of physical parameters such as color, smell, physical state, solubility, specific gravity, melting point and boiling point helps in the preliminary investigation of the compound. The physical properties can be measured by various chemical and instrumental methods, for instance, mass can be estimated by gravimetry, volume by volumetry, electric potential and electric current by conductometry, potentiometry, absorption or emission of radiation by spectroscopy, scattering of radiation by turbidimetry, nephelometry, refraction by refractometry, rotation by polarimetry and optical rotatory dispersion and diffraction by X-ray electron diffraction methods. These physical and physicochemical methods enable the qualitative and quantitative estimations of the compound. Chemical Analysis The qualitative and quantitative estimations of organic and inorganic compounds can be carried out chemically. Qualitative Estimation of Inorganic Compounds The qualitative analysis of inorganic compounds is carried out by determining the acid and basic radicals in the compound. For organic compounds, the aromatic and functional groups are determined by the use of specific reagents and compounds. The quantitative estimation of chemical reactions can be carried out by the following methods of analysis. (i) Gravimetric analysis In gravimetric analysis, the substance to be estimated is converted into an insoluble precipitate, which is collected, dried and weighed. The process involves several steps in which the sample is prepared, precipitated, filtered, washed, dried and weighed. If the sample is electrolyzed and the material deposited at one of the electrodes is weighed, then the process is called electrogravimetry. The weight of the sample obtained helps in quantitative estimation of the desired substance.
分析化学是帮助定性和定量分析的一个重要分支。定性分析给出了有关成分存在与否的信息,而定量分析则解决了有多少成分的问题。分析化学是一门跨学科的科学,在化学的各个领域,如有机、无机、物理、工业和生物化学中起着至关重要的作用。它不仅局限于定性和定量分析,而且科学的进步和仪器仪表领域的发展使其范围进一步量化。它广泛应用于环境科学、农业科学、污染研究、海洋学、临床化学、医学、制造业、生物科学、法医学等领域。分析类型可进行三种类型的分析(a)物理分析(b)化学分析(c)仪器分析物理分析研究物理参数,如颜色、气味、物理状态、溶解度、比重、熔点和沸点有助于化合物的初步研究。物理性质可以用各种化学和仪器方法来测量,例如,质量可以用重力法来估计,体积可以用体积法来估计,电势和电流可以用电导法来估计,电位法来估计,辐射的吸收或发射可以用光谱学来估计,辐射的散射可以用浊度法来估计,散射比浊法来估计,折射法来估计折射,旋转可以用偏振法来测量,光学旋转色散和衍射可以用x射线电子衍射法来测量。这些物理和物理化学方法使化合物的定性和定量估计成为可能。化学分析有机和无机化合物的定性和定量的估计可以进行化学。无机化合物的定性分析是通过测定化合物中的酸碱自由基来进行的。对于有机化合物,芳香族和官能团是通过使用特定的试剂和化合物来确定的。化学反应的定量估计可以通过以下分析方法进行。(i)重量分析在重量分析中,要估计的物质被转化为不溶性沉淀物,收集、干燥并称重。该过程包括几个步骤,其中样品的制备,沉淀,过滤,洗涤,干燥和称重。如果对样品进行电解,并对沉积在其中一个电极上的物质进行称重,则该过程称为电重法。所得样品的重量有助于对所需物质的定量估计。
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引用次数: 0
Chemical Aspects of Biotechnology 生物技术的化学方面
Pub Date : 2015-05-01 DOI: 10.1017/cbo9781316146743.023
Shikha Agarwal
Introduction Biotechnology is technology based on biology in which living organisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi, yeast, plants and animal cells are used to modify various processes and produce useful products. The UN Convention on Biological Diversity, Part 2, defines biotechnology as ‘any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms or derivatives thereof to make or modify products or processes for specific use’. The word ‘biotechnology’ owes its origin to two Greek words bios meaning ‘pertaining to life’ and technikos meaning ‘involving human knowledge and skills’. The science of biotechnology is not new although its systematic study and scientific applications started only a few decades ago. There are evidences in history to prove that biotechnology was used even thousands of years ago in ancient times to produce foods like bread by adding yeast, for the preparation of beverages like beer and wine by the fermentation of various grains and fruit juices, to convert milk into curd, cheese and yogurt, in the field of medicine, in ayurveda , for strengthening the immune system, selective breeding to improve the quality of crops and livestock by mating organisms of desired characteristics to produce offsprings with specific features. The modern aspect of biotechnology includes genetic engineering where genes are modified to develop special traits within individuals, to make them disease resistant, increase productivity, produce high yielding variety of crops, develop food products, fruits and vegetables that are more nutritious, disease resistant and taste better than the conventional food items. Other tools of modern biotechnology are tissue culture, molecular breeding which help to improve the quality and productivity of plants and animals, increase their commercial value and make them more useful for man and society. Applications of Biotechnology Biotechnology is an applied science with multiple applications in various fields like agriculture, medicines, textiles, paper and pulp, mining and metal refining, waste management, energy sector, food processing, livestock management in marine and aquatic life, forestry, industrial sector, etc. The main applications of biotechnology are discussed here. (i) Biotechnology in agriculture The application of biotechnology to agriculture is called green biotechnology . The use of biotechnological tools can increase the production of crops, develop high yielding and more nutritious crops, improve their resistance to diseases and adverse conditions like drought, develop insect protected biotech crops and thereby reduce the use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers.
生物技术是基于生物学的技术,其中生物有机体如细菌,病毒,真菌,酵母,植物和动物细胞被用来修改各种过程和生产有用的产品。《联合国生物多样性公约》第2部分将生物技术定义为“利用生物系统、活生物体或其衍生物制造或修改特定用途的产品或过程的任何技术应用”。“生物技术”一词源于两个希腊单词“bios”,意思是“与生命有关”,“technikos”意思是“涉及人类知识和技能”。生物技术并不是一门新的科学,尽管它的系统研究和科学应用只是在几十年前才开始的。历史上有证据证明,生物技术甚至在几千年前的古代就被使用,通过添加酵母来生产面包等食物,通过发酵各种谷物和果汁来制备啤酒和葡萄酒等饮料,将牛奶转化为凝乳、奶酪和酸奶,在医学领域,在印度草药学中,用来增强免疫系统,选择性育种,通过使具有期望性状的生物交配,产生具有特定性状的后代,从而提高作物和牲畜的品质。生物技术的现代方面包括基因工程,其中对基因进行改造,使个体具有特殊特征,使其抗病,提高生产力,生产高产作物品种,开发比传统食品更有营养、更抗病和味道更好的食品、水果和蔬菜。现代生物技术的其他工具是组织培养和分子育种,它们有助于提高动植物的质量和生产力,增加它们的商业价值,使它们对人类和社会更有用。生物技术的应用生物技术是一门应用科学,在农业、医药、纺织、造纸和纸浆、采矿和金属精炼、废物管理、能源部门、食品加工、海洋和水生生物的牲畜管理、林业、工业部门等各个领域都有多种应用。本文讨论了生物技术的主要应用。(一)农业生物技术将生物技术应用于农业称为绿色生物技术。使用生物技术工具可以增加作物的产量,开发高产和更有营养的作物,提高它们对疾病和干旱等不利条件的抵抗力,开发昆虫保护的生物技术作物,从而减少化学农药和化肥的使用。
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引用次数: 0
Nutrition and health 营养与健康
Pub Date : 2014-12-05 DOI: 10.18356/30bb5e89-en-fr
Brad Novotny
Sylvia Helena M.V. Guidugli, Larissa Fontana and Maria Teresa P. S. Clerici Universidade Paulista. 405 Miguel Guidotti Street, Egisto Ragazzo, Limeira, SP, Zip Code 13485-342, Brazil; Centro Estadual de Educação Tecnológica Paula Souza – Escola Técnica Estadual Prefeito Alberto Feres, 690 Senador César Lacerda de Vergueiro Avenue, Jardim Cândida, Araras, SP, Zip Code 13603013, Brazil; Department of Food Technology, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 80 Monteiro Lobato Street, P.O. Box 6121, Zip Code 13083-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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引用次数: 0
The Dead Sea 死海
Pub Date : 2013-01-01 DOI: 10.1021/ie50188a007
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引用次数: 0
Friend or Foe? 朋友还是敌人?
Pub Date : 2007-01-01 DOI: 10.1021/ie50234a001
My (ex?) best friend and I drifted apart a few months ago because of her new boyfriend and my busy schedule. Before, we were like sisters, but now we just ignore each other. She's recently been trying to contact me, and even though I do miss her more than anything, I haven't been answering her calls. I'm not sure if I want her back in my life. There were certain things about our friendship that didn't seem right. There were things we couldn't/wouldn't tell each other. She also liked to make me feel unimportant. I know this makes it seem like we never were true friends, but we meant everything to each other. I just don't know if I should let her back in or not? Please help? Read more [2] What to do about flaky friends? [3] Dear Alice, I have a few "friends" that are real flakes. I've known them for years and years, but they blow me off so easily. I've tried a lot of different tactics, but nothing seems to stop the problem. For example: This guy that I have known since I was born and I recently started college at the same place. We live three blocks away from each other. I have spent a good amount of time at his house and he has come to mine (just friends), so I know he is comfortable spending time with me. He has a tendency to text me with a basic "hey I'll be coming over tonight" or "You want to come by for dinner" and then without warning, he will no show. What's going on with this? I don't know what to do.
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引用次数: 0
CHEMICALS AND MATERIALS 化学品和材料
Pub Date : 2006-01-01 DOI: 10.1021/i650604a790
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引用次数: 3
Protecting the Public 保护公众
Pub Date : 2006-01-01 DOI: 10.1021/ie50252a003
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引用次数: 0
CHEMICALS AND MATERIALS 化学品和材料
Pub Date : 2004-01-01 DOI: 10.1021/i650584a786
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引用次数: 0
Food for Thought 引人深思
Pub Date : 2002-01-01 DOI: 10.1021/ie50080a002
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引用次数: 0
Opposite pattern of MDR1 and caveolin-1 gene expression in human atherosclerotic lesions and proliferating human smooth muscle cells. 人类动脉粥样硬化病变和增殖的人类平滑肌细胞中 MDR1 和 caveolin-1 基因表达的相反模式。
IF 6.2 Pub Date : 2001-07-01 DOI: 10.1007/PL00000925
B Batetta, M F Mulas, P Petruzzo, M Putzolu, R R Bonatesta, F Sanna, A Cappai, G Brotzu, S Dessì

Cholesterol esterification and smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation are the crucial events in the development of atherosclerotic lesions. The objective of this study was to analyse cholesterol esterification and the expression of MDR1 (multidrug resistance), ACAT (acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase) and caveolin-1 genes in atherosclerotic and healthy vascular walls, in SMCs obtained from atherosclerotic lesions and saphenous veins. Results demonstrated higher levels of cholesterol esters, ACAT and MDR1 mRNAs and lower levels of caveolin-1 mRNA in atherosclerotic segments compared to adjacent serial sections of the same artery and the corresponding non-atherosclerotic arteries from cadaveric donors. SMCs isolated from atherosclerotic plaques manifested an increased capacity to esterify cholesterol and to grow at a faster rate than SMCs isolated from saphenous veins. In addition, when SMCs from atherosclerotic plaques were cultured in the presence of progesterone, a potent inhibitor of cholesterol esterification, significant growth suppression was observed. An increase in ACAT and MDR1 expression and a concomitant decrease in caveolin-1 expression were also observed in SMCs isolated from atherosclerotic arteries as early as 12 h after serum stimulation. An opposite pattern was found when SMCs were treated with progesterone. These findings support the idea that cholesterol esterification plays a role both in early atherogenesis and in clinical progression of advanced lesions and raise the possibility that the cholesterol ester pathway might directly modulate the proliferation of SMCs.

胆固醇酯化和平滑肌细胞(SMC)增殖是动脉粥样硬化病变发展过程中的关键事件。本研究的目的是分析动脉粥样硬化和健康血管壁中的胆固醇酯化,以及从动脉粥样硬化病变和隐静脉中获取的平滑肌细胞中 MDR1(多药耐药性)、ACAT(酰基-CoA:胆固醇酰基转移酶)和 caveolin-1 基因的表达情况。结果表明,与同一动脉的相邻连续切片和尸体供体的相应非动脉粥样硬化切片相比,动脉粥样硬化切片的胆固醇酯、ACAT 和 MDR1 mRNA 水平较高,而洞穴素-1 mRNA 水平较低。从动脉粥样硬化斑块中分离出的 SMCs 与从隐静脉中分离出的 SMCs 相比,酯化胆固醇的能力更强,生长速度更快。此外,当在黄体酮(胆固醇酯化的有效抑制剂)存在下培养动脉粥样硬化斑块中的 SMC 时,观察到其生长受到明显抑制。早在血清刺激 12 小时后,从动脉粥样硬化斑块中分离出的 SMC 中就观察到 ACAT 和 MDR1 表达增加,同时洞穴素-1 表达减少。用黄体酮处理 SMC 时则发现了相反的模式。这些发现支持了胆固醇酯化在早期动脉粥样硬化和晚期病变的临床进展中都起作用的观点,并提出了胆固醇酯途径可能直接调节 SMC 增殖的可能性。
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Industrial and Engineering Chemistry
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