Pub Date : 2024-04-19DOI: 10.3389/frym.2024.1269791
Gustavo Seron Sanches, Lorena Freitas Neves, Daniel Antônio Braga Lee, Eliz Oliveira Franco, Marcos Rogério André
Have you ever seen some small dark brown bugs jumping off your pets? Those creatures might have been fleas. Fleas are insects specialized for feeding on blood, with long, strong legs for jumping and claws for holding onto your pet tightly. Fleas use many animals, including humans, as “hotels” and “restaurants”. Even if pets try to scratch and shake to kick out these unwelcome guests, it does not work! They hang on with their claws and keep eating for free. In addition to being nasty, fleas can carry diseases that they can transmit to animals when the fleas feed, or if the animal eats them accidentally. So be careful if these tiny insects decide to visit your pet’s skin! Do you want to learn more? Keep reading, and we will introduce to you some curious facts about the lives of fleas.
{"title":"Fleas: Amazing Jumpers That Can Carry Pathogens","authors":"Gustavo Seron Sanches, Lorena Freitas Neves, Daniel Antônio Braga Lee, Eliz Oliveira Franco, Marcos Rogério André","doi":"10.3389/frym.2024.1269791","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frym.2024.1269791","url":null,"abstract":"Have you ever seen some small dark brown bugs jumping off your pets? Those creatures might have been fleas. Fleas are insects specialized for feeding on blood, with long, strong legs for jumping and claws for holding onto your pet tightly. Fleas use many animals, including humans, as “hotels” and “restaurants”. Even if pets try to scratch and shake to kick out these unwelcome guests, it does not work! They hang on with their claws and keep eating for free. In addition to being nasty, fleas can carry diseases that they can transmit to animals when the fleas feed, or if the animal eats them accidentally. So be careful if these tiny insects decide to visit your pet’s skin! Do you want to learn more? Keep reading, and we will introduce to you some curious facts about the lives of fleas.","PeriodicalId":503754,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers for Young Minds","volume":" 65","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140684843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-17DOI: 10.3389/frym.2024.1111693
R. Fasano, Celia Romero, Jennifer S. Durocher, Lynn K Perry
Autism is a common condition that affects the way people think and interact with the world. Most of our knowledge about autism is from research done with autistic boys. This means that we do not know much about the ways that autistic girls may be different than autistic boys. Now, researchers are including more autistic girls in their studies to find out about these differences. However, not all researchers find the same results: some researchers find that autistic boys are better at some tasks and other researchers find that autistic girls are better at those same tasks. In this article, we review some of the findings about differences between autistic girls and boys and talk about why it is important to understand these differences.
{"title":"Is Autism Different for Girls and Boys?","authors":"R. Fasano, Celia Romero, Jennifer S. Durocher, Lynn K Perry","doi":"10.3389/frym.2024.1111693","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frym.2024.1111693","url":null,"abstract":"Autism is a common condition that affects the way people think and interact with the world. Most of our knowledge about autism is from research done with autistic boys. This means that we do not know much about the ways that autistic girls may be different than autistic boys. Now, researchers are including more autistic girls in their studies to find out about these differences. However, not all researchers find the same results: some researchers find that autistic boys are better at some tasks and other researchers find that autistic girls are better at those same tasks. In this article, we review some of the findings about differences between autistic girls and boys and talk about why it is important to understand these differences.","PeriodicalId":503754,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers for Young Minds","volume":" 48","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140691908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-17DOI: 10.3389/frym.2024.1355260
Nicholas J Constantinesco, Deylon Dianna Harkey, Lauren A. Fowler
Getting a good night’s sleep is essential for development during childhood, for health throughout adulthood, and a long life. Getting less than 8 h of uninterrupted sleep can lead to poor performance at school the next day. Today, most of us have easy access to technology in our daily lives, and young people often bring their devices to bed with them. While it might be a fun way to unwind after a long day of classes, nighttime electronics use can interfere with the ability to recover from the normal wear and tear on our bodies that builds up each day. Using technology close to bedtime interacts with the body’s natural processes that help us fall asleep and help us recover so that we are prepared to take on the next day. As technology use continues to grow, it is important that our devices go to sleep at least an hour before we do.
{"title":"Tick Tock! It Is Time For Bed!","authors":"Nicholas J Constantinesco, Deylon Dianna Harkey, Lauren A. Fowler","doi":"10.3389/frym.2024.1355260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frym.2024.1355260","url":null,"abstract":"Getting a good night’s sleep is essential for development during childhood, for health throughout adulthood, and a long life. Getting less than 8 h of uninterrupted sleep can lead to poor performance at school the next day. Today, most of us have easy access to technology in our daily lives, and young people often bring their devices to bed with them. While it might be a fun way to unwind after a long day of classes, nighttime electronics use can interfere with the ability to recover from the normal wear and tear on our bodies that builds up each day. Using technology close to bedtime interacts with the body’s natural processes that help us fall asleep and help us recover so that we are prepared to take on the next day. As technology use continues to grow, it is important that our devices go to sleep at least an hour before we do.","PeriodicalId":503754,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers for Young Minds","volume":"104 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140694345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-10DOI: 10.3389/frym.2024.1279209
Eva Šatović-Vukšić, Miroslav Plohl
Transposons are unusual segments of DNA that can affect genes and create new traits, helping to make every living thing special. Transposons have the amazing ability to move around within an organism’s DNA, and they can even travel between organisms! Transposons can be activated by stress, helping organisms to cope and adapt. Researchers are using transposons as special delivery systems to help cure diseases. Also, studying transposons can provide a lot of information on how the biodiversity of life on Earth has changed over millions of years. They can help each other in their journeys, practicing teamwork. The unique features of these “jumping” DNA segments even earned scientists a Nobel Prize for their discovery.
转座子是DNA中不寻常的片段，可以影响基因并创造新的性状，使每种生物都与众不同。转座子具有在生物 DNA 中移动的惊人能力，它们甚至可以在生物体之间移动！转座子可以被压力激活，帮助生物应对和适应压力。研究人员正在利用转座子作为特殊的传递系统来帮助治疗疾病。此外，研究转座子还能提供大量信息，说明地球上的生物多样性在数百万年间发生了怎样的变化。它们可以在旅途中互相帮助，锻炼团队精神。这些 "跳跃 "DNA片段的独特功能甚至为科学家们赢得了诺贝尔奖。
{"title":"The Secret World of “Jumping” DNA","authors":"Eva Šatović-Vukšić, Miroslav Plohl","doi":"10.3389/frym.2024.1279209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frym.2024.1279209","url":null,"abstract":"Transposons are unusual segments of DNA that can affect genes and create new traits, helping to make every living thing special. Transposons have the amazing ability to move around within an organism’s DNA, and they can even travel between organisms! Transposons can be activated by stress, helping organisms to cope and adapt. Researchers are using transposons as special delivery systems to help cure diseases. Also, studying transposons can provide a lot of information on how the biodiversity of life on Earth has changed over millions of years. They can help each other in their journeys, practicing teamwork. The unique features of these “jumping” DNA segments even earned scientists a Nobel Prize for their discovery.","PeriodicalId":503754,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers for Young Minds","volume":"19 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140720236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eye tracking is a technology that can record people’s eye movements and tell scientists what people look at on screens or out in the world. Scientists use eye tracking to understand what people notice or remember; marketing researchers who create ads use eye tracking to see what type of ads or products capture people’s attention; and video game designers use eye tracking to see what parts of a game are confusing to players, so designers can fix the game. Eye-tracking equipment can be expensive and time consuming for researchers to use, so is there another way to record eye movements without buying an eye tracker? There is! Computer scientists can use a computer-based method called machine learning to turn an everyday webcam into an eye tracker. They can even do this with mobile phones! In this article, you will learn about how eye trackers work and the advantages of disadvantages of using webcams to track eyes.
{"title":"How Scientists Use Webcams to Track Human Gaze","authors":"Anatolii Evdokimov, Alina Enikeeva, Paean Luby, Arryn Robbins","doi":"10.3389/frym.2024.1259404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frym.2024.1259404","url":null,"abstract":"Eye tracking is a technology that can record people’s eye movements and tell scientists what people look at on screens or out in the world. Scientists use eye tracking to understand what people notice or remember; marketing researchers who create ads use eye tracking to see what type of ads or products capture people’s attention; and video game designers use eye tracking to see what parts of a game are confusing to players, so designers can fix the game. Eye-tracking equipment can be expensive and time consuming for researchers to use, so is there another way to record eye movements without buying an eye tracker? There is! Computer scientists can use a computer-based method called machine learning to turn an everyday webcam into an eye tracker. They can even do this with mobile phones! In this article, you will learn about how eye trackers work and the advantages of disadvantages of using webcams to track eyes.","PeriodicalId":503754,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers for Young Minds","volume":"58 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140723733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-08DOI: 10.3389/frym.2024.1239117
Eben Daggett, Michael C. Hout
Which is closer to a dog: a cat or a fish? Easy! The cat is closer. What you may not have noticed here, is that we asked which is closer, not more similar. It does not matter which term we use because people usually understand that the term closer means more similar when used in questions like this. People often talk about similarity between objects as if this idea could be thought of as a distance between two (or more) items. It feels very natural to use the language of distance (words like closer, near, or far) to describe similarity. The tendency to understand similarity as a distance is useful to scientists because, as you know, it is very easy to measure distances as numbers (like measuring the distance between two points using a ruler). In this article, we will tell you how psychologists measure similarity and use those numbers to explore how the mind works.
{"title":"What is Similarity and How Can Scientists Measure it?","authors":"Eben Daggett, Michael C. Hout","doi":"10.3389/frym.2024.1239117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frym.2024.1239117","url":null,"abstract":"Which is closer to a dog: a cat or a fish? Easy! The cat is closer. What you may not have noticed here, is that we asked which is closer, not more similar. It does not matter which term we use because people usually understand that the term closer means more similar when used in questions like this. People often talk about similarity between objects as if this idea could be thought of as a distance between two (or more) items. It feels very natural to use the language of distance (words like closer, near, or far) to describe similarity. The tendency to understand similarity as a distance is useful to scientists because, as you know, it is very easy to measure distances as numbers (like measuring the distance between two points using a ruler). In this article, we will tell you how psychologists measure similarity and use those numbers to explore how the mind works.","PeriodicalId":503754,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers for Young Minds","volume":"58 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140729501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-05DOI: 10.3389/frym.2024.1236524
Ashley Zappe, Megan H. Papesh
When you see something, how do you figure out what it is? It might seem like you “just know”, but your brain uses two methods to help you know what you are seeing. One method is called bottom-up processing. In this method, the brain uses the shapes and colors seen by your eyes to figure out what something is. The other method is called top-down processing, which uses experiences, memories, or expectations to figure out what you are seeing. These processes happen at the same time in different parts of the brain. This article will explain how the brain’s top-down and bottom-up expectations can change what you see, and we include special pictures so you can experience it yourself.
{"title":"How to See It Both Ways","authors":"Ashley Zappe, Megan H. Papesh","doi":"10.3389/frym.2024.1236524","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frym.2024.1236524","url":null,"abstract":"When you see something, how do you figure out what it is? It might seem like you “just know”, but your brain uses two methods to help you know what you are seeing. One method is called bottom-up processing. In this method, the brain uses the shapes and colors seen by your eyes to figure out what something is. The other method is called top-down processing, which uses experiences, memories, or expectations to figure out what you are seeing. These processes happen at the same time in different parts of the brain. This article will explain how the brain’s top-down and bottom-up expectations can change what you see, and we include special pictures so you can experience it yourself.","PeriodicalId":503754,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers for Young Minds","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140737218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-05DOI: 10.3389/frym.2024.1302974
Helena S. Bayat, Julian Enß, Camilo Escobar-Sierra, Svenja M. Gillmann, Shaista Khaliq, Annabel Kuppels, Graciela M. Madariaga, Kristin Peters, Alexandra Schlenker, Daniel Hering, Matthijs Vos
Human activities, past and present, have a big impact on nature, affecting ecosystems in profound ways. Scientists are working hard to figure out the best methods to restore damaged ecosystems. But ecosystem restoration often does not go as planned, resulting in very different ecosystems than before. For example, some animals that used to live in an ecosystem can take a long time to return or do not come back at all. To understand the complexities of ecosystem recovery, scientists have come up with a theory called the asymmetric response concept (ARC), to understand how ecosystems recover. The ARC helps us describe the various responses that can happen after ecosystem damage and why the responses happen that way. Once we understand these responses, we can help ecosystems become healthy again. By learning how organisms rejoin damaged ecosystems, we can better protect our environment for the future.
{"title":"Solving the Puzzle of Ecosystem Recovery","authors":"Helena S. Bayat, Julian Enß, Camilo Escobar-Sierra, Svenja M. Gillmann, Shaista Khaliq, Annabel Kuppels, Graciela M. Madariaga, Kristin Peters, Alexandra Schlenker, Daniel Hering, Matthijs Vos","doi":"10.3389/frym.2024.1302974","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frym.2024.1302974","url":null,"abstract":"Human activities, past and present, have a big impact on nature, affecting ecosystems in profound ways. Scientists are working hard to figure out the best methods to restore damaged ecosystems. But ecosystem restoration often does not go as planned, resulting in very different ecosystems than before. For example, some animals that used to live in an ecosystem can take a long time to return or do not come back at all. To understand the complexities of ecosystem recovery, scientists have come up with a theory called the asymmetric response concept (ARC), to understand how ecosystems recover. The ARC helps us describe the various responses that can happen after ecosystem damage and why the responses happen that way. Once we understand these responses, we can help ecosystems become healthy again. By learning how organisms rejoin damaged ecosystems, we can better protect our environment for the future.","PeriodicalId":503754,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers for Young Minds","volume":"32 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140737826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-04DOI: 10.3389/frym.2024.1298354
V. Sampath, Kari C. Nadeau
People who suffer from asthma can have difficulty breathing after they are exposed to normally harmless substances in the air, such as pollen, dust, smoke, and pet dander. Some people experience a worsening of their asthma symptoms after a thunderstorm, and data tell us that climate change is making asthma more of a problem. But how do weather and climate events make it hard for some people to breathe? Asthma happens when the body’s immune system mistakes airborne particles for dangerous invaders and tries to fight them. It seems that climate change is increasing the amounts of air pollution, pollen, and mold in the air. The more of these triggers people breathe in, the greater the risk of asthma. In this article, we will explain how asthma happens, how climate change is making it worse, and what we can all do to help.
{"title":"Climate Change and Human Health: Causes and Solutions","authors":"V. Sampath, Kari C. Nadeau","doi":"10.3389/frym.2024.1298354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frym.2024.1298354","url":null,"abstract":"People who suffer from asthma can have difficulty breathing after they are exposed to normally harmless substances in the air, such as pollen, dust, smoke, and pet dander. Some people experience a worsening of their asthma symptoms after a thunderstorm, and data tell us that climate change is making asthma more of a problem. But how do weather and climate events make it hard for some people to breathe? Asthma happens when the body’s immune system mistakes airborne particles for dangerous invaders and tries to fight them. It seems that climate change is increasing the amounts of air pollution, pollen, and mold in the air. The more of these triggers people breathe in, the greater the risk of asthma. In this article, we will explain how asthma happens, how climate change is making it worse, and what we can all do to help.","PeriodicalId":503754,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers for Young Minds","volume":"10 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140745276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-04DOI: 10.3389/frym.2024.1237746
L. Rodríguez, Juliana Quintero, Catalina González-Uribe
Mosquitoes—those small irritating insects that fly around and bite us on warm days—can also carry diseases that can make people very sick. Mosquitoes “bite” to suck blood from people and animals to feed their eggs. When a mosquito bites someone, it can also transmit a virus or parasite to that person. Mosquito-borne diseases are common in many parts of the world. Diseases carried by mosquitoes include malaria, dengue, and Zika. In this article, we will explain how mosquitoes transmit diseases and describe the main symptoms of several important mosquito-borne diseases. We will also tell you how both individuals and communities can protect themselves from mosquitoes and prevent these dangerous diseases.
{"title":"Mosquitoes: Buzzing, Biting, and Making People Sick!","authors":"L. Rodríguez, Juliana Quintero, Catalina González-Uribe","doi":"10.3389/frym.2024.1237746","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frym.2024.1237746","url":null,"abstract":"Mosquitoes—those small irritating insects that fly around and bite us on warm days—can also carry diseases that can make people very sick. Mosquitoes “bite” to suck blood from people and animals to feed their eggs. When a mosquito bites someone, it can also transmit a virus or parasite to that person. Mosquito-borne diseases are common in many parts of the world. Diseases carried by mosquitoes include malaria, dengue, and Zika. In this article, we will explain how mosquitoes transmit diseases and describe the main symptoms of several important mosquito-borne diseases. We will also tell you how both individuals and communities can protect themselves from mosquitoes and prevent these dangerous diseases.","PeriodicalId":503754,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers for Young Minds","volume":"44 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140743232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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