Pub Date : 2023-11-28DOI: 10.1109/mias.2023.3328504
H. Landis Floyd II
Since 1970, the discussion of occupational electrical safety in the United States has primarily focused on compliance with safe work practices in Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulations and National Fire Protection Administration (NFPA)70E, Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace. Without taking away from the importance of the requirements in the regulations and standards, this article discusses the limitations of compliance-based safety culture and a more comprehensive solution based on proven concepts derived from system safety. This article expands on the conference paper presented at the 2023 IEEE Industry Applications Society (IAS) Electrical Safety Workshop [1] .
{"title":"Through the Lens of System Safety: The Limitations of a Compliance-Based Safety Culture and Opportunities to Reduce Electrical Injuries","authors":"H. Landis Floyd II","doi":"10.1109/mias.2023.3328504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mias.2023.3328504","url":null,"abstract":"Since 1970, the discussion of occupational electrical safety in the United States has primarily focused on compliance with safe work practices in Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulations and National Fire Protection Administration (NFPA)70E, Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace. Without taking away from the importance of the requirements in the regulations and standards, this article discusses the limitations of compliance-based safety culture and a more comprehensive solution based on proven concepts derived from system safety. This article expands on the conference paper presented at the 2023 IEEE Industry Applications Society (IAS) Electrical Safety Workshop <xref ref-type=\"bibr\" r xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">[1]</xref>\u0000.","PeriodicalId":50390,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Industry Applications Magazine","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140631079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-28DOI: 10.1109/mias.2023.3325091
Panagiotis Eleftheriadis, Sonia Leva, Manfredi Gangi, Alberto Valdes Rey, Andrea Borgo, Giacomo Coslop, Emanuele Groppo, Lorenzo Grande, Melissa Sedzik
Given the strong penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) and renewable energy sources, battery demand is dramatically increasing. To satisfy this huge request for batteries, a possible solution, taking into account a circular-economy framework, is given by second-life batteries (SLBs), a new technology that exploits deteriorated batteries from the EV sector for less demanding applications, such as stationary storage. On the one hand, SLBs make it possible to use batteries to their full extent. On the other hand, specific standards for SLBs are still missing and, from an industrial point of view, there are several factors that influence whether this business would be convenient or not. This article presents a possible lifecycle for EV batteries where SLBs are considered with different business strategies, also taking into account the possible SLB applications that can be derived from the reuse of batteries before being recycled. From an economic point of view, an economic assessment is introduced, providing possible parameters that may affect the SLB business either positively or negatively.
{"title":"Second Life Batteries: Current Regulatory Framework, Evaluation Methods, and Economic Assessment: Reuse, refurbish, or recycle","authors":"Panagiotis Eleftheriadis, Sonia Leva, Manfredi Gangi, Alberto Valdes Rey, Andrea Borgo, Giacomo Coslop, Emanuele Groppo, Lorenzo Grande, Melissa Sedzik","doi":"10.1109/mias.2023.3325091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mias.2023.3325091","url":null,"abstract":"Given the strong penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) and renewable energy sources, battery demand is dramatically increasing. To satisfy this huge request for batteries, a possible solution, taking into account a circular-economy framework, is given by second-life batteries (SLBs), a new technology that exploits deteriorated batteries from the EV sector for less demanding applications, such as stationary storage. On the one hand, SLBs make it possible to use batteries to their full extent. On the other hand, specific standards for SLBs are still missing and, from an industrial point of view, there are several factors that influence whether this business would be convenient or not. This article presents a possible lifecycle for EV batteries where SLBs are considered with different business strategies, also taking into account the possible SLB applications that can be derived from the reuse of batteries before being recycled. From an economic point of view, an economic assessment is introduced, providing possible parameters that may affect the SLB business either positively or negatively.","PeriodicalId":50390,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Industry Applications Magazine","volume":"70 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138688516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-28DOI: 10.1109/mias.2023.3328503
Paul B. Sullivan, Mark S. Scarborough
This case study will provide the learnings from an arc-flash event in a 480-V substation. The event created significant equipment damage and injuries to one person. Some learnings that will be shared are inadequate maintenance practices, improper arc-flash personal protective equipment (PPE) selection, inadequate training, unawareness of electrical hazards, and questionable use of electrical equipment.
{"title":"Learnings From a 480-V Arc-Flash Event: Poor Design, Inadequate Maintenance, Insufficient Training, and Wrong PPE Results in Injury","authors":"Paul B. Sullivan, Mark S. Scarborough","doi":"10.1109/mias.2023.3328503","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mias.2023.3328503","url":null,"abstract":"This case study will provide the learnings from an arc-flash event in a 480-V substation. The event created significant equipment damage and injuries to one person. Some learnings that will be shared are inadequate maintenance practices, improper arc-flash personal protective equipment (PPE) selection, inadequate training, unawareness of electrical hazards, and questionable use of electrical equipment.","PeriodicalId":50390,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Industry Applications Magazine","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140625006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-21DOI: 10.1109/mias.2023.3329292
Nehad El-Sherif, Thomas A. Domitrovich
Residential fires of electrical origin have been a major concern for a long time. A fire can be initiated by excessive current (due to an overload or a short circuit) or arcing current. Therefore, both the Canadian Electrical Code (CE Code) Part I and the National Electrical Code (NEC) require the installation of overcurrent protection devices (OCPDs) to detect and clear excessive current. Conversely, arcing current is too low for OCPDs to detect. It could take an electric arc minutes, days, weeks, months, or even years to initiate a fire. Therefore, a new solution was required for detecting those slowly developing arcs. Thus, arc-fault circuit-interrupters (AFCIs) were born. AFCIs are capable of detecting an arcing condition (while still developing) and de-energizing the circuit before the arcing circuit ignites.
{"title":"Demystification of Arc-Fault Circuit-Interrupters: Part I: Beginning of the Odyssey","authors":"Nehad El-Sherif, Thomas A. Domitrovich","doi":"10.1109/mias.2023.3329292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mias.2023.3329292","url":null,"abstract":"Residential fires of electrical origin have been a major concern for a long time. A fire can be initiated by excessive current (due to an overload or a short circuit) or arcing current. Therefore, both the Canadian Electrical Code (CE Code) Part I and the National Electrical Code (NEC) require the installation of overcurrent protection devices (OCPDs) to detect and clear excessive current. Conversely, arcing current is too low for OCPDs to detect. It could take an electric arc minutes, days, weeks, months, or even years to initiate a fire. Therefore, a new solution was required for detecting those slowly developing arcs. Thus, arc-fault circuit-interrupters (AFCIs) were born. AFCIs are capable of detecting an arcing condition (while still developing) and de-energizing the circuit before the arcing circuit ignites.","PeriodicalId":50390,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Industry Applications Magazine","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140624895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-20DOI: 10.1109/mias.2023.3328505
Reza Kheirollahi, Zilong Zheng, Shuyan Zhao, Xin Zan, Yao Wang, Amr Mostafa, Hua Zhang, Xiaonan Lu, Al-Thaddeus Avestruz, Fei Lu
Direct current (DC) power systems have been advancing renewable energies to cope with the worldwide effort in minimizing carbon footprints. However, dc systems face technical limitations that require protection from dc circuit breakers. This article deals with the techno-economic analysis of dc solid-state circuit breakers (SSCBs) by involving design, cost, and performance parameters. To clarify the current situation and identify future needs, dc SSCBs are analyzed from three aspects. First, the deciding factors and performance criteria are illustrated. Second, the driving factors, technical challenges, and applications of dc SSCBs are discussed. Finally, the techno-economic analysis of practical SSCBs is elaborated. The presented concepts are evaluated by a 4 kV/100 A dc SSCB prototype as a case study, where the cost distribution among components is discussed. The results show that practicing marketing and economic perspectives in designing dc SSCBs can help to pave the way for advancing dc power system protection and facilitating fully penetrated dc transmission and distribution networks.
{"title":"Techno-Economic Analysis of Solid-State Circuit Breakers in DC Power System Applications: Design, Cost, and Performance Analyses","authors":"Reza Kheirollahi, Zilong Zheng, Shuyan Zhao, Xin Zan, Yao Wang, Amr Mostafa, Hua Zhang, Xiaonan Lu, Al-Thaddeus Avestruz, Fei Lu","doi":"10.1109/mias.2023.3328505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mias.2023.3328505","url":null,"abstract":"Direct current (DC) power systems have been advancing renewable energies to cope with the worldwide effort in minimizing carbon footprints. However, dc systems face technical limitations that require protection from dc circuit breakers. This article deals with the techno-economic analysis of dc solid-state circuit breakers (SSCBs) by involving design, cost, and performance parameters. To clarify the current situation and identify future needs, dc SSCBs are analyzed from three aspects. First, the deciding factors and performance criteria are illustrated. Second, the driving factors, technical challenges, and applications of dc SSCBs are discussed. Finally, the techno-economic analysis of practical SSCBs is elaborated. The presented concepts are evaluated by a 4 kV/100 A dc SSCB prototype as a case study, where the cost distribution among components is discussed. The results show that practicing marketing and economic perspectives in designing dc SSCBs can help to pave the way for advancing dc power system protection and facilitating fully penetrated dc transmission and distribution networks.","PeriodicalId":50390,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Industry Applications Magazine","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140624568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-20DOI: 10.1109/mias.2023.3328548
Robert J. Burns, Daniel E. Hrncir, Austin M. Johnson
As electrical safety continues to be a focal point across the industry, there is a growing need to provide further protection from arc-flash incidents. New technologies have emerged to meet this need, creating an opportunity for industry standards and guides to be revised to account for these technologies.
{"title":"Arc Quenching Technology in Switchgear: Surpassing IEEE C37.20.7","authors":"Robert J. Burns, Daniel E. Hrncir, Austin M. Johnson","doi":"10.1109/mias.2023.3328548","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mias.2023.3328548","url":null,"abstract":"As electrical safety continues to be a focal point across the industry, there is a growing need to provide further protection from arc-flash incidents. New technologies have emerged to meet this need, creating an opportunity for industry standards and guides to be revised to account for these technologies.","PeriodicalId":50390,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Industry Applications Magazine","volume":"228 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140625018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-01DOI: 10.1109/mias.2023.3264873
Donald G. Dunn, Dennis Bogh, Barry M. Wood
How does today’s process industry engineer even specify a motor with the plethora of industry standards from various standards development organizations around the globe? This article provides a basic overview of the issues that are essential in the decision process when purchasing a new motor and is directed toward the engineer who must specify motors but is not a motor specialist. Since project engineers are regularly expected to justify the options selected and purchase recommendations, this article provides guidance. Process industry motor standards are used in reviews of motor requirements and options available today.
{"title":"How to Specify a Motor With the Smorgasbord of Standards: A Road Map for Engineers","authors":"Donald G. Dunn, Dennis Bogh, Barry M. Wood","doi":"10.1109/mias.2023.3264873","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mias.2023.3264873","url":null,"abstract":"How does today’s process industry engineer even specify a motor with the plethora of industry standards from various standards development organizations around the globe? This article provides a basic overview of the issues that are essential in the decision process when purchasing a new motor and is directed toward the engineer who must specify motors but is not a motor specialist. Since project engineers are regularly expected to justify the options selected and purchase recommendations, this article provides guidance. Process industry motor standards are used in reviews of motor requirements and options available today.","PeriodicalId":50390,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Industry Applications Magazine","volume":"427 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136102769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-01DOI: 10.1109/MIAS.2023.3264868
J. Malinowski, William Bill Finley, Prakash Rao, R. Huddle
Petroleum and chemical refining, along with all other process industries, utilizes many electric motors to meet power demands. This article discusses results of an assessment survey of installed motors and drives performed by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) and funded by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) [1]. A key finding was that there are energy savings available with the addition of adjustable speed drives (ASDs). The National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) is collaborating with the Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance (NEEA) and Cadeo Group to develop a prescriptive process to allow for rebates for power drive systems (PDSs) consisting of a premium efficiency electric motor and an ASD. Most efficiency standards, such as NEMA MG 1 [2] or International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 60034-30-1 [4], today focus on the efficiency of the components, with or without an ASD, rather than focusing on energy savings through optimized process management NEMA MG 10011 [3]. Organizations are now looking at the combined energy use of the PDS, especially on variable torque loads, such as pumps, fans, and compressors that are commonplace in process industries. This is a paradigm change from component efficiency to energy savings through a PDS system.
{"title":"Department of Energy Motor and Drive Assessment Identifies Energy Savings for Power Drive Systems: A Paradigm Change","authors":"J. Malinowski, William Bill Finley, Prakash Rao, R. Huddle","doi":"10.1109/MIAS.2023.3264868","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MIAS.2023.3264868","url":null,"abstract":"Petroleum and chemical refining, along with all other process industries, utilizes many electric motors to meet power demands. This article discusses results of an assessment survey of installed motors and drives performed by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) and funded by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) <xref ref-type=\"bibr\" rid=\"ref1\">[1]</xref>. A key finding was that there are energy savings available with the addition of adjustable speed drives (ASDs). The National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) is collaborating with the Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance (NEEA) and Cadeo Group to develop a prescriptive process to allow for rebates for power drive systems (PDSs) consisting of a premium efficiency electric motor and an ASD. Most efficiency standards, such as NEMA MG 1 <xref ref-type=\"bibr\" rid=\"ref2\">[2]</xref> or International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 60034-30-1 <xref ref-type=\"bibr\" rid=\"ref4\">[4]</xref>, today focus on the efficiency of the components, with or without an ASD, rather than focusing on energy savings through optimized process management NEMA MG 10011 <xref ref-type=\"bibr\" rid=\"ref3\">[3]</xref>. Organizations are now looking at the combined energy use of the PDS, especially on variable torque loads, such as pumps, fans, and compressors that are commonplace in process industries. This is a paradigm change from component efficiency to energy savings through a PDS system.","PeriodicalId":50390,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Industry Applications Magazine","volume":"29 1","pages":"33-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62512201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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