Pub Date : 2023-12-13DOI: 10.1109/mias.2023.3325164
Ray Crow
Provides society information that may include news, reviews or technical notes that should be of interest to practitioners and researchers.
提供从业人员和研究人员感兴趣的社会信息，包括新闻、评论或技术说明。
{"title":"Committees Responsible for Creating and Revising Standards [Standards News]","authors":"Ray Crow","doi":"10.1109/mias.2023.3325164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mias.2023.3325164","url":null,"abstract":"Provides society information that may include news, reviews or technical notes that should be of interest to practitioners and researchers.","PeriodicalId":50390,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Industry Applications Magazine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138689031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1109/mias.2023.3328549
Daniel Majano, Brett Brenner
Contact with or exposure to electricity continues to be one of the leading causes of workplace fatalities and injuries in the United States. Between 2011 and 2021, there was a total of 1,201 workplace fatalities involving electricity reported to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), accounting for 6% of all workplace deaths. During this period, 69% of all electrically related fatalities happened in nonelectrically related occupations. Further, there has not been a significant decrease in the number of electrical fatalities since 2011. This article reviews each electrical incident reported to OSHA during this period to find the commonalities in fatal electrical incidents, determine if engineering controls or behavioral changes could have avoided the injury, and propose changes that can be made in the workplace and training to reduce the number of electrically related injuries in the United States.
{"title":"Why Do Electrical Fatalities Occur on the Job?: Understanding the Human Factor of a Fatality","authors":"Daniel Majano, Brett Brenner","doi":"10.1109/mias.2023.3328549","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mias.2023.3328549","url":null,"abstract":"Contact with or exposure to electricity continues to be one of the leading causes of workplace fatalities and injuries in the United States. Between 2011 and 2021, there was a total of 1,201 workplace fatalities involving electricity reported to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), accounting for 6% of all workplace deaths. During this period, 69% of all electrically related fatalities happened in nonelectrically related occupations. Further, there has not been a significant decrease in the number of electrical fatalities since 2011. This article reviews each electrical incident reported to OSHA during this period to find the commonalities in fatal electrical incidents, determine if engineering controls or behavioral changes could have avoided the injury, and propose changes that can be made in the workplace and training to reduce the number of electrically related injuries in the United States.","PeriodicalId":50390,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Industry Applications Magazine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140624894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-28DOI: 10.1109/mias.2023.3325104
Mohd Aquib, A. S. Vijay, Suryanarayana Doolla, Mukul C. Chandorkar
Smaller rated modular converters are often connected in parallel, as opposed to the installation of a single converter with a high power rating. This is typically done to achieve a more reliable power supply with reduced cost. The work presented in this article is directed toward achieving proportional load power sharing between modular connected distributed generators (DGs) comprising inverters with common ac and dc buses in ac microgrids that are islanded. Two new schemes have been proposed to achieve this, and their performances have been compared with that of a recently proposed decentralized linear adaptive virtual impedance (AVI) variation strategy. The control schemes have been tested for a wide variety of loads and integrated seamlessly with the conventional and inverse droop control approaches for enhanced performance under varying network $text{X}/text{R}$ parameters. The novel strategies are also validated on a modified 13-bus system with three DGs using offline simulations on MATLAB/Simulink. Validations using controller-hardware-in-the-loop (CHIL) setups are also carried out for meshed network conditions, different loads, and different DG power ratings and droop controller configurations.
{"title":"Power Sharing Enhancement Strategies for Parallel-Connected Voltage Source Inverters With Common dc and ac Buses in Islanded Microgrids: Two New Control Schemes","authors":"Mohd Aquib, A. S. Vijay, Suryanarayana Doolla, Mukul C. Chandorkar","doi":"10.1109/mias.2023.3325104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mias.2023.3325104","url":null,"abstract":"Smaller rated modular converters are often connected in parallel, as opposed to the installation of a single converter with a high power rating. This is typically done to achieve a more reliable power supply with reduced cost. The work presented in this article is directed toward achieving proportional load power sharing between modular connected distributed generators (DGs) comprising inverters with common ac and dc buses in ac microgrids that are islanded. Two new schemes have been proposed to achieve this, and their performances have been compared with that of a recently proposed decentralized linear adaptive virtual impedance (AVI) variation strategy. The control schemes have been tested for a wide variety of loads and integrated seamlessly with the conventional and inverse droop control approaches for enhanced performance under varying network <inline-formula xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$text{X}/text{R}$</tex-math></inline-formula> parameters. The novel strategies are also validated on a modified 13-bus system with three DGs using offline simulations on MATLAB/Simulink. Validations using controller-hardware-in-the-loop (CHIL) setups are also carried out for meshed network conditions, different loads, and different DG power ratings and droop controller configurations.","PeriodicalId":50390,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Industry Applications Magazine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139669101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-28DOI: 10.1109/mias.2023.3328504
H. Landis Floyd II
Since 1970, the discussion of occupational electrical safety in the United States has primarily focused on compliance with safe work practices in Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulations and National Fire Protection Administration (NFPA)70E, Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace. Without taking away from the importance of the requirements in the regulations and standards, this article discusses the limitations of compliance-based safety culture and a more comprehensive solution based on proven concepts derived from system safety. This article expands on the conference paper presented at the 2023 IEEE Industry Applications Society (IAS) Electrical Safety Workshop [1] .
{"title":"Through the Lens of System Safety: The Limitations of a Compliance-Based Safety Culture and Opportunities to Reduce Electrical Injuries","authors":"H. Landis Floyd II","doi":"10.1109/mias.2023.3328504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mias.2023.3328504","url":null,"abstract":"Since 1970, the discussion of occupational electrical safety in the United States has primarily focused on compliance with safe work practices in Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulations and National Fire Protection Administration (NFPA)70E, Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace. Without taking away from the importance of the requirements in the regulations and standards, this article discusses the limitations of compliance-based safety culture and a more comprehensive solution based on proven concepts derived from system safety. This article expands on the conference paper presented at the 2023 IEEE Industry Applications Society (IAS) Electrical Safety Workshop <xref ref-type=\"bibr\" r xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">[1]</xref>\u0000.","PeriodicalId":50390,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Industry Applications Magazine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140631079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-28DOI: 10.1109/mias.2023.3325091
Panagiotis Eleftheriadis, Sonia Leva, Manfredi Gangi, Alberto Valdes Rey, Andrea Borgo, Giacomo Coslop, Emanuele Groppo, Lorenzo Grande, Melissa Sedzik
Given the strong penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) and renewable energy sources, battery demand is dramatically increasing. To satisfy this huge request for batteries, a possible solution, taking into account a circular-economy framework, is given by second-life batteries (SLBs), a new technology that exploits deteriorated batteries from the EV sector for less demanding applications, such as stationary storage. On the one hand, SLBs make it possible to use batteries to their full extent. On the other hand, specific standards for SLBs are still missing and, from an industrial point of view, there are several factors that influence whether this business would be convenient or not. This article presents a possible lifecycle for EV batteries where SLBs are considered with different business strategies, also taking into account the possible SLB applications that can be derived from the reuse of batteries before being recycled. From an economic point of view, an economic assessment is introduced, providing possible parameters that may affect the SLB business either positively or negatively.
{"title":"Second Life Batteries: Current Regulatory Framework, Evaluation Methods, and Economic Assessment: Reuse, refurbish, or recycle","authors":"Panagiotis Eleftheriadis, Sonia Leva, Manfredi Gangi, Alberto Valdes Rey, Andrea Borgo, Giacomo Coslop, Emanuele Groppo, Lorenzo Grande, Melissa Sedzik","doi":"10.1109/mias.2023.3325091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mias.2023.3325091","url":null,"abstract":"Given the strong penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) and renewable energy sources, battery demand is dramatically increasing. To satisfy this huge request for batteries, a possible solution, taking into account a circular-economy framework, is given by second-life batteries (SLBs), a new technology that exploits deteriorated batteries from the EV sector for less demanding applications, such as stationary storage. On the one hand, SLBs make it possible to use batteries to their full extent. On the other hand, specific standards for SLBs are still missing and, from an industrial point of view, there are several factors that influence whether this business would be convenient or not. This article presents a possible lifecycle for EV batteries where SLBs are considered with different business strategies, also taking into account the possible SLB applications that can be derived from the reuse of batteries before being recycled. From an economic point of view, an economic assessment is introduced, providing possible parameters that may affect the SLB business either positively or negatively.","PeriodicalId":50390,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Industry Applications Magazine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138688516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-28DOI: 10.1109/mias.2023.3328503
Paul B. Sullivan, Mark S. Scarborough
This case study will provide the learnings from an arc-flash event in a 480-V substation. The event created significant equipment damage and injuries to one person. Some learnings that will be shared are inadequate maintenance practices, improper arc-flash personal protective equipment (PPE) selection, inadequate training, unawareness of electrical hazards, and questionable use of electrical equipment.
{"title":"Learnings From a 480-V Arc-Flash Event: Poor Design, Inadequate Maintenance, Insufficient Training, and Wrong PPE Results in Injury","authors":"Paul B. Sullivan, Mark S. Scarborough","doi":"10.1109/mias.2023.3328503","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mias.2023.3328503","url":null,"abstract":"This case study will provide the learnings from an arc-flash event in a 480-V substation. The event created significant equipment damage and injuries to one person. Some learnings that will be shared are inadequate maintenance practices, improper arc-flash personal protective equipment (PPE) selection, inadequate training, unawareness of electrical hazards, and questionable use of electrical equipment.","PeriodicalId":50390,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Industry Applications Magazine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140625006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-21DOI: 10.1109/mias.2023.3329292
Nehad El-Sherif, Thomas A. Domitrovich
Residential fires of electrical origin have been a major concern for a long time. A fire can be initiated by excessive current (due to an overload or a short circuit) or arcing current. Therefore, both the Canadian Electrical Code (CE Code) Part I and the National Electrical Code (NEC) require the installation of overcurrent protection devices (OCPDs) to detect and clear excessive current. Conversely, arcing current is too low for OCPDs to detect. It could take an electric arc minutes, days, weeks, months, or even years to initiate a fire. Therefore, a new solution was required for detecting those slowly developing arcs. Thus, arc-fault circuit-interrupters (AFCIs) were born. AFCIs are capable of detecting an arcing condition (while still developing) and de-energizing the circuit before the arcing circuit ignites.
{"title":"Demystification of Arc-Fault Circuit-Interrupters: Part I: Beginning of the Odyssey","authors":"Nehad El-Sherif, Thomas A. Domitrovich","doi":"10.1109/mias.2023.3329292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mias.2023.3329292","url":null,"abstract":"Residential fires of electrical origin have been a major concern for a long time. A fire can be initiated by excessive current (due to an overload or a short circuit) or arcing current. Therefore, both the Canadian Electrical Code (CE Code) Part I and the National Electrical Code (NEC) require the installation of overcurrent protection devices (OCPDs) to detect and clear excessive current. Conversely, arcing current is too low for OCPDs to detect. It could take an electric arc minutes, days, weeks, months, or even years to initiate a fire. Therefore, a new solution was required for detecting those slowly developing arcs. Thus, arc-fault circuit-interrupters (AFCIs) were born. AFCIs are capable of detecting an arcing condition (while still developing) and de-energizing the circuit before the arcing circuit ignites.","PeriodicalId":50390,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Industry Applications Magazine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140624895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-20DOI: 10.1109/mias.2023.3328548
Robert J. Burns, Daniel E. Hrncir, Austin M. Johnson
As electrical safety continues to be a focal point across the industry, there is a growing need to provide further protection from arc-flash incidents. New technologies have emerged to meet this need, creating an opportunity for industry standards and guides to be revised to account for these technologies.
{"title":"Arc Quenching Technology in Switchgear: Surpassing IEEE C37.20.7","authors":"Robert J. Burns, Daniel E. Hrncir, Austin M. Johnson","doi":"10.1109/mias.2023.3328548","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mias.2023.3328548","url":null,"abstract":"As electrical safety continues to be a focal point across the industry, there is a growing need to provide further protection from arc-flash incidents. New technologies have emerged to meet this need, creating an opportunity for industry standards and guides to be revised to account for these technologies.","PeriodicalId":50390,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Industry Applications Magazine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140625018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-20DOI: 10.1109/mias.2023.3328505
Reza Kheirollahi, Zilong Zheng, Shuyan Zhao, Xin Zan, Yao Wang, Amr Mostafa, Hua Zhang, Xiaonan Lu, Al-Thaddeus Avestruz, Fei Lu
Direct current (DC) power systems have been advancing renewable energies to cope with the worldwide effort in minimizing carbon footprints. However, dc systems face technical limitations that require protection from dc circuit breakers. This article deals with the techno-economic analysis of dc solid-state circuit breakers (SSCBs) by involving design, cost, and performance parameters. To clarify the current situation and identify future needs, dc SSCBs are analyzed from three aspects. First, the deciding factors and performance criteria are illustrated. Second, the driving factors, technical challenges, and applications of dc SSCBs are discussed. Finally, the techno-economic analysis of practical SSCBs is elaborated. The presented concepts are evaluated by a 4 kV/100 A dc SSCB prototype as a case study, where the cost distribution among components is discussed. The results show that practicing marketing and economic perspectives in designing dc SSCBs can help to pave the way for advancing dc power system protection and facilitating fully penetrated dc transmission and distribution networks.
{"title":"Techno-Economic Analysis of Solid-State Circuit Breakers in DC Power System Applications: Design, Cost, and Performance Analyses","authors":"Reza Kheirollahi, Zilong Zheng, Shuyan Zhao, Xin Zan, Yao Wang, Amr Mostafa, Hua Zhang, Xiaonan Lu, Al-Thaddeus Avestruz, Fei Lu","doi":"10.1109/mias.2023.3328505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mias.2023.3328505","url":null,"abstract":"Direct current (DC) power systems have been advancing renewable energies to cope with the worldwide effort in minimizing carbon footprints. However, dc systems face technical limitations that require protection from dc circuit breakers. This article deals with the techno-economic analysis of dc solid-state circuit breakers (SSCBs) by involving design, cost, and performance parameters. To clarify the current situation and identify future needs, dc SSCBs are analyzed from three aspects. First, the deciding factors and performance criteria are illustrated. Second, the driving factors, technical challenges, and applications of dc SSCBs are discussed. Finally, the techno-economic analysis of practical SSCBs is elaborated. The presented concepts are evaluated by a 4 kV/100 A dc SSCB prototype as a case study, where the cost distribution among components is discussed. The results show that practicing marketing and economic perspectives in designing dc SSCBs can help to pave the way for advancing dc power system protection and facilitating fully penetrated dc transmission and distribution networks.","PeriodicalId":50390,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Industry Applications Magazine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140624568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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