{"title":"Parasites of dogs and cats imported to Iceland during 1989 – 2017 with remarks on parasites occurring in the native populations","authors":"K. Skírnisson, G. R. Pálsdóttir, M. Eydal","doi":"10.16886/IAS.2018.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16886/IAS.2018.04","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50396,"journal":{"name":"Icelandic Agricultural Sciences","volume":"31 1","pages":"49-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67597252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Afforestation in southwest Iceland is hindered by eroded, infertile soils and salt deposition from strong oceanic winds. A trial plot of 25 provenances of native downy birch collected throughout Iceland was established in 1998 near Keflavik International Airport to identify the best adapted stock. Seedlings were fertilized in the early years; in 2003 lupine was transplanted into the plot. In 2012, the 25 provenances differed significantly in growth and survival. Both seedling height and survival correlated with latitude of provenance origin, but not with longitude, elevation, or distance from the Keflavik plot. Southern provenances performed better than other regions, with Thórsmörk best in both growth and survival. Local provenances were poorer in performance than many other southern provenances. For afforestation with downy birch, it is recommended that high-performing provenances be planted with initial artificial fertilization, accompanied by simultaneous seeding of lupine.
{"title":"Provenance variability in establishment of native downy birch in a 14-year trial in southwest Iceland","authors":"D. A. Riege, A. Sigurgeirsson","doi":"10.16886/IAS.2018.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16886/IAS.2018.01","url":null,"abstract":"Afforestation in southwest Iceland is hindered by eroded, infertile soils and salt deposition from strong oceanic winds. A trial plot of 25 provenances of native downy birch collected throughout Iceland was established in 1998 near Keflavik International Airport to identify the best adapted stock. Seedlings were fertilized in the early years; in 2003 lupine was transplanted into the plot. In 2012, the 25 provenances differed significantly in growth and survival. Both seedling height and survival correlated with latitude of provenance origin, but not with longitude, elevation, or distance from the Keflavik plot. Southern provenances performed better than other regions, with Thórsmörk best in both growth and survival. Local provenances were poorer in performance than many other southern provenances. For afforestation with downy birch, it is recommended that high-performing provenances be planted with initial artificial fertilization, accompanied by simultaneous seeding of lupine.","PeriodicalId":50396,"journal":{"name":"Icelandic Agricultural Sciences","volume":"31 1","pages":"3-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67597604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In Iceland, mountain birch dominates indigenous woodlands and scrub communities. For use in inventories of the natural birch population, we derived single parameter aboveground biomass functions from a stratified random sample encompassing the entire native birch population. We evaluated the accuracy of these models on independent data from the same population and used regressions of log-transformed predicted versus observed values and compared slope and intercept parameters against the 1:1 line. We propose that the level of accuracy of allometric models might be quantified by the size of Theil’s random error component (Ue) and the normality of residual variances might be a decisive test of acceptable functions. The commonly used allometric power function without intercept proved highly accurate for diameters at ground level but was biased for diameters measured at 0.5 m up the stem. We compared both non-linear regressions and log-transformed linear regression techniques. The latter produced more accurate models especially for applications to small diameter trees. Power functions with intercept and diameters measured 0.5 m above ground produced accurate estimates, except for trees with diameters less than 50 mm. We suggest allometric models for general use in Iceland for inventories of native birch woodlands and scrub.
{"title":"Single tree aboveground biomass models for native birch in Iceland","authors":"T. H. Jónsson, A. Snorrason","doi":"10.16886/IAS.2018.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16886/IAS.2018.05","url":null,"abstract":"In Iceland, mountain birch dominates indigenous woodlands and scrub communities. For use in inventories of the natural birch population, we derived single parameter aboveground biomass functions from a stratified random sample encompassing the entire native birch population. We evaluated the accuracy of these models on independent data from the same population and used regressions of log-transformed predicted versus observed values and compared slope and intercept parameters against the 1:1 line. We propose that the level of accuracy of allometric models might be quantified by the size of Theil’s random error component (Ue) and the normality of residual variances might be a decisive test of acceptable functions. The commonly used allometric power function without intercept proved highly accurate for diameters at ground level but was biased for diameters measured at 0.5 m up the stem. We compared both non-linear regressions and log-transformed linear regression techniques. The latter produced more accurate models especially for applications to small diameter trees. Power functions with intercept and diameters measured 0.5 m above ground produced accurate estimates, except for trees with diameters less than 50 mm. We suggest allometric models for general use in Iceland for inventories of native birch woodlands and scrub.","PeriodicalId":50396,"journal":{"name":"Icelandic Agricultural Sciences","volume":"31 1","pages":"65-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67597327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Maljanen, H. Bhattarai, C. Biasi, B. Sigurdsson
The project was funded by the Academy of Finland (no. 297735 and no. 132045). This work also contributes to the ForHot-Forest (Project No.163272-051 of the Icelandic Research Council), as well as to the Nordic CAR-ES project and the ClimMani COST Action (ES1308) and the International Program CryoCARB and COUP. The Kuopio Naturalists’ Society is thanked for a travel grant. Jaana Rissanen is thanked for assisting in the laboratory at the University of Eastern Finland. We also want to acknowledge the staff at the Reykir campus of the Agricultural University of Iceland for great logistic support.
{"title":"The effect of geothermal soil warming on the production of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), nitric oxide (NO) and nitrous acid (HONO) from forest soil in southern Iceland","authors":"M. Maljanen, H. Bhattarai, C. Biasi, B. Sigurdsson","doi":"10.16886/ias.2018.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16886/ias.2018.02","url":null,"abstract":"The project was funded by the Academy of Finland (no. 297735 and no. 132045). This work also contributes to the ForHot-Forest (Project No.163272-051 of the Icelandic Research Council), as well as to the Nordic CAR-ES project and the ClimMani COST Action (ES1308) and the International Program CryoCARB and COUP. The Kuopio Naturalists’ Society is thanked for a travel grant. Jaana Rissanen is thanked for assisting in the laboratory at the University of Eastern Finland. We also want to acknowledge the staff at the Reykir campus of the Agricultural University of Iceland for great logistic support.","PeriodicalId":50396,"journal":{"name":"Icelandic Agricultural Sciences","volume":"31 1","pages":"11-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67597614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maedi-visna virus (MVV) is a lentivirus of sheep causing inflammation in many organs, primarily the lungs and CNS. HIV and SIV also belong to the lentivirus genus of retroviruses. MVV and HIV have many features in common, including genome organization, mode of virus replication, virus-host interaction and latency. Both viruses infect cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage, but the main difference in cell tropism is that, whereas HIV infects T lymphocytes, MVV does not. Here, the molecular biology, cell tropism and pathogenesis of MVV are reviewed and some of the similarities as well as the dissimilarities between MVV and HIV are discussed.
{"title":"Maedi-visna virus as a model for HIV","authors":"V. Andrésdóttir","doi":"10.16886/IAS.2018.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16886/IAS.2018.03","url":null,"abstract":"Maedi-visna virus (MVV) is a lentivirus of sheep causing inflammation in many organs, primarily the lungs and CNS. HIV and SIV also belong to the lentivirus genus of retroviruses. MVV and HIV have many features in common, including genome organization, mode of virus replication, virus-host interaction and latency. Both viruses infect cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage, but the main difference in cell tropism is that, whereas HIV infects T lymphocytes, MVV does not. Here, the molecular biology, cell tropism and pathogenesis of MVV are reviewed and some of the similarities as well as the dissimilarities between MVV and HIV are discussed.","PeriodicalId":50396,"journal":{"name":"Icelandic Agricultural Sciences","volume":"31 1","pages":"23-47"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67597699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
INTRODUCTION Pollinator communities have an integral role in facilitating sexual reproduction within and between flowering plant populations. Declines in abundance and diversity of pollinating insects are widely documented throughout Europe, primarily the result of habitat loss and fragmentation (Fox 2013, Nieto et al. 2014, Goulson et al. 2015). In 1945, seeds of Nootka lupine (Lupinus nootkatensis Donn) were collected in Alaska, brought to Iceland, and introduced at reforestation sites. This plant’s invasiveness in Iceland was indicated by its tendency to replace native vegetation with homogeneous L. nootkatensis stands (Magnússon 2010). The lack of published research on Iceland’s broader pollinator community, combined with the dramatic changes in vegetation that have taken place over the last few decades, particularly with L. nootkatensis’s distribution, warrants an analysis of plant-pollinator relationships in Iceland, especially regarding L. nootkatensis. The present study aims to describe how pollinator communities differ between L. nootkatensis and the native flowering plants in heath habitat in south-west Iceland. The findings of this study will give an indication of whether L. nootkatensis can serve as an alternative food source for Iceland’s pollinator community, in the event that L. nootkatensis continues to replace native flowering plant communities throughout Iceland.
传粉者群落在促进开花植物种群内和种群间有性繁殖方面起着不可或缺的作用。传粉昆虫的丰度和多样性下降在整个欧洲都有广泛的记录，主要是栖息地丧失和破碎化的结果(Fox 2013, Nieto et al. 2014, Goulson et al. 2015)。1945年，人们在阿拉斯加收集了卢特卡羽扇豆(Lupinus nootkatensis Donn)的种子，带到冰岛，并在重新造林的地方引入。这种植物在冰岛的入侵性表明，它倾向于用同质的L. nootkatensis林分取代本地植被(Magnússon 2010)。由于缺乏对冰岛更广泛的传粉者群落的公开研究，再加上过去几十年植被发生的巨大变化，特别是nootkatensis的分布，有必要对冰岛植物与传粉者的关系进行分析，特别是关于L. nootkatensis。本研究旨在描述冰岛西南部荒原生境中nootkatensis与本地开花植物之间传粉者群落的差异。本研究的结果将表明，在冰岛各地L. nootkatensis继续取代本土开花植物群落的情况下，L. nootkatensis是否可以作为冰岛传粉昆虫群落的替代食物来源。
{"title":"Potential impact of Nootka lupine (Lupinus nootkatensis) invasion on pollinator communities in Iceland","authors":"Jonathan Willow, M. Tamayo, M. Jóhannsson","doi":"10.16886/IAS.2017.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16886/IAS.2017.06","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTION Pollinator communities have an integral role in facilitating sexual reproduction within and between flowering plant populations. Declines in abundance and diversity of pollinating insects are widely documented throughout Europe, primarily the result of habitat loss and fragmentation (Fox 2013, Nieto et al. 2014, Goulson et al. 2015). In 1945, seeds of Nootka lupine (Lupinus nootkatensis Donn) were collected in Alaska, brought to Iceland, and introduced at reforestation sites. This plant’s invasiveness in Iceland was indicated by its tendency to replace native vegetation with homogeneous L. nootkatensis stands (Magnússon 2010). The lack of published research on Iceland’s broader pollinator community, combined with the dramatic changes in vegetation that have taken place over the last few decades, particularly with L. nootkatensis’s distribution, warrants an analysis of plant-pollinator relationships in Iceland, especially regarding L. nootkatensis. The present study aims to describe how pollinator communities differ between L. nootkatensis and the native flowering plants in heath habitat in south-west Iceland. The findings of this study will give an indication of whether L. nootkatensis can serve as an alternative food source for Iceland’s pollinator community, in the event that L. nootkatensis continues to replace native flowering plant communities throughout Iceland.","PeriodicalId":50396,"journal":{"name":"Icelandic Agricultural Sciences","volume":"30 1","pages":"51-54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2017-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43050636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Genetic parameters for carcass conformation, carcass fat, ultrasound eye muscle depth and ultrasound fat depth over eye muscle were estimated with data from Icelandic farms during three periods, 2001-2003, 2006-2008 and 2011-2013. Heritability ranged from 0.30 to 0.42. Genetic correlation between carcass conformation and carcass fat was 0.41, 0.29 and 0.26 in 2001-2003, 2006-2008 and 2011-2013, respectively. Breeding values based on carcass scoring records of 5,796,474 lambs in 2000-2013 were estimated with a bivariate model and compared to the results of a multitrait model, including 715,771 ultrasound records. The genetic merit of rams for carcass conformation was underestimated in the bivariate analysis in the cases where many offspring were kept for replacement. Applying the multitrait model reduced this bias and gave more accurate results for both traits. The genetic trend was -0.05 and 0.08 genetic standard deviations per year for carcass fat and carcass conformation, respectively, in the period 2000-2013.
{"title":"Sources of bias, genetic trend and changes in genetic correlation in carcass and ultrasound traits in the icelandic sheep population","authors":"J. Eiríksson, Á. Sigurdsson","doi":"10.16886/IAS.2017.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16886/IAS.2017.01","url":null,"abstract":"Genetic parameters for carcass conformation, carcass fat, ultrasound eye muscle depth and ultrasound fat depth over eye muscle were estimated with data from Icelandic farms during three periods, 2001-2003, 2006-2008 and 2011-2013. Heritability ranged from 0.30 to 0.42. Genetic correlation between carcass conformation and carcass fat was 0.41, 0.29 and 0.26 in 2001-2003, 2006-2008 and 2011-2013, respectively. Breeding values based on carcass scoring records of 5,796,474 lambs in 2000-2013 were estimated with a bivariate model and compared to the results of a multitrait model, including 715,771 ultrasound records. The genetic merit of rams for carcass conformation was underestimated in the bivariate analysis in the cases where many offspring were kept for replacement. Applying the multitrait model reduced this bias and gave more accurate results for both traits. The genetic trend was -0.05 and 0.08 genetic standard deviations per year for carcass fat and carcass conformation, respectively, in the period 2000-2013.","PeriodicalId":50396,"journal":{"name":"Icelandic Agricultural Sciences","volume":"30 1","pages":"3-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2017-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49205873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper presents research findings, obtained through a long-term research programme “Productivity and sustainability of agricultural and forest soils” implemented by the Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry.
{"title":"Changes in soil carbon, nitrogen and sulphur content as influenced by liming and nitrogen fertilization of three energy crops","authors":"G. Šiaudinis, I. Liaudanskienė, A. Šlepetienė","doi":"10.16886/IAS.2017.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16886/IAS.2017.05","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents research findings, obtained through a long-term research programme “Productivity and sustainability of agricultural and forest soils” implemented by the Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry.","PeriodicalId":50396,"journal":{"name":"Icelandic Agricultural Sciences","volume":"30 1","pages":"43-50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67597460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
INTRODUCTION Bumblebees (Bombus spp.) are pollinators of especially high conservation interest. They have behaviours (pollen-gathering, buzz pollination), morphological structures (branched body hairs well-adapted for retaining pollen), and endothermic capabilities, that make them welladapted for transporting large amounts of pollen in subarctic regions (Heinrich & Vogt 1993, De Luca & Vallejo-Marín 2013). Recent findings indicate that 23.6% of bumblebee species in Europe are threatened with extinction, and that 45.6% of Europe’s bumblebee species are in decline (Nieto et al. 2014). These declines are likely due to multiple threats acting synergistically, but the primary threat is the loss and fragmentation of foraging and nesting resources (Kosior et al. 2007, Potts et al. 2010, Goulson et al. 2015). In Iceland, the aggressive spread of invasive non-native plant species such as Nootka lupine (Lupinus nootkatensis Donn) and cow parsley (Anthriscus sylvestris L.) (Magnússon 2011, Icelandic Institute of Natural History 2016) represents a serious threat to native forage-plant communities. Recent research suggests that Iceland’s only native bee, the heath bumblebee (B. jonellus Kirby), is at risk of serious declines in Iceland due to the spread of invasive plant populations (Willow 2016). To protect B. jonellus in Iceland, we need to not only manage invasive plant species, but also improve our knowledge of the native food plants that B. jonellus visits (Willow 2016). A range of flowering plant species used by B. jonellus in Iceland is given in Prŷs-Jones et al. (1981, 2016), with estimates of their significance as forage resources. However, further systematic observations of foraging preferences are required, as the plant-pollinator network throughout Iceland is undergoing changes, particularly due to the spread of invasive plant populations and the introduction of exotic bumblebee species (Magnússon 2011, Icelandic Institute of Natural History 2016, Prŷs-Jones et al. 2016). The primary aim of this study was to determine the significance of various plant species, across the forage season, as forage for B. jonellus in relatively natural environments in south-west Iceland. The importance of each forage plant species was estimated from the number of observed B. jonellus visits.
大黄蜂(Bombus spp.)是一种具有高度保护价值的传粉昆虫。它们的行为(采集花粉、蜂鸣式授粉)、形态结构(适合保存花粉的分支体毛)和吸热能力，使它们非常适合在亚北极地区运输大量花粉(Heinrich & Vogt 1993, De Luca & Vallejo-Marín 2013)。最近的研究结果表明，欧洲23.6%的大黄蜂物种面临灭绝的威胁，45.6%的欧洲大黄蜂物种正在减少(Nieto et al. 2014)。这些下降可能是由于多种威胁协同作用，但主要威胁是觅食和筑巢资源的损失和碎片化(Kosior等人，2007年，Potts等人，2010年，Goulson等人，2015年)。在冰岛，入侵的非本地植物物种，如卢特卡羽豆(Lupinus nootkatensis Donn)和牛欧芹(Anthriscus sylvestris L.) (Magnússon 2011，冰岛自然历史研究所2016)的积极传播对本地牧草植物群落构成了严重威胁。最近的研究表明，由于入侵植物种群的扩散，冰岛唯一的本土蜜蜂，健康大黄蜂(B. jonellus Kirby)在冰岛面临严重下降的风险(Willow 2016)。为了保护冰岛的jonellus，我们不仅需要管理入侵植物物种，还需要提高我们对jonellus所访问的本地食用植物的认识(Willow 2016)。冰岛jonellus使用的开花植物种类的范围见Prŷs-Jones等人(1981,2016)，并对其作为饲料资源的重要性进行了估计。然而，由于整个冰岛的植物传粉媒介网络正在发生变化，特别是由于入侵植物种群的传播和外来大黄蜂物种的引入(Magnússon 2011, Iceland Institute of Natural History 2016, Prŷs-Jones et al. 2016)，因此需要进一步系统地观察觅食偏好。本研究的主要目的是确定在冰岛西南部相对自然的环境中，不同植物物种在整个牧草季节作为jonellus的饲料的意义。根据观察到的jonellus来访次数估计了每种饲料植物的重要性。
{"title":"Case study on forage plants of the heath bumblebee (Bombus jonellus) in southwest Iceland","authors":"Jonathan Willow","doi":"10.16886/IAS.2017.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16886/IAS.2017.04","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTION Bumblebees (Bombus spp.) are pollinators of especially high conservation interest. They have behaviours (pollen-gathering, buzz pollination), morphological structures (branched body hairs well-adapted for retaining pollen), and endothermic capabilities, that make them welladapted for transporting large amounts of pollen in subarctic regions (Heinrich & Vogt 1993, De Luca & Vallejo-Marín 2013). Recent findings indicate that 23.6% of bumblebee species in Europe are threatened with extinction, and that 45.6% of Europe’s bumblebee species are in decline (Nieto et al. 2014). These declines are likely due to multiple threats acting synergistically, but the primary threat is the loss and fragmentation of foraging and nesting resources (Kosior et al. 2007, Potts et al. 2010, Goulson et al. 2015). In Iceland, the aggressive spread of invasive non-native plant species such as Nootka lupine (Lupinus nootkatensis Donn) and cow parsley (Anthriscus sylvestris L.) (Magnússon 2011, Icelandic Institute of Natural History 2016) represents a serious threat to native forage-plant communities. Recent research suggests that Iceland’s only native bee, the heath bumblebee (B. jonellus Kirby), is at risk of serious declines in Iceland due to the spread of invasive plant populations (Willow 2016). To protect B. jonellus in Iceland, we need to not only manage invasive plant species, but also improve our knowledge of the native food plants that B. jonellus visits (Willow 2016). A range of flowering plant species used by B. jonellus in Iceland is given in Prŷs-Jones et al. (1981, 2016), with estimates of their significance as forage resources. However, further systematic observations of foraging preferences are required, as the plant-pollinator network throughout Iceland is undergoing changes, particularly due to the spread of invasive plant populations and the introduction of exotic bumblebee species (Magnússon 2011, Icelandic Institute of Natural History 2016, Prŷs-Jones et al. 2016). The primary aim of this study was to determine the significance of various plant species, across the forage season, as forage for B. jonellus in relatively natural environments in south-west Iceland. The importance of each forage plant species was estimated from the number of observed B. jonellus visits.","PeriodicalId":50396,"journal":{"name":"Icelandic Agricultural Sciences","volume":"30 1","pages":"39-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67597391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Hilmarsson, Magnus Göransson, M. Lillemo, Þ. A. Kristjánsdóttir, Jónatan Hermannsson, Jón Hallsteinn Hallsson
Barley is of great importance in modern agriculture and is currently the fourth most important cereal after wheat, maize, and rice. It is well adapted to a range of climatic and day-length conditions, with a distribution from Ethiopia to northern Scandinavia. Despite this, Iceland, with its sub-arctic agriculture, is considered to be at the margin of barley cultivation. Still the importance of barley has steadily increased in Icelandic agriculture, most likely as the result of positive environmental change, continuous testing of new Nordic cultivars, and an Icelandic barley breeding project. Here we present a review of the results from barley cultivar trials from 40 locations over a 28-year period in Iceland in the years 1987-2014. The results showed that yields were rising and the time from sowing to harvest was getting shorter. Also, the Icelandic genotypes were heading earlier, while showing higher yields. The results also showed that test locations were getting fewer but at the same time the number of tested genotypes was increasing. The analysis presented here highlights both the strengths and weaknesses of the current breeding program and is therefore an important basis for future breeding projects for Icelandic agriculture and possibly for other small scale breeding projects aimed at peripheral areas. YFIRLIT Yfirlit um byggkynbætur og yrkjatilraunir á Íslandi 1987-2014. Bygg er mikilvæg nytjaplanta og er í fjórða sæti yfir mikilvægustu korntegundir í heiminu á eftir hveiti, maís og hrísgrjónum. Þó bygg hafi aðlagast fjölbreytilegum umhverfisskilyrðum, bæði loftslagi og daglengd, þá er ræktun á jaðri heimskautasvæðanna enn á mörkum þess mögulega, sem endurspeglast meðal annars í stuttri ræktunarsögu byggs á Íslandi og þeim erfiðleikum sem steðja að byggræktendum hérlendis. Þrátt fyrir það þá hefur mikilvægi byggs fyrir íslenskan landbúnað aukist nokkuð stöðugt undanfarin ár, sem meðal annars hefur verið skýrt sem afleiðing batnandi umhverfisskilyrða, prófana á erlendum byggyrkjum og kynbóta sérstaklega fyrir íslenskar aðstæður. Hér birtum við niðurstöður úr samanburðartilraunum á byggi sem fram hafa farið á 40 stöðum yfir 28 ára tímabili á árunum 1987-2014. Gögnin sýndu að tilraunastöðum fækkaði á meðan arfgerðum í tilraunum fjölgaði. Niðurstöðurnar sýndu að uppskera í tilraunum jókst á sama tíma og ræktunartímabilið styttist. Íslensku kynbótalínurnar skiluðu ekki aðeins meiri uppskeru í tilraunum heldur skriðu þær einnig fyrr. Niðurstöðurnar sem kynntar eru hér undirstrika bæði kosti og galla kynbótaverkefnisins og eru því mikilvægar áframhaldandi byggyrkjatilraunum fyrir íslenskan landbúnað og geta ef til vill nýst öðrum sambærilegum verkefnum á jaðarsvæðum.
大麦在现代农业中占有重要地位，是目前世界上仅次于小麦、玉米和水稻的第四大粮食作物。它很好地适应了一系列的气候和日照条件，分布从埃塞俄比亚到斯堪的纳维亚半岛北部。尽管如此，冰岛的亚北极农业被认为处于大麦种植的边缘。尽管如此，大麦在冰岛农业中的重要性仍在稳步上升，这很可能是积极的环境变化、对北欧新品种的持续测试以及冰岛大麦育种项目的结果。在这里，我们回顾了1987-2014年冰岛28年间40个地点的大麦品种试验结果。结果表明，产量不断提高，从播种到收获的时间越来越短。此外，冰岛的基因型早熟，产量也较高。结果还表明，检测地点越来越少，但检测的基因型数量却在增加。本文的分析突出了当前育种计划的优点和缺点，因此是冰岛农业未来育种项目的重要基础，也可能是针对周边地区的其他小规模育种项目的重要基础。YFIRLIT YFIRLIT um byggkynbætur og yrkjatilraunir Íslandi 1987-2014。Bygg er mikilvæg nytjaplanta og er í fjórða sæti yfir mikilvægustu korntegundir í heiminu eftir hveiti, maís og hrísgrjónum。Þó bygg hafi a - ðlagast fjölbreytilegum umhverfisskilyr æktun fjölbreytilegum, bæði loftslagi og daglengd， er ræktun ja - ri heimskautasvæðanna enn mörkum þess mögulega, sem endurspeglast me - al annars í stuttri ræktunarsögu byggs Íslandi og þeim erfi - ðleikum sem est - byggræktendum hsamrlendis。Þrátt fyrir það þ hefur mikilv byggs fyrir íslenskan landbúnað aukist nokkuð stöðugt undanfarin ár, sem meðal annars hekkuð skýrt sem afleiðing batnandi umhverfisskilr æ a, prófana erlendum byggyrkjum og kynbóta ss宽泛的lega fyrir íslenskar ah birtum við niðurstöður úr samanbur / artilraunum byggi sem fram hafa farið 40 stöðum yfir 28 ára tímabili árunum 1987-2014。Gögnin sýndu að tilraunastöðum fækka / i me / an arfger / um í tilraunum fjölgaði。Niðurstöðurnar sýndu að uppskera í tilraunum jókst sama tíma og ræktunartímabilið造型师。Íslensku kynbótalínurnar skilu æ u ekki a - eins meiri uppskeru í tilraunum heldur skriðu þær eining fyrr。Niðurstöðurnar sem kynntar eru h ær undirstrika bær æ i kosti og galla kynbótaverkefnisins og eru því mikilvægar áframhaldandi byggyrkjatilraunum fyrir íslenskan landbúnað og geta ef til vill nýst öðrum samba ærilegum verkefnum ja - arv ær æðum。
{"title":"An overview of barley breeding and variety trials in Iceland in 1987-2014","authors":"H. Hilmarsson, Magnus Göransson, M. Lillemo, Þ. A. Kristjánsdóttir, Jónatan Hermannsson, Jón Hallsteinn Hallsson","doi":"10.16886/IAS.2017.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16886/IAS.2017.02","url":null,"abstract":"Barley is of great importance in modern agriculture and is currently the fourth most important cereal after wheat, maize, and rice. It is well adapted to a range of climatic and day-length conditions, with a distribution from Ethiopia to northern Scandinavia. Despite this, Iceland, with its sub-arctic agriculture, is considered to be at the margin of barley cultivation. Still the importance of barley has steadily increased in Icelandic agriculture, most likely as the result of positive environmental change, continuous testing of new Nordic cultivars, and an Icelandic barley breeding project. Here we present a review of the results from barley cultivar trials from 40 locations over a 28-year period in Iceland in the years 1987-2014. The results showed that yields were rising and the time from sowing to harvest was getting shorter. Also, the Icelandic genotypes were heading earlier, while showing higher yields. The results also showed that test locations were getting fewer but at the same time the number of tested genotypes was increasing. The analysis presented here highlights both the strengths and weaknesses of the current breeding program and is therefore an important basis for future breeding projects for Icelandic agriculture and possibly for other small scale breeding projects aimed at peripheral areas. YFIRLIT Yfirlit um byggkynbætur og yrkjatilraunir á Íslandi 1987-2014. Bygg er mikilvæg nytjaplanta og er í fjórða sæti yfir mikilvægustu korntegundir í heiminu á eftir hveiti, maís og hrísgrjónum. Þó bygg hafi aðlagast fjölbreytilegum umhverfisskilyrðum, bæði loftslagi og daglengd, þá er ræktun á jaðri heimskautasvæðanna enn á mörkum þess mögulega, sem endurspeglast meðal annars í stuttri ræktunarsögu byggs á Íslandi og þeim erfiðleikum sem steðja að byggræktendum hérlendis. Þrátt fyrir það þá hefur mikilvægi byggs fyrir íslenskan landbúnað aukist nokkuð stöðugt undanfarin ár, sem meðal annars hefur verið skýrt sem afleiðing batnandi umhverfisskilyrða, prófana á erlendum byggyrkjum og kynbóta sérstaklega fyrir íslenskar aðstæður. Hér birtum við niðurstöður úr samanburðartilraunum á byggi sem fram hafa farið á 40 stöðum yfir 28 ára tímabili á árunum 1987-2014. Gögnin sýndu að tilraunastöðum fækkaði á meðan arfgerðum í tilraunum fjölgaði. Niðurstöðurnar sýndu að uppskera í tilraunum jókst á sama tíma og ræktunartímabilið styttist. Íslensku kynbótalínurnar skiluðu ekki aðeins meiri uppskeru í tilraunum heldur skriðu þær einnig fyrr. Niðurstöðurnar sem kynntar eru hér undirstrika bæði kosti og galla kynbótaverkefnisins og eru því mikilvægar áframhaldandi byggyrkjatilraunum fyrir íslenskan landbúnað og geta ef til vill nýst öðrum sambærilegum verkefnum á jaðarsvæðum.","PeriodicalId":50396,"journal":{"name":"Icelandic Agricultural Sciences","volume":"30 1","pages":"13-28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67597299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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