Pub Date : 2024-06-13DOI: 10.9734/ajbgmb/2024/v16i7390
Nkwocha, John Nnaemeka, P. O. Ogboye
This study evaluated the chemical composition and the effect of ethanolic extract of Persea americana pulp on caffeine induced oxidative stress on male wistar rats. Forty-five (45) mature male rats were used and divided into five (5) groups of nine (9) rats per group. Group two (2) to group five (5) were induced with 200mg/kg caffeine for two weeks. Three rats were sacrificed from each group after two weeks of induction and blood collected to check for caffeine toxicity. The rats were treated as follows for another four weeks, Group 1: Normal control(feed and water only)., Group 2:positive control (caffeine only), Group 3: 100mg/kg extract, Group 4: 300mg/kg extract, Group 5: 500mg/kg extract. The rats were slaughtered twice after treatment with avocado pulp extract: three rats from each group after two weeks of treatment with the avocado pulp extract and then three rats from each group after four weeks of treatment with avocado pulp extract to check the effect of the extract on caffeine induced toxicity on duration and dose dependent basis . Blood was collected for oxidative stress markers assay. Oxidative stress (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, glutathione reduced and malondi- aldehyde) were comparable to the negative control and positive control group. From the findings of this study, it can be concluded that oral administration of ethanolic pulp extract of Persea americana has a dose ameliorating effect on caffeine induced oxidative stress damage on male rats.
{"title":"Nutritional and Anti-oxidative Potentials of Ethanolic Extract of Avocado Pulp (Persea americana Mill) On Caffeine Induced Oxidative Stress on Wistar Rats","authors":"Nkwocha, John Nnaemeka, P. O. Ogboye","doi":"10.9734/ajbgmb/2024/v16i7390","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajbgmb/2024/v16i7390","url":null,"abstract":"This study evaluated the chemical composition and the effect of ethanolic extract of Persea americana pulp on caffeine induced oxidative stress on male wistar rats. Forty-five (45) mature male rats were used and divided into five (5) groups of nine (9) rats per group. Group two (2) to group five (5) were induced with 200mg/kg caffeine for two weeks. Three rats were sacrificed from each group after two weeks of induction and blood collected to check for caffeine toxicity. The rats were treated as follows for another four weeks, Group 1: Normal control(feed and water only)., Group 2:positive control (caffeine only), Group 3: 100mg/kg extract, Group 4: 300mg/kg extract, Group 5: 500mg/kg extract. The rats were slaughtered twice after treatment with avocado pulp extract: three rats from each group after two weeks of treatment with the avocado pulp extract and then three rats from each group after four weeks of treatment with avocado pulp extract to check the effect of the extract on caffeine induced toxicity on duration and dose dependent basis . Blood was collected for oxidative stress markers assay. Oxidative stress (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, glutathione reduced and malondi- aldehyde) were comparable to the negative control and positive control group. From the findings of this study, it can be concluded that oral administration of ethanolic pulp extract of Persea americana has a dose ameliorating effect on caffeine induced oxidative stress damage on male rats.","PeriodicalId":504014,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology","volume":"55 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141348224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-23DOI: 10.9734/ajbgmb/2024/v16i6385
G. C. Nwokocha
The prevalence of iodine deficiency disorders remains a challenge in numerous developing nations despite widespread advocacy for iodized salt and iodine-fortified foods. As a result, this study assesses the iodine content of ten selected vegetables—water leaf, okra, green, tomatoes, lettuce, “okazi”, “ugu”, cabbage, “uha” leaf, and garden egg leaf. The result revealed varying iodine concentrations among these vegetables: 159.93±2.25 μg/kg for water leaf, 151.27±1.61 μg/kg for okra, and 160.43±4.37 μg/kg for green. Tomatoes exhibited 110.10±2.76 μg/kg, while lettuce had 181.27±1.76 μg/kg. “Okazi”, “ugu”, cabbage, “uha” leaf, and garden egg leaf showed iodine levels of 155.10±3.50 μg/kg, 153.43±2.47 μg/kg, 96.10±2.00 μg/kg, and 127.77±3.01 μg/kg, respectively. The evaluation for goitrogens demonstrated sufficient presence in these vegetables, with notable exceptions such as zinc, which was found in lower concentrations in “ugu”, lettuce, “okazi”, and cabbage, and was absent in “uha” leaf, garden egg leaf, green, water leaf, and okra. Based on these results, it was concluded that Owerri's vegetables exhibit relatively high iodine content within recommended dietary allowances. Consequently, ongoing vigilance is advised for the salt iodization program to prevent excess iodine intake, particularly among high-risk populations.
{"title":"Evaluation of Iodine and Goitrogens in Selected Vegetables from Owerri Imo State in Nigeria","authors":"G. C. Nwokocha","doi":"10.9734/ajbgmb/2024/v16i6385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajbgmb/2024/v16i6385","url":null,"abstract":"The prevalence of iodine deficiency disorders remains a challenge in numerous developing nations despite widespread advocacy for iodized salt and iodine-fortified foods. As a result, this study assesses the iodine content of ten selected vegetables—water leaf, okra, green, tomatoes, lettuce, “okazi”, “ugu”, cabbage, “uha” leaf, and garden egg leaf. The result revealed varying iodine concentrations among these vegetables: 159.93±2.25 μg/kg for water leaf, 151.27±1.61 μg/kg for okra, and 160.43±4.37 μg/kg for green. Tomatoes exhibited 110.10±2.76 μg/kg, while lettuce had 181.27±1.76 μg/kg. “Okazi”, “ugu”, cabbage, “uha” leaf, and garden egg leaf showed iodine levels of 155.10±3.50 μg/kg, 153.43±2.47 μg/kg, 96.10±2.00 μg/kg, and 127.77±3.01 μg/kg, respectively. The evaluation for goitrogens demonstrated sufficient presence in these vegetables, with notable exceptions such as zinc, which was found in lower concentrations in “ugu”, lettuce, “okazi”, and cabbage, and was absent in “uha” leaf, garden egg leaf, green, water leaf, and okra. Based on these results, it was concluded that Owerri's vegetables exhibit relatively high iodine content within recommended dietary allowances. Consequently, ongoing vigilance is advised for the salt iodization program to prevent excess iodine intake, particularly among high-risk populations.","PeriodicalId":504014,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology","volume":"21 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141104440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-09DOI: 10.9734/ajbgmb/2024/v16i6384
R. Umoh, I. Johnny, Emmanuel R. Idio, N. Andy, Goodnews E. Charles, Anwanabasi E. Udoh, Daniel A. Owineng, TiyoAbasi A. Udom
Sanchezia speciosa Leonard, Acanthaceae is used as ornamental plant. It used in folklore medicine in the management of pain, anti-microbial and insecticide. An investigation was carried out to evaluate the various taxonomic, pharmacognostic and phytochemical standards to ensure the identity, purity, safety and efficacy of the medicinal plant, S. speciosa. Various observations were recorded which included microscopy, micromeritics, fluorescence, chemomicroscopy, soluble extractive values, moisture contents and phytochemical analysis. The results indicated that the epidermal shapes were both polygonal on the adaxial and abaxial surfaces. Stomatal distribution was amphistomatic with anisocytic and diacytic stomata on the adaxial and abaxial surface, respectively. Stomatal index was 21.47% on the adaxial surface and 15.43% on the abaxial surface. Micromeritics results for the leaf powder were bulk volume of 25.33± 0.408, tapped volume of 19.00± 0.00, bulk density of 0.40± 0.006, tapped density of 0.53± 0.021, Hausner’s ratio of 1.34± 0.037, Carr’s index of 25.00± 2.550 and angle of repose of 43.07°. The micromeritics indicated a passable flow. The chemo microscopy indicated presence of lignin, mucilage and starch. Fluorescence properties showed different colours under different ultraviolet lights. The water-soluble, methanol-soluble, ethanol-soluble extractive values were 14.7% w/w, 4.3% w/w and 5.0% w/w, respectively. Moisture content was 8.5% w/w. Total ash, acid-insoluble and water-soluble ash values were 20.0 % w/w, 2.0% w/w and 4.2% w/w, respectively. GC-MS of methanol extract revealed the total of 39 phytochemicals with over 5 prominent peaks having higher area% which include hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (2.64%), 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid methyl ester (4.77%), phytol (9.98%), 9,12,15 octadecatrienoic acid (12.97%), Stigmasterol (2.00%) and Squalene (28.16%). Other compounds are glycerin (5.83%), n-hexadecanoic acid (2.85%) and 9 octadecenamide (2.18%). Many of them possess good pharmacological properties. The data generated from the present study would help to authenticate S. speciosa and also affirm its folklore use in traditional medicine which has potential for further development into drug product.
{"title":"Studies on Various Taxonomic, Pharmacognostic and Phytochemical Properties of Sanchezia speciosa Leonard Acanthaceae","authors":"R. Umoh, I. Johnny, Emmanuel R. Idio, N. Andy, Goodnews E. Charles, Anwanabasi E. Udoh, Daniel A. Owineng, TiyoAbasi A. Udom","doi":"10.9734/ajbgmb/2024/v16i6384","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajbgmb/2024/v16i6384","url":null,"abstract":"Sanchezia speciosa Leonard, Acanthaceae is used as ornamental plant. It used in folklore medicine in the management of pain, anti-microbial and insecticide. An investigation was carried out to evaluate the various taxonomic, pharmacognostic and phytochemical standards to ensure the identity, purity, safety and efficacy of the medicinal plant, S. speciosa. Various observations were recorded which included microscopy, micromeritics, fluorescence, chemomicroscopy, soluble extractive values, moisture contents and phytochemical analysis. The results indicated that the epidermal shapes were both polygonal on the adaxial and abaxial surfaces. Stomatal distribution was amphistomatic with anisocytic and diacytic stomata on the adaxial and abaxial surface, respectively. Stomatal index was 21.47% on the adaxial surface and 15.43% on the abaxial surface. Micromeritics results for the leaf powder were bulk volume of 25.33± 0.408, tapped volume of 19.00± 0.00, bulk density of 0.40± 0.006, tapped density of 0.53± 0.021, Hausner’s ratio of 1.34± 0.037, Carr’s index of 25.00± 2.550 and angle of repose of 43.07°. The micromeritics indicated a passable flow. The chemo microscopy indicated presence of lignin, mucilage and starch. Fluorescence properties showed different colours under different ultraviolet lights. The water-soluble, methanol-soluble, ethanol-soluble extractive values were 14.7% w/w, 4.3% w/w and 5.0% w/w, respectively. Moisture content was 8.5% w/w. Total ash, acid-insoluble and water-soluble ash values were 20.0 % w/w, 2.0% w/w and 4.2% w/w, respectively. GC-MS of methanol extract revealed the total of 39 phytochemicals with over 5 prominent peaks having higher area% which include hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (2.64%), 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid methyl ester (4.77%), phytol (9.98%), 9,12,15 octadecatrienoic acid (12.97%), Stigmasterol (2.00%) and Squalene (28.16%). Other compounds are glycerin (5.83%), n-hexadecanoic acid (2.85%) and 9 octadecenamide (2.18%). Many of them possess good pharmacological properties. The data generated from the present study would help to authenticate S. speciosa and also affirm its folklore use in traditional medicine which has potential for further development into drug product.","PeriodicalId":504014,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology","volume":" 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140996338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-07DOI: 10.9734/ajbgmb/2024/v16i6383
I. Etti, Eno-obong A. Essang, E. Olorunsola
Background: Diabetes mellitus is a life-threatening disease associated with worsening of glycemic control, progressive metabolic dysfunctions and disruption of the Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog (PTEN) receptor. Purpose: To evaluate the effect of chloroquine on blood glucose level and lipid profile of alloxan-induced diabetic mice and to observe its interaction with PTEN, a negative regulator of insulin signaling pathway. Methodology: Thirty mice were used for the experiment. A group (n = 5) was kept as healthy control while the others were pre-treated with 140 mg/kg of alloxan monohydrate in distilled water. The alloxan-induced diabetic mice were randomly divided into four groups: diabetic model control group, 60 mg/kg chloroquine, 120 mg/kg chloroquine, and 10 mg/kg glibenclamide treatment groups respectively. Treatment was done once daily for seven days and the blood glucose level was investigated acutely and then daily throughout the experimental period. A molecular docking study was also conducted to evaluate the interaction of chloroquine with PTEN using PYRX software, while an automated COBAS C 311 machine was used to analyze the lipid profile after the treatment period. Results: Oral administration of chloroquine gradually and significantly lowered the raised blood glucose level in a time- and dose-dependent manner. A repeated study with 120 mg/kg of chloroquine revealed a decline in blood sugar from 221.5 ± 3.6 on day 1 to 85.5 ± 2.4 on day 7 in comparison to glibenclamide, whose sugar level was reduced to 75.5 ± 3.7 at the end of day 7. The docking study revealed a non-competitive inhibition with an inhibition score of -6.1 in comparison to metformin, which had a score of -4.4, and glibenclamide, which had a score of -9.0. This interaction resulted in a conformational change of the receptor, hence, enhancing glucose uptake and reducing the raised hyperglycemia. Treatment with chloroquine was also observed to reduce the total cholesterol and triglyceride levels from 162 in the model group to 144 and 141 to 116 mmol/L, respectively. The levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) following treatment with chloroquine were not statistically different from the non-diabetic healthy mice. These values were very similar to those obtained with glibenclamide-treated diabetic mice. Conclusion: From the results, chloroquine possesses potent antidiabetic properties and can improve dyslipidemia imposed by hyperglycemia probably owing to its inhibition of PTEN, a negative regulator of insulin resistance.
{"title":"Potential Effect of Chloroquine in Modulating Hyperglycemia and PTEN Receptor Linked Dyslipidemia on Alloxan-induced Diabetic Mice","authors":"I. Etti, Eno-obong A. Essang, E. Olorunsola","doi":"10.9734/ajbgmb/2024/v16i6383","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajbgmb/2024/v16i6383","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Diabetes mellitus is a life-threatening disease associated with worsening of glycemic control, progressive metabolic dysfunctions and disruption of the Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog (PTEN) receptor. \u0000Purpose: To evaluate the effect of chloroquine on blood glucose level and lipid profile of alloxan-induced diabetic mice and to observe its interaction with PTEN, a negative regulator of insulin signaling pathway.\u0000Methodology: Thirty mice were used for the experiment. A group (n = 5) was kept as healthy control while the others were pre-treated with 140 mg/kg of alloxan monohydrate in distilled water. The alloxan-induced diabetic mice were randomly divided into four groups: diabetic model control group, 60 mg/kg chloroquine, 120 mg/kg chloroquine, and 10 mg/kg glibenclamide treatment groups respectively. Treatment was done once daily for seven days and the blood glucose level was investigated acutely and then daily throughout the experimental period. A molecular docking study was also conducted to evaluate the interaction of chloroquine with PTEN using PYRX software, while an automated COBAS C 311 machine was used to analyze the lipid profile after the treatment period. \u0000Results: Oral administration of chloroquine gradually and significantly lowered the raised blood glucose level in a time- and dose-dependent manner. A repeated study with 120 mg/kg of chloroquine revealed a decline in blood sugar from 221.5 ± 3.6 on day 1 to 85.5 ± 2.4 on day 7 in comparison to glibenclamide, whose sugar level was reduced to 75.5 ± 3.7 at the end of day 7. The docking study revealed a non-competitive inhibition with an inhibition score of -6.1 in comparison to metformin, which had a score of -4.4, and glibenclamide, which had a score of -9.0. This interaction resulted in a conformational change of the receptor, hence, enhancing glucose uptake and reducing the raised hyperglycemia. Treatment with chloroquine was also observed to reduce the total cholesterol and triglyceride levels from 162 in the model group to 144 and 141 to 116 mmol/L, respectively. The levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) following treatment with chloroquine were not statistically different from the non-diabetic healthy mice. These values were very similar to those obtained with glibenclamide-treated diabetic mice.\u0000Conclusion: From the results, chloroquine possesses potent antidiabetic properties and can improve dyslipidemia imposed by hyperglycemia probably owing to its inhibition of PTEN, a negative regulator of insulin resistance.","PeriodicalId":504014,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology","volume":"6 23","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141004464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-02DOI: 10.9734/ajbgmb/2024/v16i6382
Huang Qiuyu, Juanjuan Chen, Yao Mi, Lingna Zhang, Li Wen, Huang Yi
Objective: This study aimed to isolate and characterize a bacterium capable of degrading the pesticide paclobutrazol. The strain was obtained from soil enriched with paclobutrazol, and its degradation ability was assessed using gas chromatography (GC). Methods: A single strain was isolated from the soil solution of Ophiopogon japonicus, a plant exposed to excessive paclobutrazol spraying. Initial isolation utilized dilution and plating methods, followed by separation and purification through the streak plate technique. BLAST analysis revealed the strain's highest similarity to Deinococcus arenae SA1, with 100% homology after removing excess sequences. Subsequently, the degradation efficiency of this bacterium on paclobutrazol was evaluated by gas chromatography. Results: Quantification using the external standard method yielded a standard curve equation of y=0.0977x-0.412, with a correlation coefficient (R²) of 0.99842. Testing at different time showed that the Deinococcus arenae achieved a degradation rate of 2.49% after three days of degrading paclobutrazol. After five days, the degradation rate increased to 17.58%, reaching 38.66% after seven days, 42.20% after nine days, and 43.87% after eleven days. Conclusion: The Deinococcus arenae strain exhibited a significant degradation effect on paclobutrazol. This finding suggests potential for developing microbial agents to degrade paclobutrazol, promoting sustainable practices in agriculture.
{"title":"Isolation, Characterization, and Degradation Efficiency Testing of a Paclobutrazol-degrading Bacterium: Deinococcus arenae","authors":"Huang Qiuyu, Juanjuan Chen, Yao Mi, Lingna Zhang, Li Wen, Huang Yi","doi":"10.9734/ajbgmb/2024/v16i6382","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajbgmb/2024/v16i6382","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: This study aimed to isolate and characterize a bacterium capable of degrading the pesticide paclobutrazol. The strain was obtained from soil enriched with paclobutrazol, and its degradation ability was assessed using gas chromatography (GC). \u0000Methods: A single strain was isolated from the soil solution of Ophiopogon japonicus, a plant exposed to excessive paclobutrazol spraying. Initial isolation utilized dilution and plating methods, followed by separation and purification through the streak plate technique. BLAST analysis revealed the strain's highest similarity to Deinococcus arenae SA1, with 100% homology after removing excess sequences. Subsequently, the degradation efficiency of this bacterium on paclobutrazol was evaluated by gas chromatography. \u0000Results: Quantification using the external standard method yielded a standard curve equation of y=0.0977x-0.412, with a correlation coefficient (R²) of 0.99842. Testing at different time showed that the Deinococcus arenae achieved a degradation rate of 2.49% after three days of degrading paclobutrazol. After five days, the degradation rate increased to 17.58%, reaching 38.66% after seven days, 42.20% after nine days, and 43.87% after eleven days. \u0000Conclusion: The Deinococcus arenae strain exhibited a significant degradation effect on paclobutrazol. This finding suggests potential for developing microbial agents to degrade paclobutrazol, promoting sustainable practices in agriculture.","PeriodicalId":504014,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology","volume":"23 26","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141019828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-01DOI: 10.9734/ajbgmb/2024/v16i6381
Oye Ranti Ajoke
The use of herbal medicines has a very long history for therapeutic purposes. However, cases of toxicological effects have been reported. The present study aims to assess the safety level of herbal medicines by monitoring the organochlorine pesticide (OCP) residues content. This study assessed the presence of seventeen organochlorine pesticide residues in twenty-seven (27) herbal medicine samples (14 liquid and 13 solid) collected from seven Local Government Area of Lagos state, Nigeria. The residues were analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) with solid phase extraction. Results showed the presence of banned OCP residues in all the selected samples at concentrations greater than the Maximum Residue limit, MRL. The Estimated Daily Intake, EDI measures the level of exposure to the pesticide residues for all the samples were found to be lower than the Acceptable Daily Intake, ADI. Health Risk Index (HRI) of all the selected samples was generally lesser than one (1) which indicates that long term exposure may not be of immediate concern to the consumers. The solid herbal medicines were found to have higher mean concentration, EDI and HRI when compared to the liquid herbal samples, suggesting that processing and preparation techniques for solid herbal medicines should be improved. The presence of the banned OCP residues in herbal medicine is, however, of public health interest and should be regularly monitored.
{"title":"Health Risk Assessment of Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Selected Herbal Medicines Sold in Lagos State, Nigeria","authors":"Oye Ranti Ajoke","doi":"10.9734/ajbgmb/2024/v16i6381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajbgmb/2024/v16i6381","url":null,"abstract":"The use of herbal medicines has a very long history for therapeutic purposes. However, cases of toxicological effects have been reported. The present study aims to assess the safety level of herbal medicines by monitoring the organochlorine pesticide (OCP) residues content. This study assessed the presence of seventeen organochlorine pesticide residues in twenty-seven (27) herbal medicine samples (14 liquid and 13 solid) collected from seven Local Government Area of Lagos state, Nigeria. The residues were analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) with solid phase extraction. Results showed the presence of banned OCP residues in all the selected samples at concentrations greater than the Maximum Residue limit, MRL. The Estimated Daily Intake, EDI measures the level of exposure to the pesticide residues for all the samples were found to be lower than the Acceptable Daily Intake, ADI. Health Risk Index (HRI) of all the selected samples was generally lesser than one (1) which indicates that long term exposure may not be of immediate concern to the consumers. The solid herbal medicines were found to have higher mean concentration, EDI and HRI when compared to the liquid herbal samples, suggesting that processing and preparation techniques for solid herbal medicines should be improved. The presence of the banned OCP residues in herbal medicine is, however, of public health interest and should be regularly monitored.","PeriodicalId":504014,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology","volume":"11 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141048080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aims: This study investigated the antimicrobial resistance profile and extended spectrum beta-lactamase resistance genes in Escherichia coli of from urine of patients sourced from General Hospital, Karshi, Abuja, Nigeria. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Microbiology, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, between August 2022 and February 2023. Methodology: A total of 120 samples were collected from patients. Escherichia coli was isolated from the samples using standard microbiological methods. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was evaluated as described by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). The detection of ESBL production in E. coli isolates was carried out using double disc synergy test. In addition, molecular detection of ESBL genes was carried out using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method. Results: The prevalence of E. coli was 17.5% (21/120), out of which two (2) of the positive isolates (9.5%) were male, and 19 (90.5%) female. Antibiotic resistances in the isolates in decreasing order were as follows: sulphamethoxazole / trimethoprim (SXT: 81.0%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (AMC: 61.9%), ofloxacin (OFX: 66.7%), cefotaxime (CTX: 53.4%), gentamicin (CN: 42.9%), ceftriaxone (CRO: 33.3%), imipenem (IPM: 33.3%), meropenem (MOR: 42.4%), nitrofurantoin (NET: 20.3%) and ciprofloxacin (CIP: 23.8%). The commonest antibiotic resistant resistance phenotype was CIP-OFX-SXT (23.8%). Multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) was observed in 90.5% (19/21) of the isolates, with the common MAR index being 0.3 (23.8%). Six of the twenty one beta-lactam resistant isolates (28.5%) were confirmed ESBL producers. The 6 ESBL positive isolates carried bla genes as follows: blaTEM (1/6, 16.7%) and blaCTX-M (1/6, 16.7%). blaSHV only was not found in any of the isolates. Conclusion: The E. coli isolates from urine of patients in General Hospital, Karshi, Abuja, Nigeria was less resistant to ciprofloxacin, nitrofurantoin, meropenem and imipenem. This implies that the antibiotics are useful in the treatment of infection caused by E. coli. Also, ESBL-positive E. coli isolates harbored ESBL genes, with blaCTX-M and blaTEM as the most common.
{"title":"Antimicrobial Resistance Profile and Extended Spectrum Beta-lactamase Resistance Genes in Escherichia coli from Patients in General Hospital, Karshi, Abuja, Nigeria","authors":"Bassey A.P, Ngwai Y.B, Nkene I.H, Tama S.C, Igbawua I.N, Bassey B.E","doi":"10.9734/ajbgmb/2024/v16i5373","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajbgmb/2024/v16i5373","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: This study investigated the antimicrobial resistance profile and extended spectrum beta-lactamase resistance genes in Escherichia coli of from urine of patients sourced from General Hospital, Karshi, Abuja, Nigeria.\u0000Study Design: Cross-sectional study.\u0000Place and Duration of Study: Department of Microbiology, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, between August 2022 and February 2023.\u0000Methodology: A total of 120 samples were collected from patients. Escherichia coli was isolated from the samples using standard microbiological methods. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was evaluated as described by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). The detection of ESBL production in E. coli isolates was carried out using double disc synergy test. In addition, molecular detection of ESBL genes was carried out using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method.\u0000Results: The prevalence of E. coli was 17.5% (21/120), out of which two (2) of the positive isolates (9.5%) were male, and 19 (90.5%) female. Antibiotic resistances in the isolates in decreasing order were as follows: sulphamethoxazole / trimethoprim (SXT: 81.0%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (AMC: 61.9%), ofloxacin (OFX: 66.7%), cefotaxime (CTX: 53.4%), gentamicin (CN: 42.9%), ceftriaxone (CRO: 33.3%), imipenem (IPM: 33.3%), meropenem (MOR: 42.4%), nitrofurantoin (NET: 20.3%) and ciprofloxacin (CIP: 23.8%). The commonest antibiotic resistant resistance phenotype was CIP-OFX-SXT (23.8%). Multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) was observed in 90.5% (19/21) of the isolates, with the common MAR index being 0.3 (23.8%). Six of the twenty one beta-lactam resistant isolates (28.5%) were confirmed ESBL producers. The 6 ESBL positive isolates carried bla genes as follows: blaTEM (1/6, 16.7%) and blaCTX-M (1/6, 16.7%). blaSHV only was not found in any of the isolates.\u0000Conclusion: The E. coli isolates from urine of patients in General Hospital, Karshi, Abuja, Nigeria was less resistant to ciprofloxacin, nitrofurantoin, meropenem and imipenem. This implies that the antibiotics are useful in the treatment of infection caused by E. coli. Also, ESBL-positive E. coli isolates harbored ESBL genes, with blaCTX-M and blaTEM as the most common.","PeriodicalId":504014,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology","volume":"81 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140371088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-26DOI: 10.9734/ajbgmb/2024/v16i5372
A. Shukla, V. K. Sharma
Cancer, a multifactorial disorder, arises due to defect in genetic makeup and exposure to unfavourable environmental conditions. Oral cancer, a life-threatening cancer worldwide, arises in the oral cavity due to ill-habits such as tobacco smoking and chewing. Monitoring body weight is an essential aspect of any preclinical study, including DMBA-induced oral carcinoma rat models and models with potential therapeutic interventions like Zingiber and piper feeding. Changes in body weight, feeding, water intake can provide valuable insights into the general health and physiological effects of the experimental conditions.
{"title":"Camparative Study of the Physical Parameters in DMBA Induced Oral Carcinoma Rat Model and Herbal Extract FED Oral Carcinoma Rat Model","authors":"A. Shukla, V. K. Sharma","doi":"10.9734/ajbgmb/2024/v16i5372","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajbgmb/2024/v16i5372","url":null,"abstract":"Cancer, a multifactorial disorder, arises due to defect in genetic makeup and exposure to unfavourable environmental conditions. Oral cancer, a life-threatening cancer worldwide, arises in the oral cavity due to ill-habits such as tobacco smoking and chewing. Monitoring body weight is an essential aspect of any preclinical study, including DMBA-induced oral carcinoma rat models and models with potential therapeutic interventions like Zingiber and piper feeding. Changes in body weight, feeding, water intake can provide valuable insights into the general health and physiological effects of the experimental conditions.","PeriodicalId":504014,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology","volume":"1 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140378801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-06DOI: 10.9734/ajbgmb/2024/v16i4367
Emmanuel Ikechukwu, Peace Nwachukwu Agu, Hephzibah Boluwatito Olumuji, M. Anagboso, I. Johnny, J. Okokon, Nwakaego Omonigho Ebong
Heinsia crinata (Afzel.) G. Taylor (Rubiaceae), Justicia insularis T. Anderson (Acanthaceae family) and Lasianthera africana. P.Beav (Stemonuraceae), which are used as vegetables in the preparation of soups and as medicine traditionally to treat various diseases by the Ibibios were investigated for genotoxic and cytotoxic effects using Allium cepa test. The effects of the leaf extracts on the root meristem cells of Allium cepa were investigated using onion bulbs exposed to 2.5 mg/mL, 5mg/mL, and 10 mg/mL concentrations of the extracts for macroscopic and microscopic analysis. Tap water was used as a negative control and Methotrexate (0.1 mg/ml) was used as a positive control. There was statistically significant (p<0.05) inhibition of root growth depending on concentration by the extracts when compared with the negative control group. All the tested extracts were observed to have cytotoxic effects on cell division in A. cepa. The extracts induced chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei (MNC) formations in A. cepa root tip cells were significant (p<0.05) when compared with control group. The extracts treatment further induced cell death, ghost cells, cells membrane damage, and binucleated cells. These results suggest that the leaf extracts of Lasianthera africana, Heinsia crinata and Justicia insularis possess cytotoxic and genotoxic effects on A. cepa.
Heinsia crinata (Afzel.) G. Taylor（茜草科）、Justicia insularis T. Anderson（刺桐科）和 Lasianthera africana.P.Beav (Stemonuraceae)，这些植物被伊比比亚人用作蔬菜来制作汤，并作为传统药物来治疗各种疾病。用暴露在 2.5 毫克/毫升、5 毫克/毫升和 10 毫克/毫升浓度提取物中的洋葱球茎进行宏观和微观分析，研究叶提取物对薤白根部分生组织细胞的影响。自来水用作阴性对照，甲氨蝶呤（0.1 毫克/毫升）用作阳性对照。与阴性对照组相比，不同浓度的提取物对根生长的抑制作用具有统计学意义（p<0.05）。所有测试的提取物都对牛肝菌的细胞分裂有细胞毒性作用。与对照组相比，萃取物诱导的染色体畸变和微核（MNC）的形成具有显著性（p<0.05）。提取物处理进一步诱导细胞死亡、鬼细胞、细胞膜损伤和双核细胞。这些结果表明，Lasianthera africana、Heinsia crinata 和 Justicia insularis 的叶提取物对 A. cepa 具有细胞毒性和基因毒性作用。
{"title":"Evaluation of Genotoxic and Cytotoxic Activities of Three Vegetables (Heinsia crinata, Justicia insularis and Lasianthera africana) Using Allium cepa Test","authors":"Emmanuel Ikechukwu, Peace Nwachukwu Agu, Hephzibah Boluwatito Olumuji, M. Anagboso, I. Johnny, J. Okokon, Nwakaego Omonigho Ebong","doi":"10.9734/ajbgmb/2024/v16i4367","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajbgmb/2024/v16i4367","url":null,"abstract":"Heinsia crinata (Afzel.) G. Taylor (Rubiaceae), Justicia insularis T. Anderson (Acanthaceae family) and Lasianthera africana. P.Beav (Stemonuraceae), which are used as vegetables in the preparation of soups and as medicine traditionally to treat various diseases by the Ibibios were investigated for genotoxic and cytotoxic effects using Allium cepa test. The effects of the leaf extracts on the root meristem cells of Allium cepa were investigated using onion bulbs exposed to 2.5 mg/mL, 5mg/mL, and 10 mg/mL concentrations of the extracts for macroscopic and microscopic analysis. Tap water was used as a negative control and Methotrexate (0.1 mg/ml) was used as a positive control. There was statistically significant (p<0.05) inhibition of root growth depending on concentration by the extracts when compared with the negative control group. All the tested extracts were observed to have cytotoxic effects on cell division in A. cepa. The extracts induced chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei (MNC) formations in A. cepa root tip cells were significant (p<0.05) when compared with control group. The extracts treatment further induced cell death, ghost cells, cells membrane damage, and binucleated cells. These results suggest that the leaf extracts of Lasianthera africana, Heinsia crinata and Justicia insularis possess cytotoxic and genotoxic effects on A. cepa.","PeriodicalId":504014,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology","volume":"60 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140077687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aims: This study aimed to estimate the occurrence of ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) in ready-to-eat street foods. Study Design: It's a prospective study Place and Duration of Study: foods samples were collected from February 2016 to June 2017 from street vendors in Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire Methodology: A total of 300 foods samples were collected from February 2016 to June 2017 from street vendors in Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire. After a microbiological analysis, bacterial identification was performed according to the conventional microbiological tests. Antibiotic sensitivity of K. pneumoniae isolates to 18 antibiotics was determined by the disk diffusion method and by VITEK 2. Phenotypic and molecular detection of producing extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) was performed by Chromogenic medium and double disk synergy test and by PCR method. Results: Four percentages (4 %) of foods samples were contaminated by K. pneumoniae. Most of the 12 K. pneumoniae strains isolated expressed resistance to the various classes of antibiotics used. Of the 12 strains, one was ESBL-producing, representing a prevalence of 8 %. This strain was isolated from cooked cow's milk and resistant with all 18 antibiotics tested except gentamicin and sulfamethoxazol-trimepothrim. This strain harbored only blaSHV gene. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that RTE foods are a reservoir of resistant bacteria. Thus, they may play a role in spreading antimicrobial resistant bacteria and ESBL genes to humans.
{"title":"Occurrence of ESBL‐Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Ready‐to‐eat Street Foods in Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire","authors":"Tuo Nonfra Marie, Coulibaly Baba, Monemo Pacome, Mueller-Schulte Eloise, Akoua-Koffi Chantal","doi":"10.9734/ajbgmb/2024/v16i4366","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajbgmb/2024/v16i4366","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: This study aimed to estimate the occurrence of ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) in ready-to-eat street foods. \u0000Study Design: It's a prospective study \u0000Place and Duration of Study: foods samples were collected from February 2016 to June 2017 from street vendors in Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire \u0000Methodology: A total of 300 foods samples were collected from February 2016 to June 2017 from street vendors in Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire. After a microbiological analysis, bacterial identification was performed according to the conventional microbiological tests. Antibiotic sensitivity of K. pneumoniae isolates to 18 antibiotics was determined by the disk diffusion method and by VITEK 2. Phenotypic and molecular detection of producing extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) was performed by Chromogenic medium and double disk synergy test and by PCR method. \u0000Results: Four percentages (4 %) of foods samples were contaminated by K. pneumoniae. Most of the 12 K. pneumoniae strains isolated expressed resistance to the various classes of antibiotics used. Of the 12 strains, one was ESBL-producing, representing a prevalence of 8 %. This strain was isolated from cooked cow's milk and resistant with all 18 antibiotics tested except gentamicin and sulfamethoxazol-trimepothrim. This strain harbored only blaSHV gene. \u0000Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that RTE foods are a reservoir of resistant bacteria. Thus, they may play a role in spreading antimicrobial resistant bacteria and ESBL genes to humans.","PeriodicalId":504014,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology","volume":"126 48","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140078787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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