Mark Baah-Acheamfour, Scott X. Chang, E. Bork, C. Carlyle
Canadian agriculture is a source of greenhouse gases (GHG) and agroforestry has the potential to sequester carbon (C), and mitigate agricultural GHG emissions. Agroforestry systems are common features in Canada’s agricultural landscape; however, there are limited empirical data to support implementation of agroforestry practices for GHG mitigation. This shortfall of data may be a contributing factor to the lack of policy that supports the use of agroforestry for GHG mitigation in the Canadian agricultural landscape. We reviewed published studies that compared C stocks in vegetation and soils, and/or GHG emissions in agroforestry systems to traditional agriculture across Canada, with the aims of assessing the benefit of adopting agroforestry for GHG reduction. We then identified data gaps and obstacles that could direct future research. We found that most studies reported increases in vegetation and soil organic C storage in areas with woody species compared to herbaceous crops. Agroforestry systems also r...
{"title":"The potential of agroforestry to reduce atmospheric greenhouse gases in Canada: Insight from pairwise comparisons with traditional agriculture, data gaps and future research","authors":"Mark Baah-Acheamfour, Scott X. Chang, E. Bork, C. Carlyle","doi":"10.5558/TFC2017-024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5558/TFC2017-024","url":null,"abstract":"Canadian agriculture is a source of greenhouse gases (GHG) and agroforestry has the potential to sequester carbon (C), and mitigate agricultural GHG emissions. Agroforestry systems are common features in Canada’s agricultural landscape; however, there are limited empirical data to support implementation of agroforestry practices for GHG mitigation. This shortfall of data may be a contributing factor to the lack of policy that supports the use of agroforestry for GHG mitigation in the Canadian agricultural landscape. We reviewed published studies that compared C stocks in vegetation and soils, and/or GHG emissions in agroforestry systems to traditional agriculture across Canada, with the aims of assessing the benefit of adopting agroforestry for GHG reduction. We then identified data gaps and obstacles that could direct future research. We found that most studies reported increases in vegetation and soil organic C storage in areas with woody species compared to herbaceous crops. Agroforestry systems also r...","PeriodicalId":50433,"journal":{"name":"Forestry Chronicle","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2017-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5558/TFC2017-024","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48074113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This is a brief review on the progress and impacts of China’s Natural Forest Protection Program that was initiated in response to massive flooding in 1998 of the major river basins of China. The program was heavily financed by the central government and was a success in terms of three program goals: timber harvest control in the natural forests; increase in the total area of forest protection; and, the successful resettlement of forest workers who were affected by reduced harvests. The ecological, social, and economic impacts of the program are discussed.
{"title":"China’s Natural Forest Protection Program: Progress and impacts","authors":"Yang-hua","doi":"10.5558/TFC2017-017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5558/TFC2017-017","url":null,"abstract":"This is a brief review on the progress and impacts of China’s Natural Forest Protection Program that was initiated in response to massive flooding in 1998 of the major river basins of China. The program was heavily financed by the central government and was a success in terms of three program goals: timber harvest control in the natural forests; increase in the total area of forest protection; and, the successful resettlement of forest workers who were affected by reduced harvests. The ecological, social, and economic impacts of the program are discussed.","PeriodicalId":50433,"journal":{"name":"Forestry Chronicle","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2017-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5558/TFC2017-017","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48398366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The outcomes and impacts of government scientific research are difficult to evaluate, yet there is a growing demand for quantification of these impacts. Forest and forestry-related research is no exception. We adapted an impact assessment methodology for the evaluation of eleven ongoing forestry-related genomics projects within the Canadian Forest Service. The assessment made use of two tools, a Desktop Analysis and a more comprehensive Project Review survey. Results of the assessments indicate that much of the research contributes to the fundamental knowledge of Canadian forests, but also produces short-term technological benefits, including enhanced methodologies for the protection of Canadian forests from invasive species. A full report is available at: https://cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/publications?id=38253 (English) and https://cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/publications?id=38254 (French).
{"title":"Assessing the adoption and impact of genomics research at the Canadian Forest Service","authors":"Emily S. Hope, Debby C. Barsi, D. McKenney","doi":"10.5558/TFC2017-018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5558/TFC2017-018","url":null,"abstract":"The outcomes and impacts of government scientific research are difficult to evaluate, yet there is a growing demand for quantification of these impacts. Forest and forestry-related research is no exception. We adapted an impact assessment methodology for the evaluation of eleven ongoing forestry-related genomics projects within the Canadian Forest Service. The assessment made use of two tools, a Desktop Analysis and a more comprehensive Project Review survey. Results of the assessments indicate that much of the research contributes to the fundamental knowledge of Canadian forests, but also produces short-term technological benefits, including enhanced methodologies for the protection of Canadian forests from invasive species. A full report is available at: https://cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/publications?id=38253 (English) and https://cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/publications?id=38254 (French).","PeriodicalId":50433,"journal":{"name":"Forestry Chronicle","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2017-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5558/TFC2017-018","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43129275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Wayne, ShawMargo, DacostaJennifer, G. NewmasterSteven
The Intensive Management Science Partnership: NEBIE Plot Network is a stand-scale, multi-agency research project designed to compare the ecological effects of a range of silvicultural treatments in northern temperate and boreal forest regions of Ontario. The NEBIE plot network was established in 2001 with randomized complete block experiments installed at eight sites. The NEBIE acronym stands for Natural disturbance, and Extensive, Basic, Intensive, and Elite silviculture. Each NEBIE treatment was replicated at least three times at each site, using large experimental units (2-ha plots). The NEBIE plot network provides researchers with an opportunity to conduct long-term scientific studies at multiple scales and disciplines. The operational-scale treatment plots allow assessment of a variety of forest values in a context directly relevant to informing forest planning and management. In this paper, we document the experimental design and describe the sites and silviculture treatments. Information about samp...
{"title":"The NEBIE plot network: Background and experimental design","authors":"B. Wayne, ShawMargo, DacostaJennifer, G. NewmasterSteven","doi":"10.5558/TFC2017-015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5558/TFC2017-015","url":null,"abstract":"The Intensive Management Science Partnership: NEBIE Plot Network is a stand-scale, multi-agency research project designed to compare the ecological effects of a range of silvicultural treatments in northern temperate and boreal forest regions of Ontario. The NEBIE plot network was established in 2001 with randomized complete block experiments installed at eight sites. The NEBIE acronym stands for Natural disturbance, and Extensive, Basic, Intensive, and Elite silviculture. Each NEBIE treatment was replicated at least three times at each site, using large experimental units (2-ha plots). The NEBIE plot network provides researchers with an opportunity to conduct long-term scientific studies at multiple scales and disciplines. The operational-scale treatment plots allow assessment of a variety of forest values in a context directly relevant to informing forest planning and management. In this paper, we document the experimental design and describe the sites and silviculture treatments. Information about samp...","PeriodicalId":50433,"journal":{"name":"Forestry Chronicle","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2017-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48064231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Research has demonstrated the potential of soil scarification, fertilization, and herbicide application to improve conifer seedling establishment and early growth. However, tree responses to and interactions among silvicultural treatments vary, making it difficult to predict mid- and long-term impacts of silviculture on stand productivity. We thus evaluated the 25-year effects of scarification and herbicide–fertilization combinations on black spruce (Picea mariana), jack pine (Pinus banksiana) and tamarack (Larix laricina) planted on a Kalmia angustifolia-dominated site. Our results show that the effects of scarification and herbicide–fertilization combinations diverged among species. Black spruce was the most responsive species to scarification for height and diameter at breast height. The combination of herbicide and fertilization treatments still had significantly positive effects on the long-term height and diameter growth of all species. Silvicultural treatments resulted in significant reductions in ...
{"title":"Twenty-five years post-treatment conifer responses to silviculture on a Kalmia-dominated site in eastern Canada","authors":"N. Thiffault, B. Titus, B. English","doi":"10.5558/TFC2017-022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5558/TFC2017-022","url":null,"abstract":"Research has demonstrated the potential of soil scarification, fertilization, and herbicide application to improve conifer seedling establishment and early growth. However, tree responses to and interactions among silvicultural treatments vary, making it difficult to predict mid- and long-term impacts of silviculture on stand productivity. We thus evaluated the 25-year effects of scarification and herbicide–fertilization combinations on black spruce (Picea mariana), jack pine (Pinus banksiana) and tamarack (Larix laricina) planted on a Kalmia angustifolia-dominated site. Our results show that the effects of scarification and herbicide–fertilization combinations diverged among species. Black spruce was the most responsive species to scarification for height and diameter at breast height. The combination of herbicide and fertilization treatments still had significantly positive effects on the long-term height and diameter growth of all species. Silvicultural treatments resulted in significant reductions in ...","PeriodicalId":50433,"journal":{"name":"Forestry Chronicle","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2017-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5558/TFC2017-022","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49274980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Little is known about the herbicide tolerance of eastern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis L.). To determine the sensitivity of cedar seedlings to timing and concentration of herbicide applications, glyphosate was applied to 2-year-old seedlings at three concentrations (1.04, 2.07, and 4.14 acid equivalent (ae) kg ha-1) at three times (July 28, August 10 and 31), at a research site in north central Ontario. Seedling survival, growth, and biomass three years after spraying were compared with those of seedlings in manual weeding (competition/weed free via manual weeding) and control (no weeding and therefore always competition/weeds) treatments. Only glyphosate applied at 4.14 ae kg ha-1 significantly reduced, by 27%, third year seedling survival. Pattern of sensitivity of cedar seedling growth to glyphosate was diameter>height. Seedlings treated with 2.07 and 4.14 ae kg ha-1 glyphosate had significantly less root biomass than those in the control plots, whereas only cedar treated with 4.14 ae kg ha-1 glyphos...
对东白雪松（Thuja occidentalis L.）的除草剂耐受性知之甚少。为了确定雪松幼苗对除草剂施用时间和浓度的敏感性，对2岁的幼苗施用三次草甘膦（1.04、2.07和4.14酸当量（ae）kg ha-1）（7月28日、8月10日和31日），在安大略省中北部的一个研究地点。将喷洒后三年的幼苗存活率、生长和生物量与人工除草（通过人工除草消除竞争/杂草）和对照（不除草，因此总是竞争/杂草的）处理中的幼苗进行比较。仅施用4.14 ae kg ha-1的草甘膦，第三年幼苗存活率显著降低27%。雪松幼苗生长对草甘膦的敏感性表现为直径>高度。用2.07和4.14aekgha-1草甘膦处理的杉木幼苗的根系生物量显著低于对照，而只有用4.14aekgha-1草甘膦处理的雪松根系生物量低于对照。。。
{"title":"Glyphosate tolerance of eastern white cedar: Third year results","authors":"T. Noland, R. Man, M. Irvine","doi":"10.5558/TFC2017-025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5558/TFC2017-025","url":null,"abstract":"Little is known about the herbicide tolerance of eastern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis L.). To determine the sensitivity of cedar seedlings to timing and concentration of herbicide applications, glyphosate was applied to 2-year-old seedlings at three concentrations (1.04, 2.07, and 4.14 acid equivalent (ae) kg ha-1) at three times (July 28, August 10 and 31), at a research site in north central Ontario. Seedling survival, growth, and biomass three years after spraying were compared with those of seedlings in manual weeding (competition/weed free via manual weeding) and control (no weeding and therefore always competition/weeds) treatments. Only glyphosate applied at 4.14 ae kg ha-1 significantly reduced, by 27%, third year seedling survival. Pattern of sensitivity of cedar seedling growth to glyphosate was diameter>height. Seedlings treated with 2.07 and 4.14 ae kg ha-1 glyphosate had significantly less root biomass than those in the control plots, whereas only cedar treated with 4.14 ae kg ha-1 glyphos...","PeriodicalId":50433,"journal":{"name":"Forestry Chronicle","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2017-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5558/TFC2017-025","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44925852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Current forest recovery efforts in developing countries are different from previous efforts in developed countries, especially since the rise of economic globalization in the 1980s. Therefore, forest transition theory should now consider factors relating to industrialization, urbanization, and globalization. While previous studies have mainly focused on the variable trade of primary sector products, this study applies a more holistic research perspective and discusses, more widely, the links between trade, adjustment of trade structure, FDI, and forest transition. The results suggest that the total export value has a significant negative effect on forest area and volume, while the percentage of non-primary products has a significant positive impact on forest volume and density in the 76 developing countries studied. These results indicate that a country or region may improve the forest resource conditions by upgrading the export structure through the development of export-oriented manufacturing and servic...
{"title":"Effects of economic globalization and trade on forest transitions: Evidence from 76 developing countries","authors":"Lingchao Li, Jinlong Liu, Baodong Cheng, A. Chhatre, Jiayun Dong, Wenyuan Liang","doi":"10.5558/TFC2017-023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5558/TFC2017-023","url":null,"abstract":"Current forest recovery efforts in developing countries are different from previous efforts in developed countries, especially since the rise of economic globalization in the 1980s. Therefore, forest transition theory should now consider factors relating to industrialization, urbanization, and globalization. While previous studies have mainly focused on the variable trade of primary sector products, this study applies a more holistic research perspective and discusses, more widely, the links between trade, adjustment of trade structure, FDI, and forest transition. The results suggest that the total export value has a significant negative effect on forest area and volume, while the percentage of non-primary products has a significant positive impact on forest volume and density in the 76 developing countries studied. These results indicate that a country or region may improve the forest resource conditions by upgrading the export structure through the development of export-oriented manufacturing and servic...","PeriodicalId":50433,"journal":{"name":"Forestry Chronicle","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2017-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5558/TFC2017-023","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44983757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Variable and sometimes high levels of mortality in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm.) planted in western Alberta have raised awareness of the need to forecast and ameliorate risks to reforestation success. Mortality and health of regeneration during the 12 years following harvest were monitored and evaluated in relation to climate, site and silvicultural treatments. Results suggest that physiological stress related to evapotranspiration is the most prevalent cause of overall juvenile mortality and susceptibility to Armillaria root disease in planted pine. Mortality and disease not only increase at higher rates of drying during the growing season, but an opposite effect is also demonstrated whereby they decrease with increasing spring temperatures. Mechanical site preparation aimed at countering mortality and disease of planted stock with improved soil conditions appears to have good potential for ameliorating adverse climatic effects in juvenile stands.
{"title":"Impact of climate on juvenile mortality and Armillaria root disease in lodgepole pine","authors":"W. Dempster","doi":"10.5558/TFC2017-021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5558/TFC2017-021","url":null,"abstract":"Variable and sometimes high levels of mortality in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm.) planted in western Alberta have raised awareness of the need to forecast and ameliorate risks to reforestation success. Mortality and health of regeneration during the 12 years following harvest were monitored and evaluated in relation to climate, site and silvicultural treatments. Results suggest that physiological stress related to evapotranspiration is the most prevalent cause of overall juvenile mortality and susceptibility to Armillaria root disease in planted pine. Mortality and disease not only increase at higher rates of drying during the growing season, but an opposite effect is also demonstrated whereby they decrease with increasing spring temperatures. Mechanical site preparation aimed at countering mortality and disease of planted stock with improved soil conditions appears to have good potential for ameliorating adverse climatic effects in juvenile stands.","PeriodicalId":50433,"journal":{"name":"Forestry Chronicle","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2017-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5558/TFC2017-021","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48677750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Crown width is an important predictor for tree growth, crown surface area, forest canopy cover, tree-crown profiles and wildlife habitat indices. This paper developed crown width models for white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) in Alberta using allometric fixed and mixed models with varying degrees of model complexity. Diameter at breast height was the most important predictor and was used in the base model. Crown ratio, height-diameter ratio and two competition indices (CIs) were additional predictors added to the base model to form four expanded models. At each level of complexity, a fixed model and a mixed model were fitted. Improved fits were achieved for both model types as model complexity increased, and all mixed models provided much better fits than their fixed model counterparts. Population-averaged (PA) predictions by fixed models, and typical mean (TM), PA and plot-specific (PS) predictions by mixed models were compared on both model fitting and validation data. TM and PA predictions by eac...
{"title":"Allometric modelling of crown width for white spruce by fixed- and mixed-effects models","authors":"YangYuqing, HuangShongming","doi":"10.5558/TFC2017-020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5558/TFC2017-020","url":null,"abstract":"Crown width is an important predictor for tree growth, crown surface area, forest canopy cover, tree-crown profiles and wildlife habitat indices. This paper developed crown width models for white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) in Alberta using allometric fixed and mixed models with varying degrees of model complexity. Diameter at breast height was the most important predictor and was used in the base model. Crown ratio, height-diameter ratio and two competition indices (CIs) were additional predictors added to the base model to form four expanded models. At each level of complexity, a fixed model and a mixed model were fitted. Improved fits were achieved for both model types as model complexity increased, and all mixed models provided much better fits than their fixed model counterparts. Population-averaged (PA) predictions by fixed models, and typical mean (TM), PA and plot-specific (PS) predictions by mixed models were compared on both model fitting and validation data. TM and PA predictions by eac...","PeriodicalId":50433,"journal":{"name":"Forestry Chronicle","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2017-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5558/TFC2017-020","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46597315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Canada has 400 million ha of forest land. Only 25 million ha (5%) is in private ownership. This private forest land is generally divided in two categories: 450 000 private woodlots covering about 15 million ha in the settled regions of Canada and about 5 million ha in larger blocks owned by pension funds, investors, and forest products companies. The private woodlots are subject to municipal or provincial property taxes. The provinces use several approaches to determine the level of tax to be paid. In some cases, the tax system is used to provide an incentive to manage the land. The property tax system offers a policy tool to encourage active management of the land and help ensure a healthy, diverse, and productive forest that contributes forest-related ecological goods and services to the community as well as timber to the local economy. It is in the long-term interests of rural communities that land remains in production and that forested land is managed to maintain the forest in a healthy condition and...
{"title":"The taxation of privately owned forest land in Canada: A review of the taxation systems in all ten provinces","authors":"RotherhamTony","doi":"10.5558/tfc2017-016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5558/tfc2017-016","url":null,"abstract":"Canada has 400 million ha of forest land. Only 25 million ha (5%) is in private ownership. This private forest land is generally divided in two categories: 450 000 private woodlots covering about 15 million ha in the settled regions of Canada and about 5 million ha in larger blocks owned by pension funds, investors, and forest products companies. The private woodlots are subject to municipal or provincial property taxes. The provinces use several approaches to determine the level of tax to be paid. In some cases, the tax system is used to provide an incentive to manage the land. The property tax system offers a policy tool to encourage active management of the land and help ensure a healthy, diverse, and productive forest that contributes forest-related ecological goods and services to the community as well as timber to the local economy. It is in the long-term interests of rural communities that land remains in production and that forested land is managed to maintain the forest in a healthy condition and...","PeriodicalId":50433,"journal":{"name":"Forestry Chronicle","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2017-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5558/tfc2017-016","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49251757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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