Flow Measurement and Instrumentation最新文献_第8页

Seepage monitoring at variable spatial positions under natural convection with active heating 自然对流主动加热条件下变空间位置渗流监测

IF 2.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Flow Measurement and Instrumentation

Pub Date : 2024-11-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2024.102759

Ruiyang Liu , Liang Chen , Shufa Yan , Hanxuan Luo , Fengzhe Tian , Zhiwen Xie

Monitoring seepage by temperature tracer method has been widely used, where the vertical flow has been proven to be an indispensable factor. However, current research still lacks adequate consideration of it, especially for the natural convection caused by active heating. In this paper, theoretical derivation and experiments are both conducted, a two-dimensional dimensionless temperature rise–seepage velocity formula considering the natural convection is derived. Meanwhile, through the experiment system and a multi-temperature measuring sheets device, heating and temperature measurement experiments are carried out under calm water and various flow velocities ranging from 10⁻⁶ cm s⁻¹ to 10⁻³ cm s⁻¹. By comparing the temperature–time curves of different positions at different heating times in calm water, the mechanism of natural convection caused by active heating is researched. Based on this, several temperature measuring sheets are chosen, the formulas of different positions are obtained by fitting, relative influence to temperature rise–flow velocity patterns of different positions are studied. This study is of great significance for further understanding the temperature-velocity relationship, and for the design of heating-temperature measuring device used in seepage velocity monitoring with active heating.

温度示踪法监测渗流已得到广泛应用，其中垂直流动已被证明是一个不可或缺的因素。然而，目前的研究仍然没有充分考虑到这一点，特别是对主动加热引起的自然对流。本文通过理论推导和实验，推导了考虑自然对流的二维无因次温升-渗流速度公式。同时，通过实验系统和多测温片装置，在静水和10−6 cm s−1 ~ 10−3 cm s−1不同流速下进行加热和测温实验。通过比较静水中不同加热时间下不同位置的温度-时间曲线，研究主动加热引起自然对流的机理。在此基础上，选择了几种测温片，通过拟合得到了不同位置的计算公式，研究了不同位置对温升-流速模式的相对影响。该研究对于进一步认识温度-速度关系，以及设计主动加热渗流速度监测中所用的加热-测温装置具有重要意义。

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引用次数: 0

Edge-based intelligent fault diagnosis for centrifugal pumps in microbreweries 基于边缘的微型酿酒厂离心泵智能故障诊断

IF 2.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Flow Measurement and Instrumentation

Pub Date : 2024-11-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2024.102730

Andre Luis Dias , Marcio Rafael Buzoli , Vinicius Rodrigues da Silva , Jean Carlos Rodrigues da Silva , Afonso Celso Turcato , Guilherme Serpa Sestito

The beer sector is a significant market worldwide and the number of small breweries is increasing. Centrifugal pumps are essential components for the proper functioning of the production system. However, failures in these equipment can be detected early by Intelligent Fault Diagnosis (IFD) Systems. In this context, this article aims to develop an IFD capable of detecting cavitation and dry-running faults. The proposed method explored the use of data provided by centrifugal pump drives, such as current, torque, and power factor. It was investigated two approaches: using the Shapley value as a feature selector and the Support Vector Machine (SVM) as the classifier, and applying the raw signal data to 1D Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN). The SVM-based model presented better results, with an accuracy of 100% for dry running and 99.3% for cavitation. The CNN-based model presented 97.4% and 80.2% respectively. It is also identified that torque is the most relevant variable.

啤酒行业是全球重要的市场，小型啤酒厂的数量也在不断增加。离心泵是生产系统正常运行的重要组成部分。然而，智能故障诊断（IFD）系统可以及早发现这些设备的故障。在这种情况下，本文旨在开发一种能够检测气蚀和干运行故障的智能故障诊断系统。所提出的方法探索了如何使用离心泵驱动器提供的数据，如电流、扭矩和功率因数。研究了两种方法：使用 Shapley 值作为特征选择器和支持向量机 (SVM) 作为分类器，以及将原始信号数据应用于一维卷积神经网络 (CNN)。基于 SVM 的模型取得了更好的结果，对干运行的准确率为 100%，对气蚀的准确率为 99.3%。基于 CNN 的模型的准确率分别为 97.4% 和 80.2%。此外，还发现扭矩是最相关的变量。

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引用次数: 0

A review of calibration standards, devices and methods for gas flow in semiconductor manufacturing processes 半导体制造过程中气体流量的校准标准、设备和方法综述

IF 2.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Flow Measurement and Instrumentation

Pub Date : 2024-11-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2024.102753

Gaoming Zhang , Boxu Hui , Zhipeng Xu , Bin Zhou , Bengt Sundén , Zhen Cao

Semiconductor manufacturing involves various gases in about 500 processes of oxidation, vapor deposition, lithography, etching doping, inerting, annealing, and chamber cleaning. To ensure the quality of manufactured semiconductors, accurate and reproducible gas flow measurement and control are necessary. Gas flow standards with low uncertainty are the foundation of accurate gas flow measurements and traceability for flow meters and mass flow controllers used in semiconductor manufacturing. Besides, physical models are significant to calculate or correct the measured flow rate and extrapolate calibration results to unknown gases introduced into the manufacturing process. Thus, in this work the intention is to provide the principles, structures and performances of gas flow standards used for calibration of process gases and corresponding models and methods for gas flow calculation and corrections. The aim is to provide some advice on measurement and calibration of gas flow in semiconductor manufacturing processes.

半导体制造涉及大约500个过程中的各种气体，包括氧化、气相沉积、光刻、蚀刻、掺杂、惰化、退火和室清洗。为了保证制造的半导体的质量，精确和可重复的气体流量测量和控制是必要的。具有低不确定度的气体流量标准是半导体制造中使用的流量计和质量流量控制器精确气体流量测量和可追溯性的基础。此外，物理模型对于计算或校正测量流量以及将校准结果外推到引入制造过程的未知气体具有重要意义。因此，在本工作中，目的是提供用于校准过程气体的气体流量标准的原理、结构和性能，以及相应的气体流量计算和校正的模型和方法。目的是为半导体制造过程中气体流量的测量和校准提供一些建议。

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引用次数: 0

A prediction model for the propagation of continuous pressure waves in complex structure wells 复杂结构井中连续压力波传播预测模型

IF 2.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Flow Measurement and Instrumentation

Pub Date : 2024-11-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2024.102749

Song Weiqiang , Li Wenzhuang , Yu Haiyang , Ma Hai , Hou Shugang , Kong Lulin , Wang Qing

Continuous pressure wave (CPW) is regarded as promising information transmission technology while drilling. Based on fluid dynamics water hammer theory, this study proposes a prediction model for quantitatively calculating the propagation velocity and amplitude attenuation of CPW with consideration of the compressibility of the drilling fluid and the reflection and stacking of waves in complex structure wells. The mathematical model is then validated by the experiments with water as circulating fluid in curved pipe with length exceeding 600m. The results show that, the pressure drop rate along the pipe is 8112 Pa/m, and the pressure drop of the double curved head is 7070 Pa, and the error of the simulation results is less than 13 % compared with real tests. The propagation velocity of the CPW is in positive correlation with the static pressure in the pipe. The CPW propagates with standing wave characteristics, and it is significantly influenced by the reflection and stacking in curved wells. The amplitude attenuation of the CPW could be models with negative exponential function during propagation upward along the well. The results would facilitate to clarify the application scope of certain CPW devices.

连续压力波（CPW）被认为是一种前景广阔的钻井信息传输技术。本研究以流体力学水锤理论为基础，考虑到钻井液的可压缩性以及复杂结构井中波的反射和叠加，提出了一种定量计算 CPW 传播速度和振幅衰减的预测模型。数学模型随后通过在长度超过 600 米的弯曲管道中以水作为循环流体的实验进行了验证。结果表明，沿管压降速率为 8112 Pa/m，双曲头压降为 7070 Pa，模拟结果与实际测试误差小于 13%。CPW 的传播速度与管道中的静压呈正相关。CPW 的传播具有驻波特性，在弯曲井中受反射和堆积的影响很大。CPW 沿井向上传播时的振幅衰减可以用负指数函数来模拟。这些结果将有助于明确某些 CPW 器件的应用范围。

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引用次数: 0

Dynamic behaviors of large-diameter pilot-operated pressure safety valves: Co-simulation model development and measurements 大口径先导式压力安全阀的动态行为：联合仿真模型开发与测量

IF 2.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Flow Measurement and Instrumentation

Pub Date : 2024-11-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2024.102752

Lintao Wang , Zihan Wang , Xinkai Ding , Liansheng Wang , Xue Wang

The operation of a pilot-operated pressure safety valve (PSV) are crucial to prevent the pressure system from overpressure. It is challenging to predict the dynamics behaviors of the valve due to its intricate structure with multiple components coupling. To address this issue, a co-simulation model with a one-dimension (1D) model for the PSV system and a three-dimension (3D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model for the main valve has been established in this paper. Dynamic analysis is conducted based on this model and response parameters like displacement and pressure are obtained for comparison with the experimental data. The different structural parameters are given for simulation to ascertain their effects on the dynamics of the PSV. Results demonstrate the efficacy of the co-simulation model in predicting the dynamic behaviors of the PSV and are helpful to improve the dynamic behaviors in design stage.

先导式压力安全阀（PSV）的运行对于防止压力系统超压至关重要。由于阀门结构复杂，多个部件相互耦合，因此预测阀门的动态行为具有挑战性。为解决这一问题，本文建立了 PSV 系统一维（1D）模型和主阀三维（3D）计算流体动力学（CFD）模型的联合仿真模型。根据该模型进行了动态分析，并获得了位移和压力等响应参数，以便与实验数据进行比较。本文给出了不同的结构参数进行模拟，以确定它们对 PSV 动态的影响。结果证明了联合模拟模型在预测 PSV 动态行为方面的功效，并有助于在设计阶段改进动态行为。

引用次数: 0

The enhanced sensitivity of pitot tubes at low Reynolds number 在低雷诺数条件下提高皮托管的灵敏度

IF 2.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Flow Measurement and Instrumentation

Pub Date : 2024-11-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2024.102750

Keld R. Rasmussen , Jens Jacob Iversen , Jonatan Merrison

Pitot tubes are commonly used for measuring flow velocity in air and other fluids. The aim of this experimental study was to link flow conditions and geometry to the differential pressure response (Δp) of pitot tubes. Based on outer diameter the pitot tube Reynolds number (Re_D) ranges from less than 1 (molecular regime) to more than 100 (inertial regime). This large range in Reynolds number was achieved by varying the pitot tube outer diameter in the range 0.4–10 mm, the air density from 0.006 to 1.2 kg/m³ and the air velocity from 0.25 to 30 m/s and by operating pitot tubes within a recirculating low pressure wind tunnel down to a pressure of 0.5 mbar as well as performing comparative observation in an open circuit wind tunnel. For the smallest Re_D, viscous forces enhance Δp giving the smallest micro-pitot tubes superior functionality especially at low pressure. The small diameter of the micro-pitot tubes can also allow measurements close to a wall within the boundary layer. Measurements of Δp for Re_D between approximately 0.08 and 1000 agree well with an analytical model derived by Muriel Barker in 1922 while they agree less well or even poorly with more recent models. At the lowest Re_D the maximum enhancement of Δp was observed to be a factor of 65. The enhancement became undetectable for Re_D larger than approximately 70. At the lowest air density and the smallest pitot tube inner diameter possible effects due to slip were observed.

皮托管常用于测量空气和其他流体中的流速。本实验研究的目的是将流动条件和几何形状与皮托管的压差响应 (Δp)联系起来。根据外径，皮托管雷诺数 (ReD) 从小于 1（分子系统）到大于 100（惯性系统）不等。要实现如此大范围的雷诺数，需要在 0.4-10 毫米的范围内改变皮托管外径，在 0.006 至 1.2 公斤/立方米的范围内改变空气密度，在 0.25 至 30 米/秒的范围内改变空气速度，在压力低至 0.5 毫巴的再循环低压风洞中操作皮托管，以及在开式循环风洞中进行比较观测。对于最小的 ReD，粘滞力会增强 Δp，从而使最小的微型皮托管具有卓越的功能，尤其是在低压条件下。微坑管的小直径还允许在边界层内靠近管壁进行测量。ReD 在大约 0.08 到 1000 之间时，Δp 的测量结果与 Muriel Barker 在 1922 年得出的分析模型非常吻合，而与最新模型的吻合程度较低，甚至很差。据观测，在最低 ReD 时，Δp 的最大增强为 65 倍。当 ReD 大于约 70 时，就无法检测到增强。在空气密度最低、皮托管内径最小的情况下，可能会出现滑移效应。

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引用次数: 0

Anti-wear and anti-cavitation structure optimization of V-type regulating ball valve in the coal chemical industry 煤化工行业 V 型调节球阀的抗磨损和防气蚀结构优化

IF 2.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Flow Measurement and Instrumentation

Pub Date : 2024-11-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2024.102756

Weizheng Zhang , Wenbin Huang , Hua Lin

Aiming at the erosion wear-cavitation phenomenon of the V-type regulating ball valves in the coal chemical industry during the transportation of black water medium, which leads to sealing failures and induces flow-induced vibration issues. It is proposed to add diffusion baffles inside the sphere to transfer the erosion, while the rear valve seat adopts staggered diffusion holes to reduce the throttling cavitation effect, and the optimization scheme is verified through numerical simulations and experimental testing. The research indicates that the optimization model can cause the local jet at the throttling section to diffuse and decelerate, weakening the formation of high-speed jet flow within the sphere's flow channel. Additionally, the optimization model transfers the erosion in the sphere's upstream area to the baffle, and reduces the kinetic energy of particle collisions through the baffle's diffusion effect, thereby reducing the erosion wear on the rear valve seat and the valve sealing pair. Through quantitative analysis, the average wear rate of the optimization model's components is 30 % of the original model. Additionally, the optimization model effectively suppresses the vapor-liquid phase change within the valve, thereby weakening the flow cavitation phenomenon in the valve, and the vapor volume fraction and cavitation distribution range in the fluid domain are significantly reduced. Furthermore, the pressure pulsation coefficient in the fluid domain of the optimization model significantly decreases and exhibits periodic fluctuations, with reduced amplitude and frequency range of large-amplitude pressure pulsations, which helps to avoid the flow-induced resonance phenomenon between the valve and the liquid flow system. Experimental verification shows that the quality loss and erosion rate of the optimization model are both lower than the original model, indicating that the optimization scheme can reduce wear and suppress cavitation, thereby prolonging the valve service life.

针对煤化工行业V型调节球阀在输送黑水介质过程中出现的冲蚀磨损气蚀现象，导致密封失效并诱发流动诱发振动问题。提出在球体内部增加扩散挡板来转移冲蚀，后阀座采用交错扩散孔来降低节流空化效应，并通过数值模拟和实验测试验证了优化方案。研究表明，优化模型可使节流段的局部射流扩散减速，削弱球体流道内高速射流的形成。此外，优化模型还能将球体上游区域的冲蚀转移到挡板上，并通过挡板的扩散效应降低颗粒碰撞的动能，从而减少后阀座和阀门密封副的冲蚀磨损。通过定量分析，优化模型部件的平均磨损率是原始模型的 30%。此外，优化模型还有效抑制了阀门内的汽液相变，从而减弱了阀门内的流动气蚀现象，流体域内的蒸汽体积分数和气蚀分布范围显著减小。此外，优化模型流体域内的压力脉动系数明显降低，并呈现周期性波动，大振幅压力脉动的振幅和频率范围减小，有助于避免阀门与液流系统之间因流动引起的共振现象。实验验证表明，优化模型的质量损失和冲蚀率均低于原始模型，表明优化方案可以减少磨损和抑制气蚀，从而延长阀门的使用寿命。

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引用次数: 0

Assessing particle size distribution in suspensions through a multi-frequency ultrasonic backscatter approach 通过多频超声反向散射法评估悬浮液中的粒度分布

IF 2.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Flow Measurement and Instrumentation

Pub Date : 2024-11-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2024.102755

Lili Pang , Xiaotong Kong , Hanchuan Dong , Zhonghua Zhang , Lide Fang

Particle size is a critical parameter for calculating the solid phase holdup and settling velocity in pipeline suspensions. However, accurately determining solid holdup remains challenging due to the complexity and variability in multiphase suspensions, especially when the physical size of the suspended particles is unknown. We have developed a novel multi-frequency particle size measurement system that utilizes acoustic backscatter techniques. Furthermore, we propose a new particle size inversion algorithm that integrates Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) and the Pearson Correlation Coefficient (PCC) with traditional algorithms. By applying EMD, the raw echo signal is decomposed into Intrinsic Mode Functions (IMFs), allowing for effective noise separation. The PCC is subsequently used to determine correlations between IMFs, improving signal reconstruction accuracy. The minimum concentration gradient continuous inversion algorithm we proposed effectively solves the multi-solution problem of the energy ratio algorithm through the minimum concentration difference method. This algorithm innovatively employs sliding window technology to accurately assess the optimal particle size range of suspended particles in the ultrasonic measurement path. Experimental results indicate that the Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) for particle diameters in the ranges of 280–350 μm, 450–550 μm, and 760–880 μm are 7.16 %, 3.87 %, and 4.66 %, respectively. This method provides a precise and efficient solution for measuring particle size distribution in underground pipelines, with broad applications in pipeline maintenance, sediment transport modeling, and drainage system design.

粒度是计算管道悬浮液中固相滞留和沉降速度的关键参数。然而，由于多相悬浮液的复杂性和可变性，特别是当悬浮颗粒的物理尺寸未知时，准确确定固相滞留仍然具有挑战性。我们利用声学反向散射技术开发了一种新型多频率粒度测量系统。此外，我们还提出了一种新的粒度反演算法，该算法将经验模式分解（EMD）和皮尔逊相关系数（PCC）与传统算法相结合。通过应用 EMD，原始回波信号被分解为本征模式函数（IMF），从而有效地分离噪声。PCC 随后用于确定 IMF 之间的相关性，从而提高信号重建的准确性。我们提出的最小浓度梯度连续反演算法通过最小浓度差法有效解决了能量比算法的多解问题。该算法创新性地采用了滑动窗口技术，准确评估了超声波测量路径中悬浮颗粒的最佳粒径范围。实验结果表明，颗粒直径在 280-350 μm、450-550 μm 和 760-880 μm 范围内的平均绝对百分比误差（MAPE）分别为 7.16 %、3.87 % 和 4.66 %。该方法为测量地下管道中的粒度分布提供了一种精确、高效的解决方案，在管道维护、沉积物迁移建模和排水系统设计中有着广泛的应用。

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引用次数: 0

Transmission channel and nozzle optimization of silicon drying cylinder based on CFD 基于 CFD 的硅烘缸传输通道和喷嘴优化

IF 2.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Flow Measurement and Instrumentation

Pub Date : 2024-11-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2024.102754

Haifeng Fang , Hanni Yin , Hanlin Sun , Zheng Rong

The irregular distribution of hot air flow within the rotary drying cylinder of an automatic silicon material cleaning machine will result in uneven silicon drying. This research presents on-field measurements and 3D Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models to analyze the velocity and flow distribution within the gas flow channel of the rotary drying cylinder. Factors including inlet diameter, inlet velocity, outlet diameter, transmission channel segmentation, nozzle diameter, and spacing substantially influence the flow uniformity characteristics within the drying cylinder. A new truncated cone three-segment channel model is built based on the experimentally verified cylinder model. Given an inlet velocity of 30 m/s and an inlet diameter of 40 mm, the outlet diameter is reduced from 40 mm to 30 mm. Additionally, the nozzle configuration transitions from a uniform distribution along the transmission channel to an uneven distribution, with nozzles at the front, middle, and end sections having diameters of 1.5 mm, 2 mm, and 2.5 mm, respectively, and spaced at intervals of 20 mm, 10 mm, and 15 mm. The novel design can efficiently mitigate gas flow loss throughout the channel, ensuring uniform flow to the nozzle and markedly enhancing the drying efficiency of the silicon material. The optimized model's drying time is diminished by 25 % relative to the prototype model while drying efficiency has improved from 78.4 % to 84.1 %.

自动硅料清洗机旋转烘缸内热气流的不规则分布会导致硅料烘干不均匀。本研究通过现场测量和三维计算流体动力学（CFD）模型，分析了旋转式烘缸气流通道内的速度和流量分布。入口直径、入口速度、出口直径、传输通道分段、喷嘴直径和间距等因素对干燥筒内的流动均匀性特征有很大影响。根据实验验证的烘缸模型，建立了一个新的截顶锥三段式通道模型。入口速度为 30 米/秒，入口直径为 40 毫米，出口直径从 40 毫米减小到 30 毫米。此外，喷嘴配置从沿传输通道均匀分布转变为不均匀分布，前段、中段和末段的喷嘴直径分别为 1.5 毫米、2 毫米和 2.5 毫米，间隔分别为 20 毫米、10 毫米和 15 毫米。这种新颖的设计可以有效地减少整个通道中的气流损失，确保流向喷嘴的气流均匀，并显著提高硅材料的干燥效率。与原型模型相比，优化模型的干燥时间缩短了 25%，而干燥效率则从 78.4% 提高到 84.1%。

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引用次数: 0

A novel approach to oil-water mixture analysis: Microstrip antenna-based sensor combined with GMDH neural network 油水混合物分析的新方法：基于微带天线的传感器与 GMDH 神经网络相结合

IF 2.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Flow Measurement and Instrumentation

Pub Date : 2024-11-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2024.102751

Mohammad Amir Sattari , Mohsen Hayati

Microstrip antenna sensors are gaining recognition in the oil industry for their compact design, cost-effectiveness, and versatility in measuring complex fluid mixtures. This study presents a novel microstrip antenna-based sensor featuring a quasi-circular resonator, designed specifically for measuring the volumetric content of oil in oil-water biphasic mixtures. Operating at three distinct resonance frequencies (5.88 GHz, 6.96 GHz, and 8.1 GHz) and housed within a 3D-printed PLA cylindrical structure, the sensor accurately analyzes spectral responses for 21 different volumetric oil-water ratios within a fixed volume of 20 mL. To address the challenge of reproducibility often associated with microstrip sensors, each mixture was tested five times and the data was fed into a Group Method of Data Handling (GMDH)-type neural network. This approach enhances the neural network's resistance to minor input variations, ensuring more reliable predictions. The network successfully predicted the volumetric oil content with an Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of less than 0.93 and an R² value of 0.99. With an average sensitivity of 4.26 MHz/ε_r, the sensor demonstrates high effectiveness in fluid characterization, particularly in oil industry applications where precise, real-time monitoring is essential. This study not only advances microstrip antenna sensor technology but also highlights its practical utility in enhancing operational efficiency and decision-making processes within the oil sector.

微带天线传感器因其紧凑的设计、成本效益和测量复杂混合物的多功能性而逐渐得到石油行业的认可。本研究介绍了一种基于微带天线的新型传感器，它具有一个准圆形谐振器，专门用于测量油水双相混合物中油的体积含量。该传感器在三个不同的共振频率（5.88 GHz、6.96 GHz 和 8.1 GHz）下工作，安装在 3D 打印聚乳酸圆柱形结构中，可准确分析 20 mL 固定体积内 21 种不同体积油水比的光谱响应。为了解决微带传感器经常面临的可重复性挑战，每种混合物都测试了五次，并将数据输入数据处理组方法（GMDH）型神经网络。这种方法增强了神经网络对微小输入变化的抵御能力，确保预测结果更加可靠。该网络成功预测了体积油含量，均方根误差 (RMSE) 小于 0.93，R2 值为 0.99。该传感器的平均灵敏度为 4.26 MHz/εr，在流体表征方面具有很高的效率，特别是在需要精确、实时监测的石油工业应用中。这项研究不仅推动了微带天线传感器技术的发展，还凸显了其在提高石油行业运营效率和决策过程中的实用性。

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引用次数: 0